Editing 1275

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1275}}
{{Year nav|1275}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Marco Polo Mosaic from Palazzo Tursi.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Mosaic of [[Marco Polo]] (c. 1254–1324)]]
[[File:Travels of Marco Polo.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Travels of Marco Polo (1271–1295)]]
Year '''1275''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* [[Battle of Neopatras]]: Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] assembles a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 30,000 men), mostly mercenaries from [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]], [[Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)|Serbia]] and the [[Sultanate of Rum]]. He places these forces under his own brother, [[John Palaiologos (brother of Michael VIII)|John Palaiologos]], and General [[Alexios Kaballarios]]. Michael sends them against [[Thessaly]], and is supported by the [[Byzantine navy]] led by Admiral [[Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos]], who is ordered to attack the Latin principalities and prevent them from aiding [[John I Doukas of Thessaly|John I]] ("Angelos"), ruler of Thessaly. John is caught by surprise by the rapid advance of the Byzantine forces and is bottled up with a garrison in his capital of [[Ypati|Neopatras]], which the Byzantines proceed to lay siege. John manages to escape: he climbs down the walls of the fortress with a rope and walks through the Byzantine lines. After 3 days, John reaches [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], where he requests the aid of [[John I de la Roche]], duke of [[Duchy of Athens|Athens]]. He receives some 500 horsemen with whom he returns to Neopatras. Meanwhile, the Byzantine forces have been weakened, with several detachments sent off to capture other forts or plunder the region. The Byzantines panic under the sudden attack of a smaller but disciplined Latin force and breaks completely when a Cuman contingent switches sides. Despite John's attempt to rally his forces, they flee and scatter.<ref>Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). ''The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', p. 188. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref>
* [[Battle of Demetrias]]: Michael VIII Palaiologos sends a Byzantine fleet led by Alexios Philanthropenos to harass the Latin coasts. A joint Latin fleet composed of Lombard and Venetian vessels from [[Chalcis|Negroponte]] ([[Euboea]]) and [[Kingdom of Candia|Venetian-held Crete]], is variously given at 30 to 60 ships. The Latin fleet under Admiral [[Guglielmo II da Verona]] takes the Byzantines by surprise and their attack is so effective that they almost win. Their ships, on which high wooden towers have been erected, have the advantage, and many Byzantine seamen and soldiers are killed or drowned. Just as victory seem sure, Greek reinforcements arrive, led by John I. His arrival boosts the Byzantines' morale, and John's men, ferried on board the ships by small boats, begin to replenish their casualties and turn the tide. The Latin casualties are heavy, which also include Guglielmo. By nightfall, all but two Latin ships have been captured.<ref>Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). ''Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in byzantine-Latin Relations'', p. 284. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. {{OCLC|1011763434}}.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* [[May 13]] &ndash; Marinid forces led by Sultan [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq]] land in [[Spain]] upon a call from [[Muhammad II of Granada|Muhammad II]], ruler of [[Emirate of Granada|Granada]]. With a fleet of 20 ships organized at [[Ceuta]], some 5,000 men are transported from [[Ksar es-Seghir|Alcázar Seguir]] to [[Tarifa]] without meeting any significant Christian opposition. The Maranids raid as far as the towns of [[Vejer de la Frontera]] and [[Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez]].<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait'', p. 65. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[June 14]] &ndash; [[Battle of Hova]]: [[Valdemar, King of Sweden]] (Birgersson) is defeated by his brother [[Magnus III of Sweden|Magnus III]] in the forest of [[Tiveden]].
* [[July 22]] &ndash; Magnus III deposes Valdemar Birgersson and is elected new king of [[Sweden]] at the [[Stones of Mora]].
* [[September 8]] &ndash; [[Battle of Écija (1275)|Battle of Écija]]: A Castilian army led by [[Nuño González de Lara (died 1275)|Nuño González de Lara]] is defeated by Marinid forces.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait'', pp. 67–68. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Battle of Martos]]: A Castilian army under [[Sancho of Aragon (archbishop of Toledo)]] is defeated by the Moors at [[Martos]].<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait'', p. 69. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Floris V, Count of Holland|Floris V]], count of [[County of Holland|Holland]], grants the city of [[Amsterdam]] freedom from taxes (called a [[Road toll (historical)|road toll]]).
* [[December 12]] &ndash; [[Battle of Roccavione]]: Ghibelline forces defeat a Neapolitan army at [[Roccavione]] ([[Piedmont]]).

