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{{Short description|1995 film by Terry Gilliam}} {{Good article}} {{For|the 2015 television adaptation|12 Monkeys (TV series)}} {{Infobox film | name = 12 Monkeys | image = Twelve monkeysmp.jpg | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = [[Terry Gilliam]] | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[David Peoples]] * [[Janet Peoples]] }} | based_on = {{Based on|''[[La Jetée]]''|[[Chris Marker]]}} | producer = [[Charles Roven]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Bruce Willis]] * [[Madeleine Stowe]] * [[Brad Pitt]] * [[Christopher Plummer]] }} | cinematography = [[Roger Pratt (cinematographer)|Roger Pratt]] | editing = [[Mick Audsley]] | music = [[Paul Buckmaster]] | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Atlas Entertainment]] * [[Mutual Film Company|Classico Entertainment]] }} | distributor = [[Universal Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|1995|12|29}} | runtime = 129 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 129:18--> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $29 million<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|last=Gerston|first=Jill|date=December 24, 1995|title=FILM; Terry Gilliam: Going Mainstream (Sort Of)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/24/movies/film-terry-gilliam-going-mainstream-sort-of.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404035132/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/24/movies/film-terry-gilliam-going-mainstream-sort-of.html|archive-date=April 4, 2023|access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref> | gross = $168.8 million<ref name="boxofficemojo">{{cite Box Office Mojo|id=0114746|title=12 Monkeys|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131163458/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0114746/|archive-date=January 31, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''12 Monkeys''''' is a 1995 American [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Terry Gilliam]] from a screenplay by [[David Peoples]] and [[Janet Peoples]], based on [[Chris Marker]]'s 1962 short film ''[[La Jetée]]''. It stars [[Bruce Willis]], [[Madeleine Stowe]], [[Brad Pitt]], and [[Christopher Plummer]]. Set in a [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|post-apocalyptic future]] devastated by disease, the film follows a convict who is sent back in time to gather information about the man-made [[virus]] that wiped out most of the [[World population|human population]] on the planet. The film was theatrically released in the United States on December 29, 1995, by [[Universal Pictures]]. It received positive reviews from critics and grossed over $168.8 million worldwide against a $29 million budget. At the [[68th Academy Awards]], the film was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (for Pitt) and [[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]. It garnered seven nominations at the [[22nd Saturn Awards]], winning three: [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film|Best Science Fiction Film]], [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]], and [[Saturn Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costumes]]. Pitt also won [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actor]] at the [[53rd Golden Globe Awards]]. == Plot == A deadly virus released in 1996 wiped out almost all of humanity, forcing survivors to live underground. A group known as the Army of the Twelve Monkeys is believed to have released the virus. In 2035, James Cole is a prisoner living in an underground compound beneath [[Philadelphia]]. Cole is selected to be sent back in time to find the original virus to help scientists develop a cure in exchange for a reduced sentence. Cole is troubled by dreams involving a foot chase and a shooting at an airport. Cole arrives in [[Baltimore]] in 1990, not 1996 as planned. He is arrested and incarcerated at a mental hospital on the diagnosis of Dr. Kathryn Railly. There he encounters Jeffrey Goines, a mental patient with extreme [[environmentalism|environmentalist]] and [[anti-corporatism|anti-corporate]] views. Cole is interviewed by a panel of doctors and tries to explain that the virus outbreak has already happened and cannot be prevented. After an escape attempt, Cole is sedated and locked in a cell but he disappears and awakens back in 2035. He is interrogated by the scientists, who play a distorted voicemail message that asserts the association of the Army of the 12 Monkeys with the virus. He is also shown photos of numerous people suspected of being involved, including Goines. The scientists offer Cole another chance to complete his mission and send him back in time. Cole briefly arrives at a battlefield during [[World War I]], where he sees another prison inmate who was sent back in time, José. Cole is shot in the leg and gets transported to 1996. In 1996, Railly gives a lecture about the [[Cassandra metaphor|Cassandra complex]] to a group of scientists. At the post-lecture book-signing, Railly meets Dr. Peters, who tells her that apocalypse alarmists represent the sane vision while [[Human impact on the environment|humanity's gradual destruction of the environment]] is the real lunacy. Cole arrives at the venue after seeing flyers publicizing it. When Railly departs, he kidnaps her and forces her to take him to Philadelphia. They learn that Goines is the founder of the Army of the 12 Monkeys before they set out in search of him. When Cole confronts Goines, he denies any involvement with the group and says that in 1990, Cole originated the idea of wiping out humanity with a virus stolen from Goines' virologist father, Dr. Leland Goines. Cole is transported back to 2035, where he reaffirms to the scientists his commitment to his mission and asks to be sent back to complete it. When he finds