Editing 1304

{{About year|1304}}
{{Year nav|1304}} 
[[File:154 - Michael IX Palaiologos (Mutinensis - color).png|upright=1.00|thumb|Portrait of [[Michael IX Palaiologos|Michael IX]] (1277–1320)]]
[[File:Battle of Skafida.png|upright=1.00|thumb|Map of the [[Battle of Skafida]] (1304)]]
{{C14 year in topic}}
[[Year1976|Year]] '''1304''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCCIV]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
===January &ndash; March===
* [[January 11]] &ndash; Messengers from King Edward of England arrive at [[Kinclaven Castle]] in [[Scotland]] to discuss peace with Scottish noble [[John Comyn III of Badenoch|John Comyn]].<ref>Michèle S. Duck, ''The Wars of Independence, 1249–1328'' (Hodder Education, 2022)</ref>
* [[January 18]] &ndash; In France, [[Philip IV of France|King Philip the Fair]] issues a mandate at [[Toulouse]] to halt the threat of a civil war, declaring that "For the good of our realm... we expressly forbid and most strictly prohibit wars, battles, homicides, the burning of towns or houses, assaults or attacks on peasants or those who plow, or doing anything similar to our vassals and subjects, regardless of status or condition, in any place, or in any part of the realm," and adds that "the rash transgressors of these statutes and inhibitions ought to be punished as disturbers of the peace, regardless of contrary custom, or rather corruption allegedly followed in any part of the said realm."<ref>Justine Firnhaber-Baker, ''Violence and the State in Languedoc, 1250-1400'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p.60</ref> The action comes after Philip's meeting with Franciscan friar [[Bernard Délicieux]] concerning the Dominican Inquisition, but the King stops short of halting the Inquisition entirely despite Delicieux's claim that there had not been a single heretic among all the Albigensians for many years.<ref>Marc Saperstein, ''Leadership and Conflict: Tensions in Medieval and Modern Jewish History and Culture'' (Liverpool University Press, 2014) p.101</ref>
* [[January 31]] &ndash; Cardinal [[Nicolò Albertini]] de [[Prato]] is dispatched by [[Pope Benedict XI]] as the [[papal legate]] to oversee negotiation of peace between Tuscany, Romagna and the Marca Trevigiana.<ref name=JASCott>John A. Scott, ''Dante's Political Purgatory'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016) p.28</ref>
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[First War of Scottish Independence|War of Scottish Independence]]: Scottish nobles led by [[Robert the Bruce]] and [[John Comyn III of Badenoch|John Comyn]] ("John the Red"), negotiate a peace treaty with King [[Edward I of England]] ("Edward Longshanks"). His terms are accepted, and the Scots submit to English rule. In return, they are granted life and liberty under their old laws and freedom from the forfeiture of their lands. A few prominent nobles are singled out for temporary banishment – among them [[John de Soules (Guardian of Scotland)|John de Soules]], guardian of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], who is exiled to [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]. No terms are offered to [[William Wallace]], Edward's most wanted enemy, who remains defiantly at large despite every effort of Edward to capture him.<ref name="Armstrong, Pete 2003 p. 87">Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: ''Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–1298'', p. 87. {{ISBN|1-84176-510-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford companion to Scottish history |date=February 24, 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199693054 |page=334}}</ref>
* [[February 20]] &ndash; [[Battle of Happrew]]: Scottish rebels led by William Wallace and [[Simon Fraser (died 1306)|Simon Fraser]] fight guerilla warfare against King [[Edward I of England]]. They defend themselves against a vanguard of English knights at [[Peebles]], in the [[Scottish Borders]]. During the skirmish, the Scots are defeated and routed. Wallace and Fraser narrowly escape being captured.
* [[March 17]] &ndash; Cardinal Albertini, the papal legate and peacemaker, enters [[Florence]] and is granted special powers by the government to facilitate his mission.<ref name=JASCott/>
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[John of Arborea|John I of Arborea]], nicknamed "Chiano" and the ruler of western Sardinia as [[Judge of Arborea]] dies. He is succeeded by his sons [[Marianus III of Arborea|Marianus III]] and [[Andrew of Arborea|Andrew]]

===April &ndash; June===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; Count [[Albert I of Gorizia]] dies and is succeeded by his son [[Henry III, Count of Gorizia|Henry III]].