==== British Isles ====
* Spring &ndash; King [[Edward I of England]] ("Longshanks") demands a meeting with [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]], prince of [[Wales]], at [[Chester]] to pay homage, but Llywelyn refuses. In an attempt to stir up internal problems, Llywelyn seeks to marry 23-year-old [[Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales|Eleanor of Montfort]], daughter of [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]], but she is captured by English pirates (employed by Edward) on the journey from [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] to meet Llywelyn. She is held prisoner at [[Windsor Castle]] and used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales. 
* [[April 22]] &ndash; The first [[Statute of Westminster 1275|Statute of Westminster]], drawn up between [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] and Edward I, defines the legal privileges that landowners are allowed. These are based on the investigations carried out in [[1274]] into the landowner's rights to own their land. Establishing a series of laws into 51 chapters, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of [[Bail]]able and non-bailable offenses.
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[1275 British earthquake]]: An earthquake strikes the south of [[Great Britain]]. The epicentre is unknown, although it may have been in the [[Portsmouth]]-[[Chichester]] area on the south coast of [[Kingdom of England|England]]<ref name="BGS historical">{{cite web |title=Notes on Individual Earthquakes |url=http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/earthquakes/historical/historical_listing.htm |publisher=[[British Geological Survey]] |access-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119072210/http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/earthquakes/historical/historical_listing.htm |archive-date=2007-11-19 }}</ref> or in [[Glamorgan]], Wales.<ref name="Musson 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Musson |first1=Roger |title=What Was the Largest British Earthquake? |journal=SECED Conference 2015 |date=9 July 2015 |page=3 |url=https://www.seced.org.uk/images/newsletters/MUSSON.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.seced.org.uk/images/newsletters/MUSSON.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[October 8]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ronaldsway]]: Scottish forces under [[John de Vesci]] defeat the [[Manx people]] of the [[Isle of Man]] in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.
* The first main survey of the [[Hundred Rolls]], an English [[census]] seen as a follow-up to the [[Domesday Book]] completed in [[1086]], is finished; it began in [[1274]].

==== Africa ====
* Marinid forces take the city of [[Algiers]], at this time independent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|title=L'Algérie cœr du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)|year=2010|publisher=La Découverte|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2|page=158}}</ref>

==== Asia ====
* March &ndash; Mongol forces (some 200,000 men) under [[Bayan of the Baarin]] ("Hundred Eyes") defeat a Chinese army of 130,000 men led by the Song chancellor [[Jia Sidao]] on the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]]. Sidao sends an emissary to Bayan to discuss a truce, but he declines to negotiate. Dowager Empress [[Xie Daoqing]] strips Sidao of his rank and titles, and he is later on her orders executed by one of his own guards as he is being sent to exile in [[Fujian]].<ref>Tan Koon San (2014). ''Dynastic China: An Elementary History'', p. 299. {{ISBN|978-983-9541-88-5}}.</ref>
* The 21-year-old [[Marco Polo]] together with his father and uncle, [[Niccolò and Maffeo Polo]], arrives at [[Kublai Khan]]'s opulent summer palace at [[Shangdu]] (or 'Xanadu'), after a 4-year journey. They present the "Great Khan" sacred oil from [[Jerusalem]] and letters from [[Pope Gregory X]]. Kublai takes Marco into his royal court and appoints him as a 'special envoy' (possibly as a [[tax collector]]).<ref>Bergreen, Laurence (2007). ''Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu'', pp. 340–41. {{ISBN|978-0-307-26769-6}}.</ref> 
* The mountain fortress [[Alamut Castle]] ("Eagle's Nest") is temporarily recaptured from the Mongols by a Nizari force under [[Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)|Shams al-Din Muhammad]].<ref>Wasserman, James (2001). ''The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven'', p. 115. Simon and Schuster. {{ISBN|978-1-59477-873-5}}.</ref><ref>Virani, Shafique N.; Virani, Assistant Professor Departments of Historical Studies and the Study of Religion Shafique N. (2007). ''The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation'', p. 32. Oxford University Press, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-19-531173-0}}.</ref>
* April &ndash; The Japanese era [[Bun'ei]] ends and the [[Kenji (era)|Kenji]] era begins during the reign of the 8-year-old [[Emperor Go-Uda]] (until [[1278]]).