Railly again in 1996, he tells her that he now believes himself crazy as she had suggested. Railly has discovered evidence of his time travel to the Great War which she shows him, believing he is sane. They decide to depart for the [[Florida Keys]] before the start of the plague. Cole and Railly learn that the Army of the 12 Monkeys was not the source of the epidemic; the group's major act of protest is releasing animals from a zoo and placing Goines' father in an animal cage. At the airport, Cole leaves a message telling the scientists that they are on the wrong track following the Army of the 12 Monkeys and he will not return. Cole is confronted by José, who gives Cole a handgun and instructs him to follow orders. Railly spots Dr. Peters at the airport and recognizes him from a newspaper as an assistant of Goines' father. Peters is about to embark on a tour of several cities that matches the viral outbreaks chronologically and geographically. Cole is informed of Peters by Railly, then forces his way through a security checkpoint in pursuit of Peters. Cole draws his gun, then is shot by police. As he lies dying in Railly's arms, she scans the crowd around her. She makes eye contact with a small boy: the young James Cole witnessing the scene of his death, which will replay in his dreams for years to come. Peters, aboard the plane with the virus, sits down next to Jones, one of the scientists from the future, who comments that her job is "insurance". The young Cole watches a plane take off from the ground outside the airport. <!-- Do not add further details or interpretation here – the ending is ambiguous. --> == Cast == {{cast listing| * [[Bruce Willis]] as James Cole ** Joseph Melito as young James Cole * [[Madeleine Stowe]] as Dr. Kathryn Railly * [[Brad Pitt]] as Jeffrey Goines * [[Christopher Plummer]] as Dr. Leland Goines * [[Frank Gorshin]] as Dr. Fletcher * [[Jon Seda]] as Jose * [[Ernest Abuba]] as Engineer * [[Bill Raymond]] as Microbiologist * [[Simon Jones (actor)|Simon Jones]] as Zoologist * Bob Adrian as Geologist * Carol Florence as Astrophysicist/Jones * H. Michael Walls as Botanist * [[David Morse]] as Dr. Peters * [[Christopher Meloni]] as Lt. Halperin * Vernon Campbell as Tiny * [[LisaGay Hamilton|Lisa Gay Hamilton]] as Teddy * [[Annie Golden]] as Woman Cabbie * Thomas Roy as a street preacher }} == Production == === Development === [[File:Terry Gilliam 01.jpg|thumb|upright|''12 Monkeys'' was directed by [[Terry Gilliam]].]] The genesis of ''12 Monkeys'' came from [[executive producer]] Robert Kosberg, who had been a fan of the French short film ''[[La Jetée]]'' (1962). Kosberg persuaded that film's director, [[Chris Marker]], to let him [[Pitch (filmmaking)|pitch]] the project to [[Universal Pictures]], seeing it as a perfect basis for a full-length science fiction film. Universal agreed to purchase the [[film rights|remake rights]] and hired [[David Peoples|David]] and [[Janet Peoples]] to write the screenplay.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Chris Nashawaty |url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1219922_1,00.html |title=They Call Him Mr. Pitch |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=July 28, 2006 |access-date=2012-04-10 |archive-date=October 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016103131/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1219922_1,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Producer [[Charles Roven]] chose [[Terry Gilliam]] to direct, because he believed the filmmaker's style was perfect for ''12 Monkeys''{{'}} nonlinear storyline and time travel subplot.<ref name="note" /> Gilliam had just abandoned a [[film adaptation]] of ''[[A Tale of Two Cities]]'' when he signed to direct ''12 Monkeys''.<ref name="first">{{cite book |author=Ian Christie |author2=Terry Gilliam |author2-link=Terry Gilliam |title=Gilliam on Gilliam |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gilliamongilliam0000gill/page/220 220–225] |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-571-20280-2 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/gilliamongilliam0000gill/page/220 }}</ref> Though Gilliam felt the script was "too complex" to take on.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/terry-gilliam-interview-zero-theorem-twitter-12-monkeys/ | title=Terry Gilliam interview: Zero Theorem, Twitter, 12 Monkeys | date=14 March 2014 }}</ref> The film represents the second film for which Gilliam did not write or co-write the screenplay. Although he prefers to direct his own scripts, he was captivated by Peoples' "intriguing and intelligent script. The story is disconcerting. It deals with time, madness and a perception of what the world is or isn't. It is a study of madness and dreams, of death and re-birth, set in a world coming apart".<ref name="note">DVD production notes</ref> Universal took longer than expected to approve ''12 Monkeys'', although Gilliam had two stars (Willis and Pitt) and a firm budget of $29.5 million (low for a Hollywood science fiction film). Universal's production of ''[[Waterworld]]'' (1995) had resulted in various [[cost overrun]]s. To get ''12 Monkeys'' approved for production, Gilliam persuaded Willis to lower his normal [[asking price]].<ref name="second">''Gilliam on Gilliam,'' Christie, Gilliam, pp.226–230</ref> Because of Universal's strict production incentives and his history with the studio on ''[[Brazil (1985 film)|Brazil]]'', Gilliam received [[final cut privilege]]. The [[Writers Guild of America]] was skeptical of the "inspired by" credit for ''La Jetée'' and Chris Marker.<ref name="comment" /> Gilliam said that he had not seen ''La Jetée'' when he made ''12 Monkeys''.<ref>''Gilliam on Gilliam'' edited by Ian Christie. Faber and Faber, 1999. Page 73.</ref> === Casting === Gilliam's initial casting choices were [[Nick Nolte]] as James Cole and [[Jeff Bridges]] as Jeffrey Goines, but Universal objected.