Editing 1325

{{About year|1325}} [[File:Communal fight in Bologna (Sercambi).jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Militias of the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]] factions fight in the ''[[comune]]'' of [[Bologna]].]]
{{Year nav|1325}}
{{C14 year in topic}} 
Year '''1325''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCCXXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
=== January &ndash; March ===
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Afonso IV of Portugal|Afonso IV]] becomes the new [[King of Portugal]] upon the death of his father, [[Denis of Portugal|King Denis I]].<ref name="O'Callaghan2013">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2013). ''A History of Medieval Spain'', p. 149, 456-458. Cornell University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-6871-1}}.</ref>
* [[February 1]] &ndash; Sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] is murdered after a 5-year reign at [[Kara-Manikpur]]. He is succeeded by his son [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] (Juna Khan) as ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 158. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Isabella of France|Queen Isabella of England]], wife of King Edward II of England and sister of King Charles IV of France, departs from England on a mission to Paris to mediate an end to the war between the two kingdoms. She is directed to return to England by midsummer.<ref>Lawne, Penny (2010). "Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent (1301–1330): a study of personal loyalty", in ''Fourteenth Century England'', Volume VI (Boydell & Brewer, 2010) p.35</ref>
* [[March 12]] &ndash; At the age of 11, [[Valdemar III of Denmark|Valdemar III]] becomes the new ruler of the [[Duchy of Schleswig]] upon the death of his father, [[Eric II, Duke of Schleswig]].
* [[March 13]]
** The [[Treaty of Trausnitz]] is signed between the Duchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Bavaria. Austria's ruler, [[Frederick the Fair]], is released from Trausnitz Castle, where he has been imprisoned for two and a half years by [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Ludwig the Bavarian]], King of Germany, since his defeat in the [[Battle of Mühldorf]] in 1322. 
** (approximate date) &ndash; [[Tenochtitlan]], the predecessor of [[Mexico City]], is founded by the [[Mexica]], led by [[Tenoch]], on an island in [[Lake Texcoco]].
* [[March 31]] &ndash; A truce is signed between King [[Edward II of England]] (who is also [[Duke of Aquitaine]] within France) and King [[Charles IV of France]] to end the [[War of Saint-Sardos]]. Under terms negotiated by [[Isabella of France|England's Queen Isabella]] (who is King Edward's wife and King Charles's sister), Edward cedes [[Agenais]] (part of modern-day France's [[Lot-et-Garonne]] [[Departments of France|département]]) and pledges to swear [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] to King Charles from then on as a condition of keeping the rest of Aquitaine. England is allowed to reclaim [[Ponthieu]] and the [[Duchy of Gascony]] if Edward will come to [[Paris]] to pay him homage. Isabella, unhappy with her marriage to Edward, remains in France indefinitely.

=== April &ndash; June ===
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth de Comyn]], daughter of the late Guardian of Scotland, [[John Comyn III of Badenoch]], is forced to sign away her title to her properties in England at Painswick and at Goodrich Castle to Hugh Despenser the Elder after being kidnapped in 1324 and imprisoned in England at [[Pirbright]].<ref>Kathryn Warner, ''Hugh Despenser the Younger and Edward II: Downfall of a King's Favourite'' (Pen & Sword Books, 2018)</ref>
* [[May 5]] &ndash; The [[Istrian Demarcation]], setting out the boundaries of disputed Italian territories in the [[Adriatic Sea]] peninsula of [[Istria]] (part of the modern-day [[Republic of Croatia]]), and confirms the agreement between the independent Italian states of [[Patriarchate of Aquileia|Aquileia]], [[County of Gorizia|Gorizia]], and the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian Republic]]. The document is published in three languages ([[Medieval Latin|Latin]], [[Middle High German|German]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]]). 
