Editing 1311

{{About year|1311}}
{{Year nav|1311}}
[[File:Codex.jpg|thumb|200px|A depiction of the [[Milan uprising (1311)|Milan Uprising]]]]
{{C14 year in topic}}Year '''1311''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCCXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Friday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
===January &ndash; March===
* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII, the future Holy Roman Emperor]], is crowned [[King of Italy]] in [[Milan]] with a mock-up of the [[Iron crown]] of [[Lombardy]]. The Tuscan Guelphs refuse to attend the ceremony and begin preparing for resistance against Henry's rule. Henry approves the despotic regimes of [[Matteo I Visconti]] in Milan and [[Cangrande I della Scala]] in [[Verona]]. The cities of [[Piedmont]] and Lombardy submit to Henry – in accordance with the proclaimed program of peace and justice. [[Florence]] and their Guelph (anti-imperialist) allies in [[Tuscany]] and [[Romagna]] move to defend themselves against Henry's accession.<ref name="Jones">Jones, Michael, ''The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300-c. 1415'', Cambridge University Press, 2000. Page 533ff</ref>
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Milan uprising (1311)|Milan Uprising]]: German forces under [[Baldwin of Luxembourg]] (brother of Henry VII) crush the Italian Guelph troops, led by [[Guido della Torre]] in Milan. A contingent of [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]] kills and disperses most of the rebels in a single cavalry charge. Guido della Torre escapes, and is condemned to death in absence by Henry.<ref name="Jones"/>
* [[March 15]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Halmyros]] is fought in Greece as the mercenaries of the [[Catalan Company]] defeat the Latin forces (some 15,000 men), and their allies under [[Walter V, Count of Brienne|Walter V]] at [[Almyros|Halmyros]] (southern [[Thessaly]]). After the battle, they take control of the [[Duchy of Athens]]. Later, Catalan forces peacefully occupy all of [[Attica]] and [[Boeotia]], which they rule as part of [[Greece]] (until the 1380s).<ref>{{cite book|last=Lock|first=Peter|title=The Routledge Companion to the Crusades|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781135131371|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC|page=125}}</ref>
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand IV of Castile|King Ferdinand IV]], known as "Ferdinand the Summoned", grants new privileges to the [[Catholic Church]] within the [[Kingdom of Castile]] during an assembly at [[Palencia]]. In April, Ferdinand becomes seriously ill and is transferred to [[Valladolid]], despite the opposition of his wife, Queen [[Constance of Portugal|Constance]], who wishes to transfer him to [[Carrión de los Condes]] (northern [[Spain]]).

===April &ndash; June=== 
* [[April 7]]
**In Asia, [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan]] is proclaimed as the Mongol Emperor Renzong of Yuan Dynasty China, 10 weeks after the death of his brother, [[Külüg Khan]].
** [[Battle of Wopławki|Battle of Woplauken]]: In Europe, the [[Teutonic Knights]] defeat the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]].<ref>Ruslan B. Gagua (2015). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282200894_The_Battle_of_Woplawki_the_Fall_of_Anticrusaders_Campaigns_of_Grand_Duke_of_Lituania_Vitenes The Battle of Woplawki: the Fall of Anticrusaders Campaigns of Grand Duke of Lituania Vitene] s. ''Crusader'' June 1(1):23-38</ref>
* [[April 26]] &ndash; [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|King Henry VII of Italy]] razes the city walls of [[Cremona]] after suppressing the rebellion of the Torriani family against his rule.<ref>''The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, c.1300-c.1415'', ed. by Michael Jones (Cambridge University Press, 2000) p. 443</ref>
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Pope Clement V]], having decided to let the [[Council of Vienne]] determine the question of whether the late [[Pope Boniface VIII]] had been guilty of heresy, officially excuses [[Philip IV of France|King Philip IV of France]] from any condemnation of Boniface. 
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Sancho of Majorca|Sancho the Peaceful of Barcelona]] becomes the new [[King of Majorca]], a set of islands in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] (now Spain's [[Balearic Islands]]) after the death of his father, [[James II of Majorca|King Jaume II]]<ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=Alvise Zorzi|title=Venice, 697-1797: City, Republic, Empire|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|year=1983|ISBN=9780283989841|page=258}}</ref>
* [[June 9]] &ndash; The painting ''[[Maestà (Duccio)|Maestà]]'' the master work of the Italian artist [[Duccio|Duccio di Buoninsegna]], is unveiled at the [[Siena Cathedral]] in the [[Republic of Siena]].
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Bolesław III the Generous|Boleslaw III the Wasteful]], Duke of Wroclaw, renounces his claims to the throne of the [[History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|Kingdom of Poland]] 
* [[June 25]] &ndash; [[Matthew III Csák]], the [[Palatine of Hungary]], attempts to expand his territory within the kingdom and pillages the area around the town of [[Buda]] (now half of the city of [[Budapest]].

