Editing 1276

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1276}}
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[[File:Pope John XXI.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Pope John XXI]] (c. 1215–1277), the fourth Pope to hold office in 1276]]
Year '''1276''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXXVI]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* Spring
** Sultan [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq]] and [[Muhammad II of Granada|Muhammad II]], ruler of [[Emirate of Granada|Granada]], agree to a truce with King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] ("the Wise") for two years. Before Abu Yusuf leaves, Muhammad's secretary addresses a poem to Abu Yusuf, expressing fear of Castile's power and appealing for Marinid's continued support. Later, Abu Yusuf lands at [[Ksar es-Seghir|Alcázar Seguir]] on [[January 19]]. This ending the first Marinid invasion in [[Al-Andalus]] (modern [[Spain]]).<ref name=OCGC>{{cite book|first=Joseph F.|last=O'Callaghan|year=2011|title=The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|pages=69, 71|isbn=978-0-8122-2302-6}}</ref>
** King [[Edward I of England]] ("Longshanks") orders the people of [[Bayonne]] in [[Duchy of Gascony|Gascony]] (as part of the only English possessions in [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]) to provide [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] with warships "to resist the [[Saracen]]s by sea", but excuses himself from personal participation against the Marinid invasion in Spain because of his wars in [[Wales]] and his plan to lead a Crusade to the [[Holy Land]].<ref name=OCGC/>
* June &ndash; King [[Rudolf I of Germany]] declares war on his rival [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]]. After 6 months of campaigning, Ottokar surrenders all his lands (including [[Duchy of Austria|Austria]] and [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]]) except [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] and [[History of Moravia|Moravia]]. Rudolf makes [[Vienna]] his capital, marking the beginning of the [[House of Habsburg]], which will last until [[1918]].<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 148. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>

==== Africa ====
* [[Battle of Dongola (1276)|Battle of Dongola]]: Mamluk forces led by Sultan [[Baibars]] gain a decisive victory against the [[Makuria|Kingdom of Makuria]]. They capture the Makurian capital of [[Dongola]] and force King [[List of rulers of Makuria|David of Makuria]] to flee upstream on the [[Nile]]. He seeks refuge in the [[Kingdom of al-Abwab|Kingdom of Al-Abwab]], but is handed over to Baibars, who has him executed. Later, Baibars conquers [[Al-Maris]] ([[Lower Nubia]]), previously a part of Makuria, and annexes it into [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]].<ref>Seignobos, Robin (2012). ''The other Ethiopia: Nubia and the Crusade (12th and 14th century)'', pp. 307–311. {{ISSN|0066-2127}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* Spring &ndash; The court of the [[Song dynasty#Southern Song, 1127–1279|Southern Song dynasty]] of [[China]] and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from [[Hangzhou]] to [[Fujian]], and then [[Guangdong]], in an effort to escape a Mongol invasion under [[Kublai Khan]]. 
* [[June 15]] &ndash; Remnants of the Chinese Song court in [[Fuzhou]] province conduct the coronation ceremony for Prince Zhao Shi to become Emperor [[Emperor Duanzong]] (until [[1278]]).
* The mountain fortress [[Alamut Castle]] ("Eagle's Nest") is again captured by the Mongols from a Nizari force under [[Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)|Shams al-Din Muhammad]].<ref>Wasserman, James (2001). ''The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of heaven'', p. 115. {{ISBN|978-1-59477-873-5}}.</ref><ref>Virani, Shafique N. (2007). ''The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation'', p. 32. Oxford University Press, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-19-531173-0}}.</ref>

==== The Americas ====
* A severe 23-year [[drought]] begins to affect the [[History of the Grand Canyon area|Grand Canyon area]], eventually forcing the agriculture-dependent [[Ancestral Puebloans|Puebloans]] (or Anasazi) to migrate out of the region.<ref>O'Connor, Letitia Burns (1992). ''The Grand Canyon'', pp. 16–19, 30–32. Los Angeles: Perpetua Press. {{ISBN|0-88363-969-6}}.</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Cities and towns ====
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Augsburg]] is granted the status of a [[free imperial city]]. Later this year, [[Ravensburg]] also receives the status.