* [[May 10]] &ndash; [[Pope John XXII]] issues a [[papal bull]] to [[Robert of Naples|King Robert of Naples]] and to [[Charles, Duke of Calabria]] demanding the imprisonment of the [[Fraticelli#Naples|Fraticelli in Naples]] and their leader, Fra Enrico da Ceva. The demand, and several subsequent admonitions, is ignored by Robert and Charles.<ref name=Bihl>[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06244b.htm "Fraticelli"], by Michael Bihl, in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' online, NewAdvent.org</ref>
*[[May 20]] &ndash; Led by [[Michael of Cesena]], the [[Fraticelli#The Michaelites|Michaelites]], a French branch of the [[Spiritual Franciscans]] who have been accused of heresy within the Roman Catholic Church in a disagreement over the issue of a vow of poverty, assemble at [[Lyon]] in France and agree to make peace with the Church and to make no further disrespectful references to [[Pope John XXII]].<ref name=Bihl/>
* [[May 24]] &ndash; In Germany, [[Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg]] cedes the territories of [[Prignitz]] and the [[Uckermark]] to the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] in an unfavorable peace treaty signed at [[Dobra, Łobez County|Daber]] (modern-day Dobra Nowogardzka in Poland).<ref>"Heinrich II., der Löwe, Fürst von Mecklenburg", by Ludwig Fromm, in ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'' (Duncker & Humblot, 1880) pp. 541–542</ref>
* [[June 5]] &ndash; At [[Stuttgart]] in Germany, [[Ulrich III, Count of Württemberg|Ulrich III]] becomes the new [[List of monarchs of Württemberg|Count of Württemberg]] upon the death of his father, [[Eberhard I, Count of Württemberg|Eberhard I]].<ref>"Eberhard der Erlauchte", by Paul Friedrich von Stälin, in ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'', vol. 5 (Duncker & Humblot, 1877) pp.554–555</ref>
* [[June 14]] &ndash; (2 Rajab 725 AH) [[Ibn Battuta]], Moroccan scholar and explorer, sets off from his hometown of [[Tangier]] on a ''[[hajj]]'', or [[pilgrimage]], to [[Mecca]].<ref>Dunn, Ross E. (2005). ''The Adventures of Ibn Battuta'', p. 30. University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-24385-9}}.</ref> En route, he travels to [[Tlemcen]], [[Béjaïa]] and [[Tunis]], where he stays for two months. For safety, Ibn Battuta joins a [[Caravan (travellers)|caravan]] to reduce the risk of being robbed. Underway, he takes a bride in [[Sfax]], but soon leaves her due to a dispute with her father. Traveling more than any other explorer before the modern era, he will travel an estimated {{convert|73000|mi}} over the next 30 years, more than twice as much as [[Zheng He]] in the 15th century and three times as far as [[Marco Polo]] in the 14th century.  
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[Ismail I of Granada|Ismail, Sultan of Granada]], begins the siege of [[Martos]] in the Spanish Kingdom of Castile, but loses control of his troops, who pillage the city after two weeks.

=== July &ndash; September ===
* [[July 8]] &ndash; (26 Rajab 725 AH) Sultan [[Ismail I of Granada|Ismail I]] is murdered in his palace, the [[Alhambra]], after a 9-year reign. The attackers are captured and beheaded. Ismail is succeeded by his 10-year-old son [[Muhammad IV of Granada|Muhammad IV]], who becomes the new ruler of the [[Emirate of Granada]]. Vizier [[Muhammad ibn al-Mahruq]], serving as ''[[wakil]]'' (or [[regent]]), quarrels for control of the young sultan's government.<ref>O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 149. University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-0463-6}}.</ref>
* [[August 7]] &ndash; [[Battle of Varey]]: The 16-year-old [[Guigues VIII of Viennois|Guigues VIII]], local ruler ([[Dauphiné|''dauphin'']]) of [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]], defeats the Savoyard forces at [[Saint-Jean-le-Vieux, Ain|Saint-Jean-le-Vieux]]. During the battle, a Burgundian cavalry charge is repulsed and is forced back to the Savoyard camp. With the assistance of the Varey garrison, Guigues pillages the camp and takes [[John I, Count of Auxerre]], prisoner.<ref>Nicolle, David (2012). Osprey: ''European Medieval Tactics (2): New Infantry, New Weapons 1260–1500'', p. 23. {{ISBN|978-1849087391}}.</ref>
* [[August 11]] &ndash; At [[Valladolid]], [[Alfonso XI of Castile|Alfonso XI]] reaches the age of 14 and is proclaimed by the Cortes to have full power as the [[King of Castile]].<ref>Juan Torres Fontes, "Evolución del Concejo de Murcia en la Edad Media", ''Murgetana'' (1987) pp. 21–22</ref>  