===July &ndash; September===
* [[July 6]]
**[[Bolad]], who had served as the Mongol Empire's representative in the Middle East as Ikhanate, is appointed as the Duke of Ze by the Mongol Emperor of Yuan dynasty China, Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan
**Eleven days after beginning his siege of Buda, Matthew III Csak is excommunicated by [[Gentile Portino da Montefiore]], the Roman Catholic Cardinal sent by [[Pope Clement V]].
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Matteo I Visconti]] is restored to rule over the [[Duchy of Milan]] after purchasing the title of imperial vicar from the new King of Italy, Henry VII. 
* [[July 25]] &ndash; At Algeciras a fleet of Marinid ships, arrives after being sent by Morocco's Sultan [[Abu Sa'id Uthman II]], who was attempting to restore the Muslim presence.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan, ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011) p.133</ref>
* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[Pietro Gradenigo]], [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Venice]] since 1289, dies after a reign of 22 years. [[Marino Zorzi]] is elected by the Venetian nobles to replace Gradenigo as the republic's chief executive officer.<ref>John Julius Norwich, ''A History of Venice'' (Knopf Doubleday, 1989) p.200</ref>
* [[August 16]] &ndash; The [[Parliament of England]] presents the [[Ordinances of 1311]] to [[Edward II of England|King Edward II]] (document dated 5 October; published on 11 October); these substitute the 21 Lord Ordainers for the King as the effective government of the country.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=95–98|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[September 5]] &ndash; In the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, in what is now the [[Republic of Slovakia]], the oligarch [[Amadeus Aba]] is assassinated by rebels at the south gate of [[Košice]]. 
* [[September 16]] &ndash; After a four-month siege, Guelph rebels in the Italian city of [[Brescia]] surrender to [[Cangrande I della Scala]], Lord of Verona and officer of King Henry VII.

===October &ndash; December===
* [[October 3]] &ndash;  Peace is restored in northeastern Hungary as the envoys of King Charles I arbitrate and agreement between the rebels at [[Košice]] and the two sons of the late [[Amadeus Aba]], Amadeus II and Dominic. 
* [[October 11]] &ndash; The [[Ordinances of 1311]] are published in England by [[Edward II of England|King Edward II]], restricting the power of the monarchs of England.<ref name=CBH/>
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Council of Vienne]]: [[Pope Clement V]] convokes the 15th Ecumenical Council at [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]], France, in the presence of 20 cardinals, about 100 archbishops and bishops, and a number of abbots and priors. The main item on the agenda of the council is the Order of the [[Knights Templar]]. Clement passes papal bulls to dissolve the Templar Order, confiscate their lands, and label them as [[Heresy|heretics]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Trial of the Templars |first=Malcolm |last=Barber |publisher=Cambridge University Press  |year=2012a |page=259}}</ref> 
* [[October 28]] &ndash; King Ferdinand IV of Castile signs the Concord of Palencia with the principal magnates of the rest of the kingdom (including his brother, Prince John of Castile), promising to respect the customs and privileges of the subjects of his towns, and as well as to not deprive the nobles of the rents and lands that belong to the Crown.
* [[November 5]] &ndash; Eight days after the signing of the Concord of Palencia, John of Castile violates his promise to his nephew Ferdinand IV and enters into an alliance with Juan Núñez II de Lara.
* [[November 13]] &ndash; (1 [[Ōchō|Ocho]], 22nd day of 9th month) [[Hōjō Munenobu|Munenobu Hojo]] becomes the regent for the [[Kamakura Shogunate]] (to July 1312).
* [[November 23]] &ndash; [[Pope Clement V]] appoints [[Jens Grand]], the Danish-born [[Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen]], as the arbiter of a dispute between the [[Archbishopric of Riga]] (at the time of [[Terra Mariana]], now the [[Republic of Latvia]]) and [[State of the Teutonic Order|Teutonic Prussia]] (now part of Poland).
* [[November 29]] &ndash; [[Alboino I della Scala]], the Lord of Verona, dies and is succeeded by his brother [[Cangrande I della Scala|Cangrande]]. 
* [[December 26]] &ndash; [[Al-Mahdi Muhammad bin al-Mutahhar]], the [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite Muslim]] [[Imam]] of the [[Zaidiyyah]] state in [[Yemen]], leads Zaidi troops to victory in a battle in the Sheref district against the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] [[Rasulid Dynasty|Rasulid sultanate]] that dominates most of Yemen. A 10-year ceasefire agreement is brokered between Zaidiyyah and the Rasulid Sultan [[Rasulid dynasty#List of sultans|al-Mu'ayyad Da'udsultan]].