<ref name="first" /> Other actors were suggested for the roles included [[Nicolas Cage]] and [[Tom Cruise]], but Gilliam rejected the choices.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/12-monkeys-oral-history | title=The oral history of 12 Monkeys, Terry Gilliam's time travel masterpiece | date=20 February 2024 }}</ref> Gilliam, who first met Bruce Willis while casting Jeff Bridges' role in ''[[The Fisher King (film)|The Fisher King]]'' (1991), believed Willis evoked Cole's characterization as being "somebody who is strong and dangerous but also vulnerable".<ref name="note" /> Gilliam later stated that he wasn't originally interested in casting Willis because of the actor's mouth.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/12-monkeys-oral-history | title=The oral history of 12 Monkeys, Terry Gilliam's time travel masterpiece | date=20 February 2024 }}</ref> Gilliam cast [[Madeleine Stowe]] as Dr. Kathryn Railly because he was impressed by her performance in ''[[Blink (1993 film)|Blink]]'' (1994).<ref name="note" /> The director first met Stowe when he was casting his abandoned film adaptation of ''[[A Tale of Two Cities]]''.<ref name="first" /> "She has this incredible ethereal beauty and she's incredibly intelligent", Gilliam said of Stowe. "Those two things rest very easily with her, and the film needed those elements because it has to be romantic."<ref name="note" /> Gilliam originally believed that Pitt was not right for the role of Jeffrey Goines, but the casting director convinced him otherwise.<ref name="first" /> Pitt was cast for a comparatively small salary, as he was still relatively unknown at the time. By the time of ''12 Monkeys''{{'}} release, ''[[Interview with the Vampire (film)|Interview with the Vampire]]'' (1994), ''[[Legends of the Fall]]'' (1994), and ''[[Seven (1995 film)|Se7en]]'' (1995) had been released, making Pitt an [[A-list]] actor, which drew greater attention to the film and boosted its box-office standing. In [[Philadelphia]], months before filming, Pitt spent weeks at [[Temple University]]'s hospital, visiting and studying the psychiatric ward to prepare for his role.<ref name="note" /> === Filming === [[File:SenatorTheatre.JPG|thumb|The [[Senator Theatre]] was used as a filming location.]] [[Principal photography]] lasted from February 8 to May 6, 1995. Shooting on location in [[Philadelphia]] and [[Baltimore]] (including the [[Senator Theatre]])<ref name="nytimes" /><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Jeff Gordinier |url=https://ew.com/article/1995/05/19/bruce-willis-proves-he-exudes-testosterone/ |title=Brass Bald |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=May 19, 1995 |access-date=2012-04-10 |archive-date=December 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223203919/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,297297,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in winter was fraught with weather problems. There were also technical glitches with the futuristic mechanical props. Because the film has a nonlinear storyline, continuity errors occurred, and some scenes had to be reshot. Gilliam also injured himself when he went horseback riding. Despite setbacks, the director managed to stay within the budget and was only a week behind his [[shooting schedule]]. "It was a tough shoot", acknowledged [[Jeffrey Beecroft]], the film's [[production designer]]. "There wasn't a lot of money or enough time. Terry is a perfectionist, but he was really adamant about not going over budget. He got crucified for ''[[The Adventures of Baron Munchausen|Munchausen]]'', and that still haunts him."<ref name="nytimes" /> The filmmakers were not allowed access to [[sound stage]]s; thus, they had to find abandoned buildings or landmarks to use.<ref name="comment">[[Terry Gilliam]], [[Charles Roven]], DVD [[audio commentary]], 1998, [[Universal Home Video]].</ref> The exteriors of the climactic airport scene were shot at the [[Baltimore–Washington International Airport]], while the interior scenes were shot at the [[Pennsylvania Convention Center]] (formerly [[Reading Terminal]]). Filming at the psychiatric hospital was done at the [[Eastern State Penitentiary]] and [[Girard College]].<ref name="third" /> Some shots took place in abandoned motels in [[Camden, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sojo1049.com/6-awesome-movies-shot-in-new-jersey/|title=6 Awesome Movies Shot in New Jersey|first=Heather|last=DeLuca|website=SoJO 104.9|date=February 28, 2016 |access-date=February 28, 2019|archive-date=April 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409092459/https://sojo1049.com/6-awesome-movies-shot-in-new-jersey/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/expo/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/02/5a666e5a959680/41-blockbuster-movies-you-didnt-know-filmed-in-new-jersey-.html|title=41 blockbuster movies you didn't know filmed in New Jersey|first1=Bobby|last1=Olivier|website=NJ.com|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=February 28, 2019|archive-date=February 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223075054/https://www.nj.com/expo/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/02/5a666e5a959680/41-blockbuster-movies-you-didnt-know-filmed-in-new-jersey-.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''12 Monkeys'' was shot in the [[1.85:1]] format rather than [[anamorphic]].<ref name="theasc">{{cite web|url=https://theasc.com/articles/twelve-monkeys-dystopian-trip-through-time|title=Twelve Monkeys: A Dystopian Trip Through Time|last=Pizzello|first=Stephen|date=February 1, 2020|website=[[American Cinematographer]]|publisher=[[American Society of Cinematographers]]|access-date=November 7, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209032542/https://theasc.com/articles/twelve-monkeys-dystopian-trip-through-time|archive-date=February 9, 2023}}</ref> === Design === Gilliam used the same filmmaking style as he had in ''Brazil'' (1985), including the [[art direction]] and [[cinematography]] (specifically using [[Fresnel lens]]es).