Editing 1412

{{About year|1412}}
{{Year nav|1412}}
[[File:El Compromiso de Caspe 1867 Dióscoro Puebla.jpg|250px|thumb|[[June 28]]: The declaration of the [[Compromise of Caspe]] is read aloud, proclaiming Ferdinand to be the King of Aragon, ending a two-year dispute.]]
{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1412''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDXII]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Friday]] on the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 16]] &ndash; The [[Medici]] Family are  made official bankers of the [[Papacy]].
* [[January 25]] &ndash; [[Ernest, Duke of Austria]], marries [[Cymburgis of Masovia]].
* [[January 29]] &ndash; The "[[Mining Code]]" (Zakon o Rudnishma) is enacted in [[Serbian Despotate|Serbia]] by the Despot [[Stefan Lazarević]] to regulate the extraction of minerals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John Van Antwerp Jr. |author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. |title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest |year=1994 |orig-year=1987 |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |publisher=University of Michigan Press |pages=507, 569 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC}}</ref>
* [[February 15]] &ndash; The [[Compromise of Caspe#Conflicts and deliberations|Alcañiz Concord]] is reached in the Spanish Aragonese city of [[Alcañiz]] to have a group of nine delegates choose an undisputed King of Aragon.  
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Battle of Morvedre]]: In the Spanish [[Kingdom of Valencia]], supporters of [[Ferdinand I of Aragon|Ferdinand of Antequera]] defeat those of [[James II, Count of Urgell]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HSFWFiHdBWgC&dq=batalla+de+murviedro+bellera&pg=PA131 El libro de la provincia de Castellón]</ref>
* [[February 28]] &ndash; The [[University of St Andrews]] in Scotland is granted a charter of privilege by the local bishop.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mediaeval university|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/court-office/documents/medieval_university.pdf|access-date=2022-07-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722053757/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/court-office/documents/medieval_university.pdf|archive-date=2013-07-22}}</ref>
* [[March 29]] &ndash; [[Compromise of Caspe]]: Nine delegates  