==== Culture ====
* [[Merton College, Oxford]], is first recorded as having a collection of books, making [[Merton College Library|its Library]] the world's oldest in continuous daily use.<ref>{{cite web|title=Library & Archives - History|url=http://www.merton.ox.ac.uk/aboutmerton/library8.shtml|publisher=Merton College|location=Oxford|access-date=2012-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513022654/http://www.merton.ox.ac.uk/aboutmerton/library8.shtml|archive-date=May 13, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==== Economy ====
* [[Henry of Ghent]] (or Henricus) becomes the last major theologian openly to consider [[Annuity (finance theory)|annuities]] as a usurious contract. The end of the debate allows for the expansion of the budding practice of renten emission, to become a staple of public finance in northwestern [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506–562}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Pope Gregory X]] dies after a 4-year [[pontificate]] at [[Arezzo]]. He is succeeded by [[Pope Innocent V|Innocent V]] as the 185th pope of the [[Catholic Church]].
* [[June 22]] &ndash; Innocent V dies after a 5-month reign at [[Rome]]. He is succeeded by [[Pope Adrian V|Adrian V]] (or Hadrian) as the 186th pope of the Catholic Church.
* [[August 18]] &ndash; Adrian V (Hadrian) dies after a 2-month reign at [[Viterbo]]. He is succeeded by [[Pope John XXI|John XXI]] as the 187th pope of Rome (until [[1277]]).
* The foundation stone of the [[Minoritenkirche (Vienna)|Minoritenkirche]] in [[Vienna]] is laid by Ottokar II.</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Thomas de Multon, 1st Baron Multon of Gilsland]], English [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1313]])
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Louis, Count of Évreux]], son of [[Philip III of France]] (d. [[1319]])
* [[September 14]] &ndash; [[Hugh de Courtenay, 1st/9th Earl of Devon]], English nobleman (d. [[1340]]) 
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Christopher II of Denmark|Christopher II]], king of [[Danish Realm|Denmark]] (d. [[1332]])
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Margaret of Brabant]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] (d. [[1311]])
* [[October 19]] &ndash; [[Prince Hisaaki|Hisaaki]], Japanese prince and shogun (d. [[1328]])
* [[Agnes of Bavaria, Margravine of Brandenburg]], German noblewoman and [[regent]] (d. [[1345]])
* [[Diederik II count of Limburg Hohenlimburg|Diederik II]], German count of [[Limburg-Hohenlimburg]] (d. [[1364]])
* [[Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford]], English nobleman and knight (d. [[1322]])
* [[Ichijō Uchisane]], Japanese nobleman and regent (d. [[1304]])
* [[Margaret of Lusignan]], queen consort of the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] (d. [[1296]])
* [[Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], German co-ruler (d. [[1318]])
* [[Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn]] (or Moray), Scottish nobleman (d. [[1346]])
* [[Najm ad-Din al-Tufi]], Persian scholar and theologian (d. [[1316]])
* [[Robert, King of Naples|Robert of Anjou]], king of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] ([[Capetian dynasty|House of Capet]]) (d. [[1343]])
* [[Thomas Dagworth]], English nobleman and knight (d. [[1350]])
* [[Vakhtang III of Georgia|Vakhtang III]], king of [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] ([[Bagrationi dynasty|House of Bagrationi]]) (d. [[1308]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Pope Gregory X|Gregory X]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (b. [[1210]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Blessed Gregory X {{!}} pope {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Blessed-Gregory-X |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=10 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Walram II, Count of Nassau]], German nobleman (b. [[1220]])
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Margaret of Holland, Countess of Henneberg]], Dutch noblewoman (b. [[1234]])
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[Zaynaddin Ibn al-Ajami]], Ayyubid scholar (b. [[1195]])
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[Pope Innocent V|Innocent V]], pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1220)
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Henry of Antioch]], Outremer nobleman (b. [[1217]])
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[James I of Aragon|James I]] ("the Conqueror"), king of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] (b. [[1208]])
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Pope Adrian V|Adrian V]], pope of the Catholic Church (b. [[1215]])
* [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Vicedomino de Vicedominis]], Italian cardinal
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[Kanezawa Sanetoki|Hōjō Sanetoki]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1224]])
* [[Ahmad al-Badawi]], Almohad [[Sufism|Sufi]] scholar and mystic (b. [[1200]])
* [[Benedict III, Archbishop of Esztergom|Benedict III]], Hungarian priest, vice-chancellor and archbishop
* [[Ela Longespee]], English noblewoman and co-heiress (b. [[1244]])
* [[Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino]], Italian friar, scholar and writer
* [[Guido Guinizelli]], Italian poet and founder of [[Dolce Stil Novo]] 
* [[Louis of France (1264–1276)|Louis of France]], French prince and heir apparent (b. [[1264]])
* [[Hamuro Mitsutoshi]], Japanese nobleman and poet (b. [[1203]])
* [[Mathilde of Saarbrücken]], German noblewoman and regent
* [[Najm al-Din al-Qazwini al-Katibi]], Persian scholar and writer
* [[Rolandino of Padua]], Italian scholar, jurist and writer (b. 1200)
* [[Vasily of Kostroma]], Grand Prince of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] (b. [[1241]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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