Editing 1259

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1259}}
{{Year nav|1259}}
{{C13 year in topic}}[[File:Boyana Angel.jpg|thumb|Portion of a fresco of the Boyana Church, completed this year.]]Year '''1259''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===
==== Europe ====
* [[September]] &ndash; [[Battle of Pelagonia]]: The [[Empire of Nicaea]] defeats the [[Principality of Achaea]], ensuring the eventual reconquest of [[Constantinople]] in [[1261]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5v3AgAAQBAJ&q=1259+battle+of+pelagonia&pg=PT30|title=Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek|last=David|first=Brewer|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2011|isbn=9780857730046|location=New York|pages=17|language=en|orig-year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rayUr0j28wC&q=1259+battle+of+pelagonia&pg=PA106|title=Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes|last=Geanakoplos|first=Deno John|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1984|isbn=9780226284606|location=Chicago and London|pages=106|language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 4]] &ndash; Kings [[Louis IX of France]] and [[Henry III of England]] agree to the [[Treaty of Paris (1259)|Treaty of Paris]], in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including [[Normandy]]), in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpsEsPNHsOIC&q=1259+treaty+of+paris&pg=PA52|title=Events that Changed the World Through the Sixteenth Century|last1=Thackeray|first1=Frank W.|last2=Findling|first2=John E.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|isbn=9780313290794|location=Westport, CT and London|pages=52|language=en}}</ref>
* The famous [[fresco]]es of the [[Boyana Church]] in [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] are completed (the church and its murals are now a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQJ2DwAAQBAJ&q=1259+Boyana+Church&pg=PA167|title=Head and Neck: Morphology, Models and Function|last1=Marani|first1=Enrico|last2=Heida|first2=Ciska|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9783319921051|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=167|language=en}}</ref>
* The German cities of [[Lübeck]], [[Wismar]], and [[Rostock]] enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the [[Baltic Sea]], laying the groundwork for the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ&q=1259+hanseatic+league&pg=PA56|title=A Companion to the Hanseatic League|last=Hammel-Kiesow|first=Rolf|publisher=BRILL|year=2015|isbn=9789004284760|editor-last=Harreld|editor-first=Donald J.|location=Leiden and Boston|pages=56|language=en|chapter=The Early Hansas}}</ref>
* [[Nogai Khan]] leads the second [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Golden Horde]] attack against [[Lithuania]], and [[Second Mongol invasion of Poland|Poland]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NYTCgAAQBAJ&q=1259+golden+horde+lithuania+poland&pg=PA379|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500|last=Sedlar|first=Jean W.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2013|isbn=9780295800646|location=Seattle and London|pages=379|language=en|orig-year=1994}}</ref>
* [[Epirote–Nicaean conflict]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=1259+Epirote%E2%80%93Nicaean+conflict&pg=PA283|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|isbn=9781851096725|volume=I: ca. 3000 BCE - 1499 CE|location=Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford|pages=283|language=en}}</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[August 11]] &ndash; While conducting a siege against the [[Song dynasty]] city known as [[Fishing Town]] in the province of [[Chongqing]], China, the [[Mongol]] [[Great Khan]], [[Möngke Khan]], dies in the nearby hills. Persian, Chinese, and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died, including succumbing to an arrow wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege, [[dysentery]], and even a [[cholera]] epidemic. His death sparks a succession crisis in the [[Mongol Empire]], while his brothers [[Ariq Böke]] and [[Kublai Khan|Kublai]] soon convene their own [[kurultai]] to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans, opening the path to a four–year-long [[Toluid Civil War]] from [[1260]] to [[1264]]. In the end, Ariq Böke surrenders to Kublai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u6gwDwAAQBAJ&q=1259+M%C3%B6ngke+Khan+dies|title=Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times|last=Rossabi|first=Morris|publisher=University of California Press|year=2009|isbn=9780520261327|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, London|pages=96–97|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSRTAQAAQBAJ&q=Toluid+Civil+War&pg=PA235|title=The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu 1220–1309|last=Kolbas|first=Judith|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781136802898|location=New York and London|pages=160|language=en}}</ref>