<ref name="second" /> The appearance of the interrogation room where Cole is being interviewed by the scientists was based on the work of [[Lebbeus Woods]]; these scenes were shot at three [[power station]]s (two in Philadelphia and one in Baltimore). Gilliam intended to show Cole being interviewed through a multi-screen interrogation TV set because he felt the machinery evoked a "nightmarish intervention of technology. You try to see the faces on the screens in front of you, but the real faces and voices are down there and you have these tiny voices in your ear. To me that's the world we live in, the way we communicate these days, through technical devices that pretend to be about communication but may not be".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/tgmonkex.htm |author=Nick James |title=Time and the Machine |work=[[Sight and Sound]] |date=April 1996 |access-date=2012-04-10 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014332/http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/tgmonkex.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[art department]] made sure that the 2035 underground world only used pre-1996 technology, to depict the bleakness of the future. Gilliam, Beecroft and set decorator [[Crispian Sallis]] went to several [[flea market]]s and salvage warehouses looking for materials to decorate the sets.<ref name="note" /> The majority of visual effects sequences were created by Peerless Camera Company, which Gilliam founded in the late 1970s with Kent Houston, the film's [[visual effects supervisor]].<ref name="theasc" /> Additional digital compositing was done by [[The Mill (company)|The Mill]], while [[Cinesite]] provided film scanning services.<ref name="note" /> == Music == The [[Film score|film's score]] was composed, arranged, and conducted by English musician [[Paul Buckmaster]]. The main theme is based on [[Argentine people|Argentine]] [[Tango music|tango]] musician/composer [[Astor Piazzolla]]'s ''[[Suite Punta del Este]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piazzolla.org/works2/suite.html |title=Suite Punta del Este |work=Ástor Piazzolla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007193223/http://piazzolla.org/works2/suite.html |archive-date=2010-10-07 |url-status=dead |access-date=2012-04-10}}</ref> == Themes == === Thematic elements === {{quote box|align=right|width=30em|Cole has been thrust from another world into ours and he's confronted by the confusion we live in, which most people somehow accept as normal. So he appears abnormal, and what's happening around him seems random and weird. Is he mad or are we?|salign=right|source=— Director Terry Gilliam<ref name="second" />}} In the biographical novel ''Gilliam on Gilliam'', director Terry Gilliam described the film as "very much about the twentieth century's inundation of information and about deciphering what among all this noise and imagery is useful and important to our lives"; these themes are expressed in conflicts between the protagonist and antagonistic elements in the relative 'past' and 'future'.<ref name="second" /> References to time, time travel, and monkeys are scattered throughout the film, including the [[Woody Woodpecker]] cartoon, ''Time Tunnel'' (1969), playing on the TV in a hotel room, the [[Marx Brothers]] film ''[[Monkey Business (1931 film)|Monkey Business]]'' (1931) on TV in the asylum, and the subplots involving monkeys (drug testing, news stories and animal rights). === Allusions to other films and media === ''12 Monkeys'' is inspired by the French short film ''[[La Jetée]]'' (1962); as in ''La Jetée'', characters are haunted by the images of their own deaths.<ref name="third" /> Like ''La Jetée'', ''12 Monkeys'' contains references to [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' (1958). Toward the end of the film, Cole and Railly hide in a theater showing a 24-hour Hitchcock marathon and watch scenes from ''Vertigo'' and ''The Birds''. Railly then transforms herself with a blonde wig, as Judy ([[Kim Novak]]) transforms herself into blonde Madeleine in ''Vertigo''; Cole sees her emerge within a red light, as Scottie ([[James Stewart]]) saw Judy emerge within a green light.<ref name="third" /> Brief notes of [[Bernard Herrmann]]'s film score can also be heard. Railly also wears the same coat Novak wore in the first part of ''Vertigo''. The scene at [[Muir Woods National Monument]], where Judy (as Madeleine) looks at the growth rings of a felled redwood and traces back events in her past life, resonates with larger themes in ''12 Monkeys''. Cole and Railly later have a similar conversation while the same music from ''Vertigo'' is repeated.<ref name="third" /> The Muir Woods scene in ''Vertigo'' is also reenacted in ''La Jetée''. In a previous scene in the film, Cole wakes up in a hospital bed with the scientists talking to him in chorus. This is a direct homage to the "[[Dem Bones|Dry Bones]]" scene in [[Dennis Potter]]'s ''[[The Singing Detective]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=SALON Reviews:12 Monkeys |url=http://www.salon.com/05/reviews/monkey2.html |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050531001122/http://www.salon.com/05/reviews/monkey2.html |archive-date=2005-05-31 |access-date=2012-04-10}}</ref> James Cole is a notable [[Christ figure]] in the film.<ref name="Kozlovic">{{cite web| first=Anton Karl| last=Kozlovic| url=https://www.usask.ca/relst/jrpc/art8-cinematicchrist.