== By place ==
=== England ===
* [[Bolingbroke Castle]] passes to the [[House of Lancaster]].
* [[Lincoln Cathedral]] in [[Kingdom of England|England]] is completed; with the spire reaching around 525 feet (160 m),<ref>{{cite web|title=Lincoln Cathedral|url=http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=384|work=Skyscraper News|date=2009-08-25|access-date=2012-02-22|archive-date=2005-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051110003002/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=384|url-status=dead}}</ref> it becomes the [[World's tallest structures|world's tallest structure]] (surpassing the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]], which held the record for almost 4,000 years), a record it holds until the spire is blown down in [[1549]].

== Births ==
* [[March 29]] &ndash; [[Amadeus III of Geneva|Amadeus III]], Savoyan [[Nobility|nobleman]] and knight (d. [[1367]])
* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Margaret de Bohun, Countess of Devon|Margaret de Bohun]], English noblewoman (d. [[1391]])
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Liu Bowen]], Chinese statesman and politician (d. [[1375]])
* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[Alfonso XI of Castile|Alfonso XI]], nicknamed "Alfonso the Avenger", King of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] (d. [[1350]])
*''unknown dates''
** [[Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut|Margaret I]], German queen and Holy Roman Empress (d. [[1356]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/margarethavanholland|language=nl|title=Margaretha van Holland (1311-1356)|website=Huygens|access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref>
** [[Prince Munenaga|Munenaga]], Japanese nobleman, prince and priest (d. [[1385]])<ref>Keene, Donald (1993: 726). ''Seeds in the heart : Japanese literature from earliest times to the late sixteenth century''. New York : Henry Holt & Co. {{ISBN|978-0-8050-1999-5}}</ref>
** [[Peter I, Duke of Bourbon]], French nobleman, knight and ambassador (d. [[1356]])<ref>{{cite book |first=Jacques |last=Heers |title=Louis XI |publisher=Perrin |year=2016 |chapter=Bourbon table}}</ref>

== Deaths ==
* [[January 27]] &ndash; [[Külüg Khan]], Mongol ruler and Emperor Wuzong of the Yuan dynasty China, (b. [[1281]])
* [[March 3]] (date buried) &ndash; [[Antony Bek (bishop of Durham)|Antony Bek]], English bishop and patriarch (b. [[1245]])<ref>Fraser "Bek, Antony (I) (c.1245–1311)" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref>
* [[March 15]] 
** [[Walter V, Count of Brienne|Walter V]], French nobleman ([[County of Brienne|House of Brienne]]) (b. [[1275]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Perry |first=Guy |year=2018 |title=The Briennes: The Rise and Fall of a Champenois Dynasty in the Age of the Crusades, c. 950–1356 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19690-2 |page=139}}</ref>
** [[Thomas III d'Autremencourt]], Lord of Salona, Marshal of Achaea
** [[George I Ghisi]], Triarch of Euboea, Baron of Chalandritsa, Lord of Tinos, Mykonos, Serifos and Keos
*[[April]] - [[Botulf Botulfsson]], Swedish man executed for heresy<ref>Christer Öhman: "Helgon, bönder och krigare. Berättelser ur den svenska historien" (Saints, peasants, and warriors. Stories from the Swedish history) (1994).</ref>
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[James II of Majorca]] (b. [[1243]])
* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[Pietro Gradenigo]], Doge of Venice<ref name="auto"/>
* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[Amadeus Aba]], Hungarian oligarch
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Margaret of Brabant]], German queen consort (b. [[1276]])<ref>{{cite book|author=John Wyndham Pope-Hennessy|title=Italian Gothic Sculpture|publisher=Phaidon Press|year=1996|page=237}}</ref>
* ''date unknown''
** [[David VIII of Georgia]] (b. [[1273]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Wachtang Z Djobadze|title=Early Medieval Georgian Monasteries in Historic Tao, Klarjet'i, and Šavšet'i|publisher=F. Steiner|year=1992|ISBN=9783515056243|page=84}}</ref>
** [[Arnold of Villanova]], Spanish alchemist and physician (b. [[1235]])
** [[Mangrai]], founding king of [[Lan Na]] (b. [[1238]])
* ''probable'' &ndash; [[Bernard Saisset]], Occitan bishop of Pamiers (b. [[1232]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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