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[Ghazan|Mahmud Ghazan]], Mongol ruler of the [[Ilkhanate]] in the Middle East, dies and is succeeded by his brother [[Öljaitü|Öljaitü Qaghan]].
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Abu Said Uthman I]], Zenata Berber ruler of [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Tlemcen]], dies and is succeeded by his son [[Abu Zayyan I]].

===July &ndash; September===
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Pope Benedict XI]] dies after an 8-month [[pontificate]] in [[Perugia]].<ref name=Cassell>Williams, Hywel (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 153. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* [[July 17]] &ndash; A [[1304–1305 papal conclave|papal conclave]], with 15 of the 19 living Roman Catholic cardinals, assembles at [[Perugia]] to elect a successor to Pope Benedict XI, who had died 10 days earlier. The conclave will be deadlocked for almost a year until [[Pope Clement V|Clement V]] receives the necessary two-thirds majority on June 5, 1305.<ref name=Cassell/>
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Sieges of Stirling Castle|Siege of Stirling Castle]]: King [[Edward I of England]] captures the Scottish rebel stronghold at [[Stirling]]. The castle is for four months bombarded by twelve [[siege engine]]s. During the siege, Edward orders his engineer, Master [[James of Saint George|James of St. George]], to build a massive engine called the [[Warwolf]]. Eventually, [[William Oliphant (governor of Stirling Castle)|William Oliphant]] and his garrison surrender.<ref name="Armstrong, Pete 2003 p. 87"/>
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Andrey of Gorodets|Andrey III Aleksandorovich]], Kievan nobleman and Grand Prince of the Principality of [[Vladimir-Suzdal|Grand Duchy of Vladimir]] dies and is succeeded by his uncle [[Mikhail of Tver]].
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Torrellas]]: The 18-year-old King [[Ferdinand IV of Castile]] signs a peace with King [[James II of Aragon]] ("James the Just"). In the terms, James agrees to restore the [[Kingdom of Murcia]] to [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], except for [[Alicante]], [[Elche]], [[Orihuela]], and lands north of the [[Segura River]]. In return for extensive patrimony, Prince [[Alfonso de la Cerda]] renounces his claim to the Castilian throne, ending a conflict that has disturbed the tranquility of the realm for nearly 30 years.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 120. University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref> 
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Battle of Zierikzee]]: A French-Hollandic fleet (some 50 galleys) supported by Genoese ships led by Admiral [[Rainier I of Monaco, Lord of Cagnes|Rainier I]] defeats the Flemish ships near [[Zierikzee]]. During the battle, the Flemish commander [[Guy of Namur]] is captured, and his fleet (which consists of Flemish, English, Hanseatic, Spanish and Swedish ships) is annihilated.
