Editing 1232

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1232}}
{{Year nav|1232}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Hubert de Burgh-Paris.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent|Hubert de Burgh]] kneeling at an altar, by [[Matthew Paris|Matthew of Paris]].]]
Year '''1232''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXXXII]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Battle of Agridi]]: The Cypriot army under King [[Henry I of Cyprus|Henry I]] ("the Fat") defeats the Lombard forces of Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]. After the battle, [[John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut|John of Beirut]] (supported by funds from Henry), hires 13 [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] war-galleys to aid in the siege of [[Kyrenia]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 168. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>  
* [[July 16]] &ndash; [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad I]] is elected as ruler of the [[Taifa of Arjona]]. He revolts against [[Ibn Hud]], the independent ruler of [[Al-Andalus]], and takes control of the city, beginning the foundation of the [[Nasrid dynasty]].<ref name=linehan1999>{{cite book|author1-link=Peter Linehan|editor1-link=David Abulafia|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198–c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668–673|author=Linehan, Peter|editor=Abulafia, David|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}</ref>

==== England ====
* [[July 29]] &ndash; King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] dismisses his [[justiciar]] (chief justice minister) and regent [[Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent|Hubert de Burgh]], and replaces him with the Frenchmen [[Peter des Roches]] and [[Peter de Rivaux]], thereby irritating his barons.<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 138. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* Peter de Rivaux, nephew of Peter des Roches, is made [[Lord High Treasurer|Lord Treasurer]] of Henry III's household and keeper of the king's wardrobe. This moves him into an important position for controlling the king's affairs.
* The [[Domus Conversorum]] ("House of the Converts"), a building and institution in [[London]] for [[Judaism|Jewish]] converts to [[Christianity]], is established by Henry III.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Hospitals: Domus conversorum|title=A History of the County of London: Volume 1, London Within the Bars, Westminster and Southwark|editor=Page, William|location=London|year=1909|pages=551–4|via=British History Online|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/london/vol1/pp551-554|accessdate=2023-03-21}}</ref>

==== Africa ====
* The [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] army besieges the city of [[Ceuta]], where Abu Musa, rebellious brother of Caliph [[Idris al-Ma'mun]], has received shelter and the support of the population. The Genoese rent a part of their fleet to the rebels, who successfully resist the forces of the caliph. The consequences of this revolt are threefold: the city becomes ''[[de facto]]'' independent from the Almohads, but its reliance on the Italian maritime powers increases, and the [[Trans-Saharan trade]] routes begin to shift eastward, due to the local turmoil.<ref>Picard, Christophe (1997). ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe–XIIIe siècle''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</ref>

==== Mongol Empire ====
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Battle of Sanfengshan]]: The Mongol army (some 50,000 warriors) defeats the Chinese Jin forces near [[Yuzhou, Henan|Yuzhou]]. General [[Subutai]] successfully wipes out the last field army of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] – therefore sealing its fate of falling to the [[Mongol Empire]]. During the encounter, also called the Battle of the Three-Peak Mountain, Emperor [[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Aizong of Jin]] orders the Jin army (some 150,000 men) to intercept the Mongols. The Jin soldiers are constantly harassed by small groups of Mongol cavalry on the way. When they arrive at Sanfeng Mountain, the Jin army is hungry and exhausted by heavy snowfall. The Jin forces are quickly defeated by the Mongols and flee in all directions.
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty|Mongol–Jin War]]: The Mongol army led by [[Ögedei Khan]] and his brother [[Tolui]] begins the [[Siege of Kaifeng (1232)]], capital of the Chinese Jin dynasty. During the summer, the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]] try to end the siege by negotiating a peace treaty, but the assassination of a Mongol embassy makes further talks impossible. While the negotiations are going on, a plague is devastating the population of the city. In the meantime, supplies stored at Kaifeng are running out, and several residents of the city are executed on the suspicion that they are traitors.<ref>Franke, Herbert (1994). ''The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Allien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368'', p. 263. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-24331-5}}.</ref>
* June &ndash; [[Mongol invasions of Korea|Mongol invasion of Korea]]: [[Choe Woo]], Korean military dictator of [[Goryeo]], orders against the pleas of King [[Gojong of Goryeo|Gojong]] and his senior officials, the royal court, and most of [[Kaesong|Songdo]]'s population to be moved to [[Ganghwa Island]]. Woo starts the construction of strong defenses on Ganghwa Island, which becomes a fortress. The government orders the common people to flee the countryside and take refuge in major cities, mountain citadels, or nearby islands. The Mongols occupy much of northern [[Korea]], but fail to capture Ganghwa Island.
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Battle of Cheoin]]: Korean forces defeat a Mongol attack at Cheoin (modern-day [[Yongin]]). The Mongol Empire concludes a peace treaty with Goryeo and withdraws its forces.