=== By topic ===

==== Art and Science ====
* [[Jean de Meun]] completes the French [[allegory|allegorical]] work of fiction, ''[[Roman de la Rose]]'', with a second section (the first section was written by [[Guillaume de Lorris]] in [[1230]]).

==== Markets ====
* In [[Ghent]], the first instance is recorded of emission of [[life annuity|life annuities]] by a town in the [[Low Countries]]; this event confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt in northwestern [[Europe]], initiated in [[1218]] by [[Reims]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden/Boston|isbn=978-90-04-17565-5}}</ref>

==== Technology ====
* The [[verge escapement]], a simple type of [[escapement]] used in clocks, is invented (approximate date).

==== Religion ====
* August &ndash; Gregory X persuades King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] ("the Wise") to give up his claim to the title of "[[King of the Romans]]". Gregory gains support in northern [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] through [[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolf I]], king of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]].<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 147. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* [[Ramon Llull]], Spanish scholar and theologian, establishes a school in [[Kingdom of Majorca|Majorca]] to teach Arabic to preachers, in an attempt to aid [[Proselytism|proselytizing]] to Moors. He also discovers [[diethyl ether]].
* [[Rabban Bar Sauma]], Chinese [[Church of the East|Nestorian]] monk, embarks on a [[pilgrimage]] from [[China]] to Jerusalem. He travels to [[Hotan]], [[Kashgar]], [[Taraz]] and [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] (modern [[Afghanistan]]).<ref>Jacques Gernet (1996). ''A History of Chinese Civilization'', p. 376. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-49781-7}}.</ref>
* The era of the ''[[tosafists|tosafot]]'' (medieval commentators on the [[Talmud]]) ends (it began in [[1100]]).</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Bartholomew Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere|Bartholomew Badlesmere]], English [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1322]])
* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[John II, Duke of Brabant]] ("the Peaceful"), Dutch nobleman (d. [[1312]])
* [[October 20]] &ndash; [[Chungseon of Goryeo]] (or Wang Jang), Korean ruler (d. [[1325]])
* [[Andrew Horn]], English scholar, chamberlain and writer (d. [[1328]])
* [[Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], Anglo-French nobleman and knight (d. [[1324]])
* [[Dnyaneshwar]], Indian [[Hinduism|Hindu]] poet, philosopher and writer (d. [[1296]])
* [[Eleanor of Brittany (abbess)|Eleanor of Brittany]], Anglo-Norman [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] abbess (d. [[1342]])
* [[Fernando de la Cerda (1275–1322)|Fernando de la Cerda]], Spanish nobleman and prince (d. 1322)
* [[Nijō Tamefuji]] (Fujiwara no Tamefuji), Japanese nobleman and poet (d. 1324)
* [[Gasan Jōseki]], Japanese [[Sōtō]] Zen monk and disciple (d. [[1366]])
* [[Gerard of Lunel]], French nobleman, monk and hermit (d. [[1298]]) 
* [[Gregory of Raska]], Serbian copyist, bishop and writer (d. [[1321]]) 
* [[Gueraula de Codines]], Spanish [[folk healer]] and occultist (d. [[1340]])
* [[Hōjō Morotoki]], Japanese nobleman and [[regent]] (''[[shikken]]'') (d. [[1311]])
* [[Hugues de Bouville]], French nobleman and chamberlain (d. [[1331]])
* [[Jón Halldórsson]], Norwegian cleric, priest and bishop (d. [[1339]])
* [[Musō Soseki]], Japanese [[Rinzai school|Rinzai]] [[Zen]] monk and teacher (d. [[1351]])
* [[Peter of Zittau]], Bohemian [[abbot]], historian and writer (d. 1339)
* [[Takatsukasa Fuyuhira]], Japanese nobleman and regent (d. [[1327]])