* [[September 12]] &ndash; Edward II is persuaded not to go to France by [[Hugh Despenser the Elder]], his chief adviser. He decides to send his 12-year-old son, Prince [[Edward III of England|Edward of Windsor]], to go to Paris and to pay homage instead. Before the young Edward departs, he is bestowed with the title of [[Count of Ponthieu]]. Charles IV gives his consent for him to receive the English [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]].<ref>Tuck, Anthony (1985). ''Crown and Nobility 1272–1461: Political Conflict in Late Medieval England'', p. 88. London: Fontana. {{ISBN|0-00-686084-2}}.</ref>
* [[September 21]] &ndash; Isabella of France conspires with the exiled Roger Mortimer to have Edward II deposed. To build up diplomatic and military support, Isabella has Edward of Windsor engaged to the 12-year-old [[Philippa of Hainault]]. She is the daughter of Count [[William I, Count of Hainaut|William the Good]] of Hainaut, who is married to [[Joan of Valois, Countess of Hainaut|Joan of Valois]], granddaughter of the late King [[Philip III of France]].<ref>Prestwich, Michael C. (1980). ''The Three Edwards: War and State in England 1272–1377'', p. 216. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-297-77730-0}}.</ref><ref>Mortimer, Ian (2006). ''The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation'', p. 46. London: Jonathan Cape. {{ISBN|0-224-07301-X}}.</ref>
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Edward III of England|Edward, Prince of Wales]] pays homage to King Charles IV of France on behalf of his father, King Edward II of England.

=== October &ndash; December ===
* [[October 10]] &ndash; King Edward II calls for representatives of the three estates (including the knights representative) to meet at Westminster for a session of the [[English Parliament]], beginning on November 18 to discuss the matter of the failure of his wife, Queen Isabella, to return from France.<ref>William Stubbs, ''The Constitutional History of England, in Its Origin and Development'' (Clarendon Press, 1875) p.358</ref>  
* [[October 18]] &ndash; King Edward II sends a letter to Pope John XXII (who is in [[Avignon]] in France), expressing deep concern for Queen Isabella's failure to return home from Paris.<ref>Paul Doherty, ''Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II'' (Little, Brown Book Group, 2013)</ref>
* [[November 15]] &ndash; [[War of the Bucket]]: At the [[Battle of Zappolino]] in northern Italy, the 7,000-man Ghibelline forces backed by the Holy Roman Empire defeat the much stronger (32,000-men) Guelph army under sent by Pope John XXII near [[Bologna]]. After the battle, Ghibelline influence in the region is consolidated.<ref>Christopher Kleinhenz (2004). ''Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages'', p. 507. Routledge. {{ISBN|1135948801}}.</ref><ref>James D. Tracy (2002). ''Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance and Domestic Politics'', p. 39. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0521814316}}.</ref>
*[[November 21]] &ndash; [[Yury of Moscow|Yuri III Danilovich]], [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Grand Duke of Moscow]], is assassinated by [[Dmitry of Tver]], Grand Duke of Vladimir, nicknamed "the Terrible Eyes". Yuri's younger brother, [[Ivan I of Moscow|Iván I Danilovich Kalitá]], the [[Grand Duke of Vladimir]], inherits Yuri's throne and relocates the spiritual capital of the Russian people to Moscow by directing the [[Saint Peter of Moscow|Metropolitan Peter]] to move his episcopal see from Kiev. The decision of both Ivan and Peter to relocate gradually makes Moscow the political center of Russia.
*[[December 1]] &ndash; King Edward II of England makes one final attempt to save his marriage to Queen Isabella, and sends her a letter ordering her to return from France to England immediately, writing that "Oftentimes have we informed you, both before an after the homage, of our great desire to have you with us, and of our grief of heart at your long absence," and adds that he is aware of her affair with Roger Mortimer and that "ceasing from all pretenses, delays and excuses, you come to us with all the haste you can."<ref>Agnes Strickland, ''Lives of the Queens of England: From the Norman Conquest'' (George Bell and Sons, 1882) pp.96-97</ref> She declines to come back.
*[[December 16]] &ndash; [[Charles, Count of Valois]], uncle of [[Charles IV of France|King Charles IV]] of France and heir apparent to the throne, dies at the age of 55 at [[Nogent-le-Roi]], leaving his son [[Philip VI of France|Philip]] as heir to the throne.