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle]]: French forces (some 13,000 men) led by King [[Philip IV of France]] ("Philip the Fair") defeat a Flemish army at [[Mons-en-Pévèle]]. During the battle, the Flemish, led by [[William of Jülich]] "the Younger") are forced to retreat to [[Lille]]. William is killed, and the French lose the [[Oriflamme]] ("Golden Flame"), the [[War flag|battle standard]] of Philip.<ref>Verbruggen J. F. (2002). ''The Battle of the Golden Spurs: Courtrai, 11 July 1302'', pp. 202–203. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. {{ISBN|0-85115-888-9}}.</ref>
* [[August]]
** Flemish forces under [[John II, Duke of Brabant]] ("the Peaceful") and [[Guy, Count of Flanders|Guy of Dampierre]] occupy [[County of Zeeland|Zeeland]] and [[County of Holland|Holland]]. In response, [[John II, Count of Holland]], count of Holland, recovers the Zeeland and Holland, and restores his authority, but dies on [[August 22]].<ref>Fegley, Randall (2002). ''The Golden Spurs of Kortrijk: How the Knights of France Fell to the Foot Soldiers of Flanders in 1302'', p. 105. McFarland & Co. {{ISBN|0786480548}}.</ref>
** Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] orders a [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat#1304 invasion|second invasion of Gujarat]], which results in the annexation of the [[Vaghela dynasty|Kingdom of Vaghela]] into the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>Peter Jackson (2003). ''The Delhi Sultanate: A political and Military History'', p. 288. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-54329-3}}.</ref><ref>Satish Chandra (2007). ''History of Medieval India: 800–1700'', p. 103. Orient Longman. {{ISBN|978-81-250-3226-7}}.</ref>
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Brinolfo Algotsson]], the Swedish Catholic [[Bishop of Skara]] is rewarded for his financial assistance in rebuilding Norway's [[Stavanger Cathedral]], as a Norwegian ship arrives at Skara. He is presented a [[relic#Christianity|holy relic]], what is purported to be a [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorn]] from the [[crown of thorns]] worn by [[Jesus Christ]] at the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]]. In a solemn profession led by Algotsson, the thorn is transported to the [[Skara Cathedral]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180402035322/http://www.lodose.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/14-Christ%C2%B4s-Thorn-and-Bishop-Brynolf.pdf "Christ's Thorn and Bishop Brynolf"]</ref> 
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Thomas of Corbridge]], England's powerful [[Archbishop of York]], dies after a little more than four years in office. The office is vacant for several months, and leads to the resignation of Lord Chancellor William Greenfield to become the new Bishop.

===October &ndash; December===
* [[October 5]] &ndash; [[Salt War (1304)#War and treaty|Treaty of Treviso]]: After a dispute over [[Salt evaporation pond|salt works]], the Italian commune of [[Padua]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] sign a peace treaty, ending the [[Salt War (1304)|Salt War]]. Venice establishes a salt monopoly and sells salt rights to merchants.<ref>Schor, J. (1871). ''History of Venice From the Beginning Down to the Present Time'', pp. 64–65. Colombo Coen.</ref>
* [[October 24]] &ndash; Ottoman-Turkish forces led by Sultan [[Osman I]]  conquer the ancient city of [[Ephesus]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]], massacring and deporting its native population.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Foss|first1=Clive|title=Ephesus After Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine, and Turkish City|date=1979|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=0521220866|page=144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6Q8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA144}}</ref>
* [[November 12]] &ndash; [[Edward I of England|King Edward I]] summons the English Parliament for the first time in more than two years.
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[William Greenfield]], [[Lord Chancellor|Lord Chancellor of England]], is elected [[Archbishop of York]] by the church leaders in the diocese, then sets off for Rome to receive the consecration of the office by the Pope.<ref>E. B. Fryde, et al., ''Handbook of British Chronology'' (Cambridge University Press, 1996) p. 282</ref>