* While engaged in a war with the Mongols, the Song Chinese official Li Zengbo writes in his ''Kozhai Zagao, Xugaohou'' that the city of [[Qingzhou]] is manufacturing one to two thousand strong [[cast iron|iron-cased]] [[History of gunpowder|gunpowder bomb]] shells a month, dispatching to [[Xiangyang District, Xiangfan|Xiangyang]] and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jRJCgAAQBAJ&q=1259+Li+Zengbo&pg=PA48|title=The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History|last=Andrade|author1-link=Tonio Andrade|first=Tonio|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781400874446|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=48|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Lannathai]], a kingdom in the north of [[Thailand]], is founded by King [[Mangrai]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zciIAAAAQBAJ&q=1259+Mangrai&pg=PA32|title=Thailand Condensed: 2,000 Years of History & Culture|last=London|first=Ellen|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|year=2008|isbn=9789812619761|location=Singapore|pages=32|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&q=1259+Mangrai&pg=PA182|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Watson|first2=Noelle|last3=Schellinger|first3=Paul|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9781136639791|volume=5: Asia and Oceania|location=New York and London|pages=182|language=en|orig-year=1996}}</ref>
* The [[Goryeo]] Kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] forces.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F2XLmIVAaYC&q=1259+Goryeo+mongols&pg=PA169|title=Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800|last1=Ebrey|first1=Patricia Buckley|last2=Walthall|first2=Anne|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2013|isbn=9781133606512|location=Boston, MA|pages=169|language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Chinese era name|Chinese era]] ''Kaiqing'' begins and ends, in the Northern [[Song dynasty]] of China.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ao0804AaiqUC&q=1259+Kaiqing&pg=PA83|title="Dividing the Realm in Order to Govern": The Spatial Organization of the Song State (960-1276 CE)|last=Mostern|first=Ruth|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780674056022|location=Cambridge, MA and London|pages=83|language=en}}</ref>
* The Japanese [[Shōka]] era ends, and the [[Shōgen]] era begins.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Wu8BQAAQBAJ&q=1259+shoka+shogen&pg=PA613|title=The Mikado's Empire|last=Griffis|first=William Elliot|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781108080507|series=Cambridge Library Collection|location=Cambridge and New York|pages=613|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjT8_78YAwAC&q=1259+shoka+shogen&pg=PA398|title=The Gates of Power: Monks, Courtiers, and Warriors in Premodern Japan|last=Adolphson|first=Mikael S.|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2000|isbn=9780824823344|location=Honolulu, HI|pages=398|language=en}}</ref></onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Blanche of Portugal (1259–1321)|Infanta Branca of Portugal]], daughter of King [[Afonso III of Portugal]] and [[Urraca of Castile]] (d. [[1321]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7_Q7PpuQR0C&q=1259+Infanta+Branca+of+Portugal&pg=PA73|title=Historia de Portugal|last=Carvalho e Araújo|first=Alexandre Herculano de|publisher=Casa de Viuva Bertrand e Flihos|year=1849|location=Lisbon, Portugal|pages=73|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMoDRKXP4QQC&q=1259+Branca+of+Portugal&pg=PA221|title=Portugal Antigo e Moderno: Diccionario Geographico, Estatistico, Chorographico, Heraldico, Archeologico, Historico, Biographico E Etymologico De Todas as Cidades, Villas E Freguezias De Portugal E De Grande Numero De Aldeias ...|last=de Pinho Leal|first=Augusto Soares de Azevedo Barbosa|publisher=Mattos Moreira & Companhia|year=1876|location=Lisbon, Portugal|pages=221|language=pt}}</ref>
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Andronikos II Palaiologos]], Byzantine emperor (d. [[1332]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCwU8eqbxBoC&q=1259+Andronikos+II+Palaiologos&pg=PA159|title=Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica|last=Russell|first=Eugenia|publisher=Bloosmbury|year=2013|isbn=9781441155849|location=London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney|pages=159|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pietro Cavallini]], Italian painter (d. [[1330]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8ujAwAAQBAJ&q=1259+Pietro+Cavallini&pg=PA118|title=Early Italian Painting|last1=Crowe|first1=Joseph Archer|last2=Cavalcaselle|first2=Giovanni Battista|last3=Jameson|first3=Anna|publisher=Parkstone International|year=2014|isbn=9781783103928|location=Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam|pages=118|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYkdBgAAQBAJ&q=1259+Pietro+Cavallini&pg=PA82|title=A Quick Look at Christian History|last=Kurian|first=George Thomas|publisher=Harvest House Publishers|year=2015|isbn=9780736953788|location=Eugene, OR|pages=82|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Demetre II of Georgia]] (d. [[1289]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&q=1259+Demetre+II+Georgia&pg=PA20|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|last=Mikaberidze|first=Alexander|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2015|isbn=9781442241466|location=Lanham, MA|pages=260|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&q=1259+Demetre+II+Georgia&pg=PA41|title=The Making of the Georgian Nation|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1994|isbn=9780253209153|location=Bloomington, IN and Indianapolis|pages=41|language=en|orig-year=1988}}</ref>