== Births ==
* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[Rupert II, Elector Palatine|Rupert II]], German [[Nobility|nobleman]] and count palatine (d. [[1398]])
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Francesco I da Carrara]], Italian nobleman (d. [[1393]])
* ''date unknown'' 
** [[Abraham Cresques]], Majorcan Jewish cartographer (d. [[1387]])<ref>Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2018). ''Overcoming Ptolemy: The Revelation of an Asian World Region'', p. 67. Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN|978-1-4985-9014-3}}.</ref>
** [[Antonio Pavoni]], Italian priest and inquisitor-general (d. [[1374]])
** [[Barnim IV, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim IV of Pomerania]], Polish nobleman and ruler (d. [[1365]])
** [[Ch'oe Mu-sŏn]], Korean scientist and military leader (d. [[1395]])
** [[Egidiola Gonzaga]], Italian noblewoman and heiress (d. [[1377]])
** [[Eleanor of Sicily]], Sicilian noblewoman and queen (d. [[1375]])<ref>Robert, Sebastian (2020). ''Die Königin im Zentrum der Macht. Reginale Herrschaft in der Krone Aragón am Beispiel Eleonores von Sizilien (1349–1375)''. Berlin: de Gruyter. {{ISBN|978-3-11-064081-6}}.</ref>
** [[Gerhard VI of Jülich, Count of Berg and Ravensberg|Gerhard VI]], German nobleman ([[House of Jülich]]) (d. [[1360]])<ref>Walther Möller. ''Stammtafeln westdeutscher Adelsgeschlechter im Mittelalter'', p. 14. Volume 1. (Darmstadt, 1922, reprint Verlag Degener & Co, 1995).</ref>
** [[Gidō Shūshin]], Japanese monk and spiritual teacher (d. [[1388]])
** [[Henry of Langenstein]], German theologian and writer (d. [[1397]])
** [[Inês de Castro]], Galician noblewoman and mistress (d. [[1355]])<ref>Douglas L. Wheeler; Walter C. Opello (2010). ''Historical dictionary of Portugal'' (3rd ed.), p. 78. Lanham, Md; Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|978-08108-7075-8}}.</ref>
** [[Joanna I of Naples|Johanna I]], Italian queen-regnant ([[Capetian House of Anjou|House of Anjou]]) (d. [[1382]])<ref>Casteen, Elizabeth (2015). ''From She-Wolf to Martyr: The Reign and Disputed Reputation of Johanna I of Naples'', p. 203. Cornell University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-5386-1}}.</ref>
** [[Margaret the Barefooted]], Italian woman and saint (d. 1395)
** [[Pandolfo II Malatesta]], Italian nobleman and knight (d. [[1373]])  
** [[Robert Hales (knight)|Robert Hales]], English [[Lord High Treasurer|Lord Treasurer]] and admiral (d. [[1381]])<ref>Gorski, Richard (2012). ''Roles of the Sea in Medieval England'', p. 84. Boydell Press. {{ISBN|9781843837015}}.</ref>
** [[Stephen of Montfaucon]], French nobleman and knight (d. 1397)
** [[Prince Yongsan|Yongsan]], Korean nobleman, prince and heir apparent (d. [[1341]])
** [[Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi]], Persian scholar, jurist and writer (d. [[1403]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Denis of Portugal|Denis I]],  [[Kingdom of Portugal|King of Portugal]] (b. [[1261]])<ref name="O'Callaghan2013" />
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[John Hastings, 2nd Baron Hastings|John Hastings]], English nobleman and ruler (b. [[1287]])
* [[March 12]] &ndash; [[Eric II, Duke of Schleswig|Eric II]], German nobleman ([[House of Estridsen]]) (b. [[1290]])
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Gérard de Vuippens]], Italian cleric, diplomat and bishop
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[William Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Groby|William Ferrers]], English nobleman and knight (b. [[1272]])
* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Nizamuddin Auliya]], Indian scholar (b. [[1238]])<ref>Schimmel, Annemarie (1975). ''Mystical Dimensions of Islam'', p. 348. University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-1271-4}}.</ref>
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer|Ralph de Monthermer]], English nobleman and peerage<ref>Howard de Walden, Thomas (1904). ''Some Feudal Lords and their Seals'', pp. 9–10. London: de Walden Library.</ref>
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Eberhard I, Count of Württemberg|Eberhard the Illustrious]], Count of Württemberg, German nobleman (b. [[1265]])
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Chungseon of Goryeo]] (Wang Jang), Korean prince (b. [[1275]])<ref>Han Young Woo (2010). ''Ancient Goryeo Era: A Review of Korean History'', p. 370. Volume 1. Kyongsaewon Publishing Company. {{ISBN|978-89-8341-091-7}}.</ref>