* [[December 29]] &ndash; [[William Hamilton (Lord Chancellor)|William de Hamilton]] is nominated [[Lord Chancellor|Lord Chancellor of England]], the highest office at the time for a member of Parliament, by [[Edward I of England|King Edward I]]. He takes office on January 16.<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Hamilton, William de |volume= 24 |last= Hamilton  |first= John |author-link= John Hamilton, 1st Viscount Sumner | pages=217-218 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[December]] &ndash; [[Roger de Flor]], Italian nobleman and adventurer, settles with the [[Catalan Company]] in [[Gallipoli]] and other towns in the southern part of [[Thrace]] and visits [[Constantinople]] to demand payment for his forces. He lives at the expense of the local population and uses the city as a base for his marauding raids in the surrounding area.<ref>Burns, R. Ignatius (1954). "The Catalan Company and the European Powers, 1305–1311", p. 752. ''Speculum, Vol. 29 (4)''. University of Chicago Press.</ref>

=== By place ===
==== Byzantine Empire ====
* [[Battle of Skafida]]: Emperor [[Michael IX Palaiologos]] sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) to halt the expansion of the Bulgarians in [[Thrace]]. The two armies meet near [[Sozopol]] on the [[Bulgarian Black Sea Coast]]. During the battle, the Bulgarian army led by Tsar [[Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria|Theodore Svetoslav]] is defeated and routed. The Byzantines, infatuated with the chase of the retreating enemy, crowd on a bridge – which possibly is sabotaged, and break down. The Bulgarians capture many Byzantine soldiers and some nobles are held for ransom. Svetoslav secures his territorial gains and stabilizes himself as the sole ruler of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]] (until [[1322]]).<ref>Andreev, Y.; M. Lalkov (1996). ''The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars'' (in Bulgarian). Veliko Tarnovo Abagar. {{ISBN|954-427-216-X}}.</ref>
* The Byzantines lose the island of [[Chios]], in the [[Aegean Sea]], to the Genoese under Admiral [[Benedetto I Zaccaria]]. He establishes an [[Lordship of Chios|autonomous lordship]] and justifies the act to the Byzantine court as necessary to prevent the island from being captured by Turkish pirates. Benedetto is granted the island as a fief for a period of 10 years.<ref>Miller, William (1921). "The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios (1275-1329)". ''Essays on the Latin Orient'', pp. 287–289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{OCLC|457893641}}.</ref><ref>Nicol, Donald M. (1993). ''The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453'', p. 113. (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-43991-6}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* Ambassadors from the Mongol rulers of [[Central Asia]] and the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Dynasty]] announce to [[Toqta|Toqta Khan]], Mongol ruler of the [[Golden Horde]], their general peace proposal. Toqta accepts the supremacy of Emperor [[Temür Khan]] and all [[Yam (route)|yams (postal relays)]] and commercial networks across the Mongol khanates reopen. In response, Toqta solidifies his rule upon the Rus' princes, who pledge allegiance to him at an assembly in [[Principality of Pereyaslavl|Pereyaslavl]].<ref>Vernadsky, George (1953). ''The Mongols and Russia'', p. 74. Yale University Press.</ref><ref>Martin, Janet (2007). ''Medieval Russia, 980–1584'', p. 175. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-85916-5}}.</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Architecture ====
* The construction of [[Ypres Cloth Hall]], in [[Ypres]] (modern [[Belgium]]), is completed.

== Births ==
* [[January 9]] &ndash; [[Hōjō Takatoki]], Japanese [[Nobility|nobleman]] and [[regent]] (d. [[1333]])
* [[February 16]] &ndash; [[Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür|Tugh Temür]] (or Wenzong), Mongol emperor (d. [[1332]])
* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Ibn Battuta]], Moroccan scholar and explorer (d. [[1369]])
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[Margaret Mortimer, Baroness Berkeley|Margaret Mortimer]], Anglo-Norman noblewoman (d. [[1337]])
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[Venturino of Bergamo]], Italian Dominican friar and preacher (d. [[1346]])
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Francesco Albergotti]], Italian nobleman and jurist (d. [[1376]])
* [[July 20]] &ndash; [[Petrarch|Francesco Petrarca]], Italian historian and poet (d. [[1374]])
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[John Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp of Somerset|John Beauchamp]], English peer and knight (d. [[1343]])
* [[October 17]] 
** [[Eleanor de Bohun, Countess of Ormonde|Eleanor de Bohun]], English noblewoman (d. [[1363]])
** [[James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormond|James Butler]], Irish nobleman and knight (d. [[1338]])
* [[Engelbert III of the Marck, Archbishop of Cologne|Engelbert III]], German archbishop ([[House of La Marck]]) (d. [[1368]])
* [[Gerard Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle|Gerard II de Lisle]], English nobleman, peer and knight (d. [[1360]])