* [[Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster]] (d. [[1326]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKAKXWXIa9gC&q=1259+Richard+Og+de+Burgh&pg=PA59|title=The Legacy of the de Lacy, Lacey, Lacy Family, 1066-1994|last=Lacey|first=Gerry|publisher=Mashue Printing|year=1994|location=Midland, MI|pages=59|language=en}}</ref>

== Deaths ==
* [[January]] &ndash; [[Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne]], ruler of Boulogne, queen consort of Portugal (b. [[1202]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxyDDwAAQBAJ&q=1259+Matilda+Boulogne&pg=PA304|title=Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power, 1100--1400: Moving Beyond the Exceptionalist Debate|last=Tanner|first=Heather J.|publisher=Springer|year=2019|isbn=9783030013462|series=The New Middle Ages|location=Columbus, OH and Cham, Switzerland|pages=304|language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 7]] &ndash; [[Thomas, Count of Flanders]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionarybiogr00philgoog|quote=1259 thomas flanders.|title=The Dictionary of Biographical Reference: Containing One Hundred Thousand Names, Together with a Classed Index of the Biographical Literature of Europe and America|last=Phillips|first=Lawrence Barnett|publisher=S. Low, Son, & Marston|year=1871|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionarybiogr00philgoog/page/n391 903]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMk5AAAAcAAJ&q=1259+thomas+flanders&pg=PA385|title=The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|last=Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|publisher=Longman, Brown|year=1843|volume=II|location=London|pages=385|language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 29]] &ndash; King [[Christopher I of Denmark]] (b. [[1219]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIsBAAAAYAAJ&q=1259+Christopher+I+denmark&pg=PA223|title=History of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway|last=Dunham|first=Samuel Astley|publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans and John Taylor|year=1839|volume=II|location=London|pages=223|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=os4yAQAAIAAJ&q=1259+Christopher+I+denmark&pg=PA178|title=An Index of Dates: Comprehending the Principal Facts in the Chronology and History of the World, from the Earliest to the Present Time|last=Rosse|first=J. Willoughby|publisher=G. Bell and Sons|year=1877|volume=I: A - J|location=London|pages=178|language=en}}</ref>
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Gojong of Goryeo]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRZQBwAAQBAJ&q=1259+Gojong+of+Goryeo&pg=PR12|title=Under the Microscope: The Secrets of the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks|last=Park|first=Sang-jin|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781443867320|pages=xii|language=en|translator-last=Kim|translator-first=Ji-hyun Philippa}}</ref>
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Möngke Khan]] of the Mongol Empire<ref name=":0" />
* [[October 7]] &ndash; [[Ezzelino III da Romano]], Italian ruler<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bclfdU_2lesC&q=1259+Ezzelino+III+da+Romano&pg=PA460|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History|last1=McKitterick|first1=Rosamond|last2=Abulafia|first2=David|last3=Fouracre|first3=Paul|last4=Reuter|first4=Timothy|last5=Allmand|first5=C. T.|last6=Luscombe|first6=David Edward|last7=Jones|first7=Michael|last8=Riley-Smith|first8=Jonathan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|isbn=9780521362894|volume=V: c. 1198 - c.1300|location=Cambridge and New York|pages=460|language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 18]] &ndash; [[Adam Marsh]], English scholar and theologian<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6y8DgAAQBAJ&q=1259+Adam+Marsh&pg=PA36|title=The English Province of the Franciscans (1224-c.1350)|last=Power|first=Amanda|publisher=BRILL|year=2017|isbn=9789004331624|editor-last=Robson|editor-first=Michael J. P.|location=Leiden and Boston|pages=36|language=en|chapter=The Friars in Secular and Ecclesiastical Governance, 1224–c. 1259}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBiDwAAQBAJ&q=1259+Adam+Marsh&pg=PA46|title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval Philosophy and Theology|last1=Brown|first1=Stephen F.|last2=Flores|first2=Juan Carlos|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2018|isbn=9781538114315|location=Lanham, Boulder, New York, London|pages=46|language=en}}</ref>
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Matthew Paris]], English chronicler<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07Ie_O-Oa7AC&q=1259+Matthew+Paris&pg=PA69|title=Care and Conservation of Manuscripts 9: Proceedings of the Ninth International Seminar Held at the University of Copenhagen 14th-15th April 2005|last=Jefferson|first=Melvin|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|year=2006|isbn=9788763505543|editor-last=Fellows-Jensen|editor-first=Gillian|location=Copenhagen|pages=69|language=en|chapter=The Conservation of Parker MSS 16 and 26 "The Chronica Majora"|editor-last2=Springborg|editor-first2=Peter}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1259}}
[[Category:1259| ]]