* [[July 6]] &ndash; [[John Salmon (bishop)|John Salmon]], English cleric, [[Lord Chancellor]] and bishop<ref>Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; I. (1996). ''Handbook of British Chronology'', p. 86 (Third revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-56350-X}}.</ref>
* [[July 8]] &ndash; [[Ismail I of Granada|Ismail I]], Nasrid ruler of the [[Emirate of Granada]] (b. [[1279]])<ref>O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2013). ''A History of Medieval Spain'', p. 456. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-6872-8}}.</ref>
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[John Segrave, 2nd Baron Segrave|John Segrave]], English nobleman and seneschal<ref>Nicolas, N. Harris (1829). ''A Roll of Arms of the Reign of Edward the Second'', p. 115. London (retrieved 6 June 2014).</ref>
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Keizan|Keizan Jōkin]], Japanese [[Zen master|Zen Master]] (b. [[1268]])<ref>Heine, Steven (2008). ''Zen Skin, Zen Marrow: Will the Real Zen Buddhism Please Stand Up?'', p. 88. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-532677-2}}.</ref>
* [[November 7]] &ndash; [[Ichijō Uchitsune]], Japanese court noble  (b. [[1291]])
* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[Yury of Moscow|Yuri III Danilovich]], Russian Grand Prince (b. [[1281]])
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Charles, Count of Valois|Charles of Valois]], French nobleman (b. [[1270]])<ref>Lewis, P. S. (1965). "War, Propaganda and Historiography in Fifteenth-Century France and England", ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'', p. 20. Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>Topping, Peter (1975). "The Morea, 1311–1364" In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). ''A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries'', p. 109. {{ISBN|0-299-06670-3}}.</ref>
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Al-Allama al-Hilli]], Persian theologian (b. [[1250]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Alice de Toeni, Countess of Warwick|Alice de Toeni]], English noblewoman and heiress (b. [[1284]])
** [[Amir Khusrau]], Indian musician, poet and scholar (b. [[1253]])
** [[Baybars al-Mansuri]], Mamluk historian and writer (b. [[1245]])
** [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]], Indian ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]
** [[Hugh de Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Stratton Audley|Hugh de Audley]], English nobleman and knight (b. [[1276]])
** [[Princess Joguk]] (Borjigin Jintong), Korean princess of [[Goryeo]] (b. [[1308]])
** [[Nasir al-Din Shahriyar]], Baduspanid nobleman and ruler<ref>Madelung, Wilferd (1988). "Baduspanids". ''Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. Volume III, Fasc. 4'', pp. 385–391. New York.</ref>
** [[Nikodim I]], Serbian monk-scribe, bishop and archbishop<ref>Fine, John van Antwerp Jr. (1994). ''The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', p. 262. University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|978-0-472-08260-5}}.</ref>
** [[Pierre Le Tessier]], French monk, [[abbot]] and cardinal-priest
** [[Regnaud de La Porte]], French cardinal-priest and bishop<ref>Richard Barber (2002). ''The Companion Guide to Gascony and the Dordogne'', p. 148.</ref>
** [[Richard Willoughby (judge)|Richard Willoughby]], English landowner, lawyer and judge<ref>S. J. Payling (2004). "Willoughby, Sir Richard (c. 1290–1362)". ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' online edition, accessed 20 November 2021.</ref>
** [[Robert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus|Robert de Umfavile]], English nobleman and knight (b. [[1277]])
** [[Stefan Vladislav II]], Serbian nobleman and claimant (b. [[1280]])
** [[Thomas de Dundee]], Scottish chaplain, prelate and bishop<ref>Dowden, John (1912). ''The Bishops of Scotland'', p. 214. ed. J. Maitland Thomson.</ref>
** [[Vitslav III, Prince of Rügen|Vitslav III]], Danish nobleman and prince ([[Principality of Rügen|House of Wizlaw]])
** [[William de Meones]], English cleric, judge and [[Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer|Chief Baron]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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