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050223221011/http://www.usask.ca/relst/jrpc/art8-cinematicchrist.html| archive-date=2005-02-23| title=The Structural Characteristics of the Cinematic Christ-figure| work=Journal of Religion and Popular Culture| access-date=2016-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Roman Catholicism in Fantastic Film|chapter=Blasphemy in the Name of Fantasy: The Films of Terry Gilliam in a Catholic Context|author=Christopher McKittrick|editor=Regina Hansen|publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7864-8724-0|pages=34–35}}</ref> The film is significant in the genre of science-fiction film noir, and it alludes to various "canonical noir" films.<ref>{{citation|title=Transgressing Women: Investigating Space and the Body in Contemporary Noir Thrillers|date=January 2005|publisher=Lancaster University|author=Jamaluddin Bin Aziz|section=Future Noir}}</ref> ==Release== ===Home media=== [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment|Universal Pictures]] released ''12 Monkeys'' on VHS on January 28, 1997.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/12-Monkeys-VHS-Bruce-Willis/dp/6304080921 Amazon.com: 12 Monkeys [VHS] : Bruce Willis, Madeleine Stowe, Brad Pitt, Joseph Melito, Jon Seda, Michael Chance, Vernon Campbell, H. Michael Walls, Bob Adrian, Simon Jone...<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409104810/https://www.amazon.com/12-Monkeys-VHS-Bruce-Willis/dp/6304080921 |date=April 9, 2021 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=November 2021}} It was also released on a "Signature Collection" LaserDisc of the film on February 18, 1997, containing an [[audio commentary]] by director Terry Gilliam and producer Charles Roven, ''The Hamster Factor and Other Tales of Twelve Monkeys'' (a [[making-of]] documentary), an archive of production art, and production notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/07155/42923/12-Monkeys|title=LaserDisc Database – 12 Monkeys [42923]|website=lddb.com|access-date=February 28, 2019|archive-date=April 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409092737/https://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/07155/42923/12-Monkeys|url-status=live}}</ref> It was first released on DVD on March 31, 1998, containing the same extras as the LaserDisc.<ref name="TwelveMonkeysDVD">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0007PALZ2 |title=12 Monkeys (Special Edition) (1996) |work=[[Amazon.com]] |access-date=2012-04-10 |archive-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409092746/https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0007PALZ2 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=November 2021}} It was re-released as a Special Edition DVD on May 10, 2005, with a new transfer of the film and identical extras.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/15646/12-monkeys-special-edition/|title=12 Monkeys: Special Edition|website=DVD Talk|access-date=February 28, 2019|archive-date=April 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409092747/https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/15646/12-monkeys-special-edition/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also released on [[HD DVD]] on March 4, 2008, with the same extras.<ref name="TwelveMonkeysDVD" /> It was released on [[Blu-ray Disc]] on July 28, 2009, with the same extras.<ref name="TwelveMonkeysDVD" /> Arrow Films released a new Blu-ray of the film on October 15, 2018, containing a new transfer of the film, remastered in 4K from the original negative, all of the previous extras, as well as a vintage 1996 interview with Terry Gilliam, and an interview with Gilliam scholar Ian Christie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arrowfilms.com/product-detail/twelve-monkeys-blu-ray/FCD1821|title=Twelve Monkeys Blu-ray – Arrow Films|website=arrowfilms.com|access-date=February 28, 2019|archive-date=April 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409094441/https://arrowfilms.com/product-detail/twelve-monkeys-blu-ray/FCD1821|url-status=live}}</ref> === Lebbeus Woods lawsuit === In the beginning of the film, Cole is brought into an interrogation room and told to sit in a chair attached to a vertical rail on the wall. A spherical machine with screens of varying sizes showing close-ups of the faces of the scientists interrogating Cole, supported by a metal armature is suspended directly in front of him, probing for weaknesses as the inquisitors interrogate him.<ref name="ben" /> Architect [[Lebbeus Woods]] filed a lawsuit against Universal in February 1996, claiming that his work "Neomechanical Tower (Upper) Chamber" was used without permission. Woods won his lawsuit, requiring Universal to remove the scenes, but he ultimately allowed their inclusion in exchange for a "high six-figure cash settlement" from Universal.<ref name="ben">{{cite web |url=http://www.benedict.com/Visual/Monkeys/Monkeys.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202102337/http://benedict.com/visual/Monkeys/Monkeys.aspx|archive-date=February 2, 2007|title=Copyright Casebook: 12 Monkeys – Universal Studios and Lebbeus Woods |work=Benedict.com |url-status=dead |access-date=2012-04-10}}</ref><ref>''[https://scholar.google.ca/scholar_case?case=15497279041078373388 Woods v. Universal City Studios, Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409092809/https://scholar.google.ca/scholar_case?case=15497279041078373388 |date=April 9, 2021 }}'', 920 [[F.Supp.]] 62 ([[S.D.N.Y.]] 1996)</ref> === Trilogy claims === After the release of ''[[The Zero Theorem]]'' in 2013, claims were made that Gilliam had meant it as part of a trilogy. A 2013 review for ''The Guardian'' said, "Calling it [''The Zero Theorem''] the third part of a trilogy formed by earlier dystopian satires ''[[Brazil (1985 film)|Brazil]]'' and ''Twelve Monkeys'' [''sic'']";<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/sep/02/terry-gilliam-zero-theorem-internet-breakdown-real-relationships|title=Terry Gilliam blames internet for the breakdown in 'real relationships'|last=Pulver|first=Andrew|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=September 2, 2013|access-date=September 7, 2013|archive-date=September 7, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907164743/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/sep/02/terry-gilliam-zero-theorem-internet-breakdown-real-relationships|url-status=live}}</ref> but in an interview with Alex Suskind for ''Indiewire'' in late 2014, Gilliam said, "Well, it's funny, this trilogy was never something I ever said, but it's been repeated so often it's clearly true [laughs]. I don't know who started it but once it started it never stopped".