* [[Ibn al-Shatir]], Syrian astronomer, engineer and writer (d. [[1375]])
* [[Joan of Valois, Countess of Beaumont|Joan of Valois]], French noblewoman and princess (d. 1363)
* [[John of Aragon (patriarch)|John of Aragon]], Aragonese archbishop and patriarch (d. [[1334]])
* [[Lodewijk Heyligen]], Flemish monk and music theorist (d. [[1361]])
* [[Magnus I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Magnus I]] ("Magnus the Pious"), German nobleman and knight (d. 1369)
* [[Marcus of Viterbo]], Italian cardinal and [[papal legate]] (d. 1369)
* [[Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France|Marie of Luxemburg]], queen of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] and [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] (d. [[1324]])
* [[Walram of Jülich]], Dutch nobleman and archbishop (d. [[1349]])
* [[Walter VI, Count of Brienne|Walter VI]], French nobleman, knight and constable (d. [[1356]])
* [[William de Clinton, Earl of Huntingdon|William de Clinton]], English nobleman and admiral (d. [[1354]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Ichijō Uchisane]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1276]]) 
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Guy of Ibelin (died 1304)|Guy of Ibelin]], Outremer nobleman ([[House of Ibelin]])
* [[March 6]] &ndash; [[Fujiwara no Kimiko]], Japanese empress consort (b. [[1232]])
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Bartolomeo I della Scala]], Italian nobleman and knight
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[John of Arborea|John I]] ("Chiano"), Sardinian ruler ([[Judge of Arborea]])
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Wigbold von Holte]], German archbishop and diplomat 
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Albert I of Gorizia|Albert I]], Austrian nobleman, knight and co-ruler (b. [[1240]])
* [[April 11]] &ndash; [[Maud de Lacy, Baroness Geneville|Maud de Lacy]], Norman noblewoman (''[[suo jure]]'') (b. [[1230]])
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Pedro Armengol]], Spanish nobleman and priest (b. [[1238]])
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[Ghazan|Ghazan Khan]], Mongol ruler of the [[Ilkhanate]] (b. [[1271]])
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[Jehan de Lescurel]], French composer-poet and writer
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Pelingotto]], Italian Third order Franciscan and [[hermit]] (b. 1240)
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Abu Said Uthman I]], Zenata Berber ruler of [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Tlemcen]] 
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Pope Benedict XI|Benedict XI]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (b. 1240)
* [[July 17]] &ndash; [[Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer of Wigmore|Edmund Mortimer]], English nobleman (b. [[1251]])
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Andrey of Gorodets|Andrey III]], Kievan nobleman and Grand Prince
* [[August 10]] &ndash; [[Martin of Dacia]], Danish theologian (b. 1240)
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[John III, Lord of Renesse|John III]], Dutch nobleman and knight (b. [[1249]])
* [[August 17]] &ndash; [[Emperor Go-Fukakusa|Go-Fukakusa]], Japanese emperor (b. [[1243]])
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[William of Jülich]], Flemish nobleman (b. [[1275]])
* [[August 22]] &ndash; [[John II, Count of Hainaut|John II]], Dutch nobleman and knight (b. [[1247]])
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Thomas of Corbridge]], English archbishop
* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey|John de Warenne]], English nobleman (b. [[1231]])
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Elisabeth of Kalisz]], Polish noblewoman (b. [[1259]])
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Agnes of Brandenburg]], Danish queen (b. [[1257]])
* [[December 5]] &ndash; [[John of Pontoise]], English archdeacon and bishop
* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Matilda of Habsburg]], German co-ruler (b. [[1253]])
* [[Fernando Rodríguez de Castro (died 1304)|Fernando Rodríguez de Castro]], Spanish nobleman and knight
* [[Henry I, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg|Henry I]], German nobleman and knight ([[House of Schaumburg]])
* [[Henry II of Rodez]], French nobleman and [[troubadour]] (b. [[1236]])
* [[João Afonso Telo, 1st Count of Barcelos|João Afonso Telo]], Portuguese nobleman, knight and diplomat
* [[Peter of Auvergne]], French philosopher, theologian and writer
* [[Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale|Robert de Brus]], Scoto-Norman nobleman and knight (b. 1243)
* [[Wang Yun (Yuan dynasty)|Wang Yun]], Chinese official, politician, poet and writer (b. [[1228]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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