* [[William of Alnwick]], English friar, bishop and theologian (d. [[1333]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[Raymond of Penyafort]], Spanish priest (b. [[1175]])
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Ulrich von Liechtenstein]], German poet (b. [[1200]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Paio Peres Correia]], Portuguese Grand Master 
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Urania of Worms]], German Jewish [[Firzogerin|precentress]]
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Margaret of England]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] (b. [[1240]])
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[Shi Tianze]], Chinese general and politician (b. [[1202]])
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Fujiwara no Chōshi]], Japanese empress (b. [[1218]])
* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Beatrice of England]], countess of [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]] (b. [[1242]])
* [[April 13]] &ndash; [[Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester|Eleanor of England]], countess of [[Leicester]] (b. [[1215]])
* [[May 6]] &ndash; [[Marie of Brienne]], Latin empress and regent (b. [[1224]])
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Cecile of Baux]], Savoyan noblewoman and regent
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Sophie of Thuringia, Duchess of Brabant|Sophie of Thuringia]], duchess of [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]] (b. 1224)
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Arghun Aqa]] the Elder, Mongol nobleman (b. [[1210]])
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Lorenzo Tiepolo]] (or Theupolo), doge of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]]
* [[September 8]] &ndash; [[Nuño González de Lara (died 1275)|Nuño González de Lara]], Spanish nobleman
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford]], English nobleman 
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Sancho of Aragon (archbishop of Toledo)|Sancho of Aragon]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|Toledo]] (b. [[1250]])
* [[October 23]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand de la Cerda]], Spanish prince (b. [[1255]])
* [[November 23]] &ndash; [[Margaret of Bar]], French noblewoman (b. [[1220]])
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Eric Birgersson]], Swedish nobleman (b. 1250)
<!--- Begin here, Birth date unknown --->
* [[Beatrice of Sicily, Latin Empress|Beatrice of Sicily]], Latin empress of [[Constantinople]] (b. [[1252]])
* [[Bernard IV, Lord of Lippe|Bernard IV of Lippe]], German nobleman and knight (b. [[1230]])
* [[Bohemond VI of Antioch]] ("the Fair"), Outremer prince and knight (b. [[1237]])
* [[Dietrich VI, Count of Cleves|Dietrich VI of Meissen]], German nobleman and knight (b. [[1226]])
* [[Fujiwara no Tameie]], Japanese [[Waka (poetry)|''waka'']] poet and writer (b. [[1198]])
* [[Geoffrey of Briel]] (or Bruyères), Achaean nobleman (b. [[1223]])
* [[Jia Sidao]], Chinese politician and Grand Chancellor (b. [[1213]])
* [[John FitzJohn]], English nobleman and rebel leader (b. 1240)
* [[Kujō Tadaie]], Japanese nobleman and chancellor (b. [[1229]]) 
* [[Luca Grimaldi]], Genoese [[troubadour]], politician and diplomat
* [[Paul Balog, Bishop of Veszprém|Paul Balog]], Hungarian vice-chancellor and bishop (b. [[1227]])
* [[William of Luxi]], priest, preacher, theologian and biblical exegete (d.o.b. unknown)<ref name="LuxiPostilla">Luxi, ''Postilla super Baruch'', pp. xiii-xiv.</ref>
* [[Xueting Fuyu]], Chinese [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monk and abbot (b. [[1203]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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