<ref name="IWGint01">{{cite web|author1=Alex Suskind|title=Interview: Terry Gilliam On ''The Zero Theorem'', Avoiding Facebook, ''Don Quixote'' And His Upcoming Autobiography|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/interview-terry-gilliam-on-the-zero-theorem-avoiding-facebook-don-quixote-and-his-upcoming-autobiography-20140917|website=IndieWire|access-date=March 4, 2015|date=2014-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225234056/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/interview-terry-gilliam-on-the-zero-theorem-avoiding-facebook-don-quixote-and-his-upcoming-autobiography-20140917|archive-date=February 25, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Box office=== ''12 Monkeys'' grossed $57.14 million in the United States and Canada, and $111.69 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $168.83 million.<ref name="boxofficemojo" /> The film held the No. 1 spot on box office charts for two weeks in January, before dropping due to competition from ''[[From Dusk till Dawn]]'', ''[[Mr. Holland's Opus]]'', and ''[[Black Sheep (1996 film)|Black Sheep]]''.<ref>{{cite The Numbers|id=12-Monkeys|title=12 Monkeys|access-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622205336/https://m.the-numbers.com/movie/12-Monkeys|archive-date=June 22, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Critical response=== [[File:Brad_Pitt_Cannes.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Brad Pitt]] received critical acclaim and his first [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination.]] {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|88|7.6|73|The plot's a bit of a jumble, but excellent performances and mind-blowing plot twists make ''12 Monkeys'' a kooky, effective experience.|ref=yes|access-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629125012/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/12_monkeys|archive-date=June 29, 2023|url-status=live}} {{Metacritic film prose|74|20|ref=yes|access-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206231353/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/twelve-monkeys|archive-date=February 6, 2023|url-status=live}} Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |title= CinemaScore 12 MONKEYS (1995) B |work= cinemascore.com |access-date= March 25, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181220122629/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date= December 20, 2018 |url-status= dead }}</ref> {{quote box | quote = The film's startling depiction of the world in 2035—where human life has been driven underground by a 1990s viral outbreak that annihilated 99% of human life—may not always make sense. But ''12 Monkeys'' rattles with insightful sound and fury, and its bleak visions are hard to shake. | source = —Peter Stack, writing for the ''San Francisco Chronicle''<ref>Stack, Peter (5 January 1996). [http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/12-Monkeys-Is-Not-Exactly-a-Barrel-of-Laughs-3000037.php {{"-}}'12 Monkeys' Is Not Exactly a Barrel of Laughs / Willis, Pitt in grimy futuristic thriller about killer virus]. ''San Francisco Chronicle''. Retrieved 2015-07-26. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409092622/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/12-Monkeys-Is-Not-Exactly-a-Barrel-of-Laughs-3000037.php |date=April 9, 2021 }}</ref> | salign = right | align = left | width = 40em }} [[Roger Ebert]] found ''12 Monkeys''{{'}} depiction of the future similar to ''[[Blade Runner]]'' (1982, also scripted by [[David Peoples]]) and ''[[Brazil (1985 film)|Brazil]]'' (1985, also directed by Terry Gilliam). "The film is a celebration of madness and doom, with a hero who tries to prevail against the chaos of his condition, and is inadequate", Ebert wrote. "This vision is a cold, dark, damp one, and even the romance between Willis and Stowe feels desperate rather than joyous. All of this is done very well, and the more you know about movies (especially the technical side), the more you're likely to admire it. [...] And as entertainment, it appeals more to the mind than to the senses."<ref>{{cite news|author=Roger Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/12-monkeys-1996 |title=12 Monkeys |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref> [[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated, "This apocalyptic nightmare, a vigorous work of dark, surprise-filled science fiction, is much tougher and less fanciful than the director's films have often been. [...] ''12 Monkeys'' is fierce and disturbing, with a plot that skillfully resists following any familiar course. The film's hero fears that he's half-crazy, and for two hours Mr. Gilliam artfully keeps his audience feeling the same way."<ref>{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|date=December 27, 1995|title=FILM REVIEW; A Time Traveler With Bad News|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/27/movies/film-review-a-time-traveler-with-bad-news.