==== Japan ====
* [[November 17]] &ndash; Emperor [[Emperor Go-Horikawa|Go-Horikawa]] abdicates in favor of his 1-year-old son, [[Emperor Shijō|Shijō]], after an 11-year reign. Because he is very young, most of the actual leadership is held by his relatives.

=== By topic ===

==== Literature ====
* The original set of woodblocks of the ''[[Tripitaka Koreana]]'' is destroyed by fire during the [[Mongol invasions of Korea#Second Mongol invasion of Korea (June 1232 – December 1232)|Second Mongol invasion of Korea]].

==== Markets ====
* The [[Langues d'oïl|northern French]] city of [[Troyes]] issues its first recorded [[life annuity|life annuities]], confirming the trend of consolidation of local public debts initiated in [[1218]], by the neighboring city of [[Reims]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden/Boston|isbn=978-9-00417565-5}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[Anthony of Padua]] is [[canonized]] by Pope [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]] at [[Spoleto]], less than a year after his death.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Dal-Gal|first=Niccolò|title=St. Anthony of Padua|encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia|volume=1|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|year=1907|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01556a.htm|access-date=2011-06-13}}</ref> He becomes the patron saint of lost items. 
* August &ndash; Gregory IX is forced to remain in his summer residence at [[Anagni]] by Lombard forces from [[Rome]].<ref>Gregorovius, Ferdinand. ''History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages''. '''9'''. p. 164.</ref>
* [[October 29]] &ndash; Gregory IX orders the [[Stedinger Crusade]] to be proclaimed in northern [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas W.|last=Smith|url=https://www.academia.edu/30735419|chapter=The Use of the Bible in the Arengae of Pope Gregory IX's Crusade Calls |editor=Lapina, Elizabeth |editor2=Morton, Nicholas|title=The Uses of the Bible in Crusader Sources|publisher=Brill|year=2017|pages=206–235}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Chen Wenlong]], Chinese scholar-general (d. [[1277]])
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Haakon the Young]], king of [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] (d. [[1257]])
* ''unknown date'' &ndash; [[Manfred, King of Sicily|Manfred]], king of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] ([[Hohenstaufen|House of Hohenstaufen]]) (d. [[1266]])<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | last=Koller | first=Walter | url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-di-sicilia-manfredi_(Dizionario-Biografico) | title=MANFREDI, re di Sicilia | encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico | language= it | year=2007 | volume=68 | location=Rome }}</ref>
* ''probable'' &ndash; [[Bernard Saisset]], French [[Nobility|nobleman]] and bishop (d. [[1314]])<ref>{{Britannica |Bernard Saisset}}</ref>

== Deaths ==
* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[Peire de Montagut]], French Grand Master<ref>{{Cite book |last=Demurger |first=Alain |title=Les templiers: une chevalerie chrétienne au Moyen âge |date=2008 |publisher=Éd. du Seuil |isbn=978-2-7578-1122-1 |edition=Nouvelle éd. refondue |series=Points |location=Paris |pages=622}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Achard |first=Dominique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhBBEAAAQBAJ |title=Les Maîtres du Temple: Hugues Payns |date=2021-09-03 |publisher=Éditions Encre Rouge |isbn=978-2-37789-852-7 |language=fr}}</ref>
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Myōe]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] monk (b. [[1173]])
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Rudolf II, Count of Habsburg]] ("the Kind"), German nobleman
* [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Wawrzyniec (bishop of Wrocław)]] (or Lawrence), Polish bishop
* [[July 18]] &ndash; [[John de Braose]], English nobleman and knight
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Ralph of Bristol]], English cleric and bishop 
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Gebhard I of Plain]], German bishop (b. [[1170]])
* [[October 15]] &ndash; [[Albert I of Käfernburg]], German archbishop 
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[Idris al-Ma'mun]], ruler of the [[Almohad Caliphate]]
* [[October 26]] &ndash; [[Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester]], English nobleman (b. 1170)
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar]], Scottish nobleman and knight (b. [[1152]])
* [[Marianus II of Torres]], Sardinian [[Judge of Logudoro]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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