Editing 1285

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1285}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Year nav|1285}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Pedro III el Grande en el collado de las Panizas.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]] overlooking the Panissar Pass]]
Year '''1285''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXXXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Monday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[Aragonese Crusade]]: French forces led by King [[Philip III of France|Philip III]] ('''the Bold''') entrench before [[Girona]], in an attempt to besiege the city. Despite strong resistance, the city is eventually taken on [[September 7]]. Philip's son, the 15-year-old [[Charles, Count of Valois|Charles of Valois]], is crowned as king of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] (under the vassalage of the [[Holy See]]) but without an actual crown. Shortly after, the French camp is racked by an epidemic of [[dysentery]] and Philip is forced to retreat.<ref>Hallam, Elizabeth M. (1980). ''Capetian France: 987–1328'', p. 356. Longman. {{ISBN|978-0-582-40428-1}}.</ref> 
* April &ndash; Marinid forces under Sultan [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq]] cross the straits from [[Ksar es-Seghir|Alcácer Seguir]] to [[Tarifa]]. From there they advance to [[Jerez de la Frontera]], where they besiege the city. Marinids detachments are dispatched to devastate a broad area from [[Medina-Sidonia]] to [[Carmona, Spain|Carmona]], [[Vejer de la Frontera]], [[Écija]] and [[Seville]], cutting down trees, orchards, and vineyards, destroying villages, and killing or capturing many inhabitants.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 90. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* May &ndash; King [[Sancho IV of Castile|Sancho IV]] ('''the Brave''') assembles his army at Seville and sends the Castilian fleet (some 100 ships) led by Admiral [[Benedetto I Zaccaria]] to blockade the mouth of the [[Guadalquivir|Guadalquivir River]]. Meanwhile, a Marinid detachment of 1,000 cavalry moves against Seville, routing the Castilians send out to oppose them. Turning eastward against Carmona and [[Alcalá de Guadaíra]], the Marinids burn the suburbs, harvest and ruin orchards.
* [[May 22]] &ndash; Marinid forces under Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq prolong their siege at Jerez de la Frontera. He sends his son [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr]] with 5,000 regulars, 2,000 cavalry, some 13,000 infantry and 2,000 archers to raid Seville and its environs on [[June 1]]. During June and early July, the Marinids assault daily Jerez while raiding parties pillage the countryside at Carmona, [[Niebla, Spain|Niebla]], Écija, Seville and [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]].<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', pp. 90–91. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* August &ndash; Castilian forces led by Sancho IV ('''the Brave''') march against the Marinids at Jerez de la Frontera. Meanwhile, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq with his army of 18,000 cavalry and faced with dwindling supplies, decides to lift the siege after five months, on [[August 2]]. He withdraws his army to the safety of [[Algeciras]] and opens negotiations with Sancho while the Castilian fleet arrives at [[El Puerto de Santa Maria]] (or "The port of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Saint Mary]]").<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 91. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[September 4]] &ndash; [[Battle of Les Formigues]]: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 40 galleys) under Admiral [[Roger of Lauria]] defeats French and Genoese ships near the [[Formigues Islands]]. According to [[Johan Esteve de Bezers]], a French [[troubadour]], all prisoners but one have their eyes gouged out, and that one is left with one eye to guide the others. After the battle, Roger captures about 15 to 20 French galleys, and others are sunk or burnt.
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of the Col de Panissars]]: Aragonese forces under King [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]] ('''the Great''') ambush and defeat a French expeditionary army while it was retreating over the [[Pyrenees]]. The French troops are massacred by the Aragonese vanguard at the Panissar Pass, but spared the royal family.  Philip III ('''the Bold''') arrives with his fatigued remnants in [[Perpignan]], where he dies of dysentery on [[October 5]].  
* [[November 2]] &ndash; Peter III ('''the Great''') dies after a 9-year reign at [[Vilafranca del Penedès]]. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son [[Alfonso III of Aragon|Alfonso III]] ('''the Liberal'''), who becomes king of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]]. Peter's other son [[James II of Aragon|James II]] ('''the Just'''), is crowned ruler of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]]. His third son, the 13-year-old [[Frederick III of Sicily|Frederick]], becomes co-ruler and [[regent]] of Sicily.<ref>Williams, Hywel (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 150. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* Winter &ndash; The Mongol [[Golden Horde]] led by [[Nogai Khan]] and [[Talabuga]] attacks [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary]] for the second time. They successfully subdue [[Slovakia]] and sack territory north of the [[Carpathian Mountains]].

==== England ====
* The [[Statute of Westminster 1285|Second Statute of Westminster]] is accepted in [[Parliament of England|parliament]], reforming various laws; it includes the clause ''[[de donis conditionalibus]]'', considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law.
* The writ ''[[Circumspecte Agatis]]'', issued by King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] ('''Longshanks'''), defines the jurisdictions of church and state, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.

==== Levant ====
* [[April 17]] &ndash; Mamluk forces under Sultan [[Qalawun]] ('''the Victorious''') appear with specially built war engines before the Crusader fortress of [[Margat]] and begin a siege. For a month, the Mamluks can make no progress and the assaults on the stronghold are repelled. Qalawun then invites a delegation of [[Knights Hospitaller]] to come and see the damage his engineers have done to the 'impregnable' fortifications. They understood they have no real choice and are forced to surrender on [[May 25]]. The Hospitallers are allowed to retire with all their possessions, on horseback and fully armed. The rest of the garrison is promised a safe-conduct to [[Tarsus (West Syriac diocese)|Tortosa]] – while Qalawun establishes a Mamluk garrison which he uses as a basis for further campaigns against the [[Crusader states|Crusader States]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 330–31. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Chương Dương]]: Joint forces of [[Champa]] and [[Đại Việt]] defeat the Mongol-led Yuan fleet on the [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]]. Most of the Yuan warships are burned during the battle, and the Mongol army retreats to [[China]] in late June. The Vietnamese royal court returns to the capital in [[Hanoi|Thang Long]] following a six-month conflict.<ref>Stone, Zofia (2017). ''Genghis Khan: A Biography'', p. 76. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. {{ISBN|978-93-86367-11-2}}.</ref>   

=== By topic ===

==== Art and Culture ====
* The English romantic poem ''[[Havelok the Dane|The Lay of Havelok the Dane]]'' is written (approximate date).

==== Markets ====
* The first record is made of an emission of [[life annuity|life annuities]], by the city of [[Lübeck]]. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]], and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western [[Europe]] (see [[1228]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden/Boston|isbn=978-90-04-17565-5}}</ref>
* The [[County of Champagne]] is integrated into the kingdom of [[France during the Middle Ages|France]]; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the [[Fairs of Champagne|Fairs of Troyes]] quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abu-Lughod|first=Janet L.|title=Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-506774-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[January 6]] &ndash; Archbishop [[Jakub Świnka]] organizes a synod in [[Łęczyca]]. During the meeting, he orders all priests who are subject to his bishopric to deliver their sermons in Polish rather than German. This further unifies the [[Catholic Church]] in [[Poland]] and fosters a national identity.
* [[March 25]] &ndash; Pope [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]] dies after a 4-year [[pontificate]] in [[Perugia]]. He is succeeded by [[Pope Honorius IV|Honorius IV]], who becomes the 190th pope of the [[Catholic Church]].
* [[Council of Blachernae (1285)|Council of Blachernae]]: The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] repudiates the Union with the Catholic Church, declared in the [[Second Council of Lyon]].
* The [[Mor Bar Sauma Monastery]], one of the most important monasteries of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], is destroyed. Though a monastic community remains, the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|patriarchal seat]] is moved to [[Sis (ancient city)|Sis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaufhold |first1=Hubert |title=Notizen zur Späten Geschichte des Barsaumo-Klosters |journal=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies |date=2000 |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=227 |url=https://hugoye.bethmardutho.org/article/hv3n2kaufhold |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref>
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== Births ==
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Emperor Go-Nijō|Go-Nijō]] (or '''Nijō II'''), Japanese emperor (d. [[1308]])
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)|Al-Mustakfi I]], Mamluk ruler (''[[caliph]]'') of [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] (d. [[1340]])
* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Al-Nasr Muhammad]], Mamluk ruler of Egypt (d. [[1341]])
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan]], Mongol emperor (d. [[1320]])
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[Edmund Fitzalan, 2nd Earl of Arundel|Edmund Fitzalan]], English [[Nobility|nobleman]] and knight (d. [[1326]])
* [[December 6]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand IV of Castile|Ferdinand IV]], king of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]] (d. [[1312]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferdinand IV {{!}} king of Castile and Leon |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-IV-king-of-Castile-and-Leon |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=18 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Alexander de Brus|Alexander de Bruce]], Scottish nobleman and knight (d. [[1307]])
* [[Euphemia of Pomerania]], queen consort of [[Denmark]] (d. [[1330]])
* [[Francesco I Ventimiglia]], Italian nobleman and knight (d. [[1338]])
* [[Gerardus Odonis]], French cardinal and theologian (d. [[1349]])
* [[John of Jandun]], French philosopher and theologian (d. [[1328]])
* [[Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y Coronel|Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzán]], Spanish nobleman (d. [[1351]])
* [[Margaret of Artois]], French noblewoman and [[regent]] (d. [[1311]])
* [[Patrick V, Earl of Dunbar|Patrick V de Dunbar]], Scottish nobleman and knight (d. [[1369]])
* [[Richeza Magnusdotter of Sweden|Richeza Magnusdotter]], Swedish princess and [[abbess]] (d. [[1348]])
* [[William of Ockham]], English monk and theologian ( d. [[1347]])
* [[Ziauddin Barani]], Indian historian and philosopher (d. [[1358]])

== Deaths ==
*[[January 7]] &ndash; [[Charles I of Anjou|Charles I]], king of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] ([[Capetian House of Anjou|House of Anjou]]) (b. [[1227]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Theodoric of Landsberg]], German nobleman (b. [[1242]])
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (approximate date)
* [[May 13]] &ndash; [[Robert de Ros (died 1285)|Robert de Ros]], English nobleman and knight (b. [[1235]])
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[John I of Cyprus|John I]], king of [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]] ([[House of Lusignan]]) (b. [[1268]])
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[William I van Brederode]], Dutch nobleman and knight
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Yekuno Amlak]], Ethiopian ruler ([[Solomonic dynasty|House of Solomon]])
* [[July 3]] &ndash; [[Margaret of Flanders, Duchess of Brabant|Margaret of Flanders]], French noblewoman (b. [[1251]])
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Tile Kolup]], German impostor claiming to be [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]
* [[July 28]] &ndash; [[Keran, Queen of Armenia|Keran of Lampron]], queen of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician Armenia]] (b. [[1260]])
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[John I, Duke of Saxony|John I]], German nobleman ([[House of Ascania]]) (b. [[1249]])
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Philip I, Count of Savoy|Philip I]], French nobleman ([[House of Savoy]]) (b. [[1207]])
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[William Reade (bishop)|William Reade]], English bishop and theologian (b. [[1183]])
* [[August 22]] &ndash; [[Philip Benizi de Damiani|Philip Benizi]], Italian monk and religious leader (b. [[1233]])
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[William de Wickwane]], English cleric and archbishop
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Kunigunda of Halych]], queen of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] (b. [[1245]])
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Theobald Butler, 4th Chief Butler of Ireland|Theobald Butler]], Norman chief governor (b. 1242)
* [[October 5]] &ndash; [[Philip III of France|Philip III]], king of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] ([[House of Capet]]) (b. 1245)
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]] ('''the Great'''), king of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] (b. [[1239]])
* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[Fulke Lovell]], English archdeacon and bishop
* [[December 21]] &ndash; [[Ordoño Álvarez]], archbishop of [[Braga]] (b. [[1198]])
* [[Abu al-Baqa ar-Rundi|Abu al-Baqa al-Rundi]], Andalusian poet and literary critic (b. [[1204]])
* [[Christian III, Count of Oldenburg|Christian III]], German nobleman and knight ([[House of Oldenburg]])
* [[Hermann of Buxhoeveden, Bishop of Ösel-Wiek|Hermann of Buxhoeveden]], German cleric and bishop (b. [[1230]]) 
* [[Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad]], Syrian scholar and historian (b. [[1217]])
* [[João de Lobeira]], Portuguese [[troubadour]] and writer (b. 1233)
* [[Nicolas Lorgne]], French nobleman, knight and Grand Master 
* [[Otto III, Count of Weimar-Orlamünde|Otto III]] (or '''IV'''), German nobleman (House of Ascania) (b. [[1244]])
* [[Paolo Malatesta]] ('''the Beautiful'''), Italian nobleman and knight
* [[Paul of Segni]], Italian nobleman, friar, bishop and [[papal legate]]
* [[Sir Philippe De Carteret, 3rd Seigneur of Saint Ouen|Philippe de Carteret]], Norman nobleman and knight (b. [[1205]])
* [[Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi]], Egyptian scholar and jurist (b. [[1228]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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