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202234500/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/27/movies/film-review-a-time-traveler-with-bad-news.html|archive-date=February 2, 2023|access-date=November 8, 2023}}</ref> [[Desson Thomson]] of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' praised the art direction and set design. "Willis and Pitt's performances, Gilliam's atmospherics and an exhilarating momentum easily outweigh such trifling flaws in the script", Thomson wrote.<ref>{{cite news |author=Desson Howe |author-link=Desson Howe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/twelvemonkeys.htm |title=Gilliam's Barrel of 'Monkeys' Shines |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 5, 1996 |access-date=2012-04-10 |archive-date=September 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924094633/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/twelvemonkeys.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Peter Travers]] from [[Rolling Stone (magazine)|''Rolling Stone'' magazine]] attributes the film's success to Gilliam's direction and Willis' performance.<ref>{{cite news |author=Peter Travers |author-link=Peter Travers |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/12-monkeys-19950101 |title=12 Monkeys |work=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]] |date=January 1, 1995 |access-date=2012-04-10 |archive-date=September 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919052345/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/12-monkeys-19950101 |url-status=live }}</ref> Internet reviewer [[James Berardinelli]] believed the filmmakers had an intelligent and creative motive for the time-travel subplot. Rather than being sent to change the past, James Cole is instead observing it to make a better future.<ref>{{cite web |author=James Berardinelli |author-link=James Berardinelli |url=http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/t/twelve_mon.html |title=Twelve Monkeys |work=[[ReelViews]] |access-date=2009-04-01 |archive-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409092642/https://preview.reelviews.net/movies/t/twelve_mon.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Richard Corliss]] of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] felt the film's time-travel aspect and apocalyptic depiction of a bleak future were [[cliché]]s. "In its frantic mix of chaos, carnage and zoo animals, ''12 Monkeys'' is ''[[Jumanji (film)|Jumanji]]'' for adults", Corliss wrote.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Richard Corliss |author-link=Richard Corliss |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983933,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722050616/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983933,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 22, 2010 |title=Back To The Bleak Future |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=January 8, 1996|access-date=2012-04-10}}</ref> ==Accolades== [[Brad Pitt]] was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]], but lost to [[Kevin Spacey]] for ''[[The Usual Suspects]]''. [[Julie Weiss]] was also nominated for but lost to [[James Acheson]] for ''[[Restoration (1995 film)|Restoration]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1996 |title=The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=2012-12-01 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402004458/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1996 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Pitt won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture|Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/film/twelve-monkeys |title=12 Monkeys |publisher=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] |access-date=2012-04-10 |archive-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409103713/https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/twelve-monkeys |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Terry Gilliam]] was honored for his direction at the [[46th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="third">Christie, Gilliam, pp. 231–233</ref> The film also received positive notices from the science fiction community. It was nominated for the [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation]]<ref>{{cite web |title=1996 Hugo Awards |publisher=[[Hugo Award]]s |url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1996-hugo-awards/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2012-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507072949/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1996-hugo-awards/ |archive-date=May 7, 2011 }}</ref> and the [[Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films]] awarded it the [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film]] at the [[22nd Saturn Awards]]. Pitt and Weiss won awards at the ceremony as well; Gilliam, [[Bruce Willis]], [[Madeleine Stowe]], and writers [[David Peoples|David]] and [[Janet Peoples]] also received nominations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Past Saturn Awards |publisher=[[Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films]] |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html#film |url-status=dead |access-date=2012-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914184217/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |archive-date=September 14, 2008}}</ref> == Television series == [[File:Aaron Stanford - Nikita (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Actor [[Aaron Stanford]], who portrays James Cole in the television adaptation]] {{Main|12 Monkeys (TV series)}} On August 26, 2013, ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' announced that [[Syfy]] was developing a [[12 Monkeys (TV series)|''12 Monkeys'' television series]] based on the film. Production began in November 2013. The [[television pilot|pilot]] was written by [[Terry Matalas]] and Travis Fickett, who had previously written for the series ''[[Terra Nova (TV series)|Terra Nova]]''. Due to the series being labeled as "cast contingent", the series did not move forward until the roles of Cole and Goines were cast.<ref>{{cite magazine | author=Lynette Rice | title=SyFy orders '12 Monkeys' pilot | magazine=Entertainment Weekly | url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/08/26/syfy-orders-12-monkeys-pilot | date=August 26, 2013 | access-date=August 27, 2013 | archive-date=December 30, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230134140/http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/08/26/syfy-orders-12-monkeys-pilot/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2014, Syfy [[green-light]]ed the first season, which consisted of 13 episodes, including the pilot filmed in 2013. The series premiered on January 16, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/04/04/syfy-greenlights-12-episodes-of-12-monkeys/251263/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405022929/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/04/04/syfy-greenlights-12-episodes-of-12-monkeys/251263/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 5, 2014 |title=Syfy Greenlights 12 Episodes of '12 Monkeys' (Updated)|work=TV by the Numbers|author=Bibel, Sara|date=April 4, 2014|access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> On March 12, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season that began airing in April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvline.com/2015/03/12/12-monkeys-renewed-season-2-syfy/|title=12 Monkeys Renewed for Season 2|website=[[TVLine]]|last=Roots|first=Kimberly|date=March 12, 2015|access-date=March 12, 2015|archive-date=April 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409092837/https://tvline.com/2015/03/12/12-monkeys-renewed-season-2-syfy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Actress Madeleine Stowe made an appearance in one Season 2 episode, being the only cast member of the film to appear on the series.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abrams |first1=Natalie |title='12 Monkeys' taps Madeleine Stowe for special season 2 role — exclusive |url=https://ew.com/article/2016/02/25/12-monkeys-madeleine-stowe-season-2-syfy/ |website=EW.com |publisher=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=26 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> On June 29, 2016, the series was renewed for a 10-episode third season, set to premiere in 2017.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/06/29/12-monkeys-season-3-renewal|title=12 Monkeys renewed for season 3 — exclusive|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|last=Abrams|first=Natalie|date=June 29, 2016|access-date=July 17, 2016|archive-date=April 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409100525/https://ew.com/article/2016/06/29/12-monkeys-season-3-renewal/|url-status=live}}</ref> The third season aired over three consecutive nights, from May 19 to May 21, 2017. A fourth and final season was announced on March 16, 2017. The eleven-episode fourth season ran from June 15 to July 6, 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/2017/03/16/12-monkeys-season-3-premiere-date-renewal/|title='12 Monkeys' Renewed for Fourth and Final Season|author=Natalie Abrams|date=March 16, 2017|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=March 16, 2017|archive-date=April 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409094519/https://ew.com/tv/2017/03/16/12-monkeys-season-3-premiere-date-renewal/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Clear}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite web |url=https://goombastomp.com/terry-gilliams-12-monkeys-is-more-relevant-than-ever/ |title=Terry Gilliam's '12 Monkeys' is More Relevant Than Ever |first1=Ricky Fernandes |last1=da Conceição |date=March 22, 2020 |publisher=goombastomp.com |access-date=June 6, 2020}} == External links == {{Wikiquote}} * {{Official website|http://www.uphe.com/movies/12-monkeys}} * {{IMDb title|0114746}} * [http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/twelve_monkeys.html ''12 Monkeys''] at DailyScript.com * {{Rotten Tomatoes}} {{Terry Gilliam}} {{David Peoples}} {{Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film 1991–2010}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1995 films]] [[Category:1995 science fiction films]] [[Category:1990s American films]] [[Category:1990s dystopian films]] [[Category:1990s English-language films]] [[Category:American neo-noir films]] [[Category:American nonlinear narrative films]] [[Category:American post-apocalyptic films]] [[Category:American remakes of French films]] [[Category:American science fiction films]] [[Category:Apocalyptic films]] [[Category:American dystopian films]] [[Category:Atlas Entertainment films]] [[Category:Eco-terrorism in fiction]] [[Category:Environmental films]] [[Category:Features based on short films]] [[Category:Films about animal rights]] [[Category:1990s films about time travel]] [[Category:Films about viral outbreaks]] [[Category:Films adapted into television shows]] [[Category:Films directed by Terry Gilliam]] [[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance]] [[Category:Films produced by Charles Roven]] [[Category:Films set in 1990]] [[Category:Films set in 1996]] [[Category:Films set in 2035]] [[Category:Films set in Baltimore]] [[Category:Films set in a movie theatre]] [[Category:Films set in Philadelphia]] [[Category:Films set in psychiatric hospitals]] [[Category:Films shot in Baltimore]] [[Category:Films shot in Philadelphia]] [[Category:Films shot in New Jersey]] [[Category:Films with screenplays by David Peoples]] [[Category:Films with screenplays by Janet Peoples]] [[Category:Mutual Film Company films]] [[Category:Universal Pictures films]] [[Category:Works subject to a lawsuit]] [[Category:English-language science fiction films]] [[Category:Saturn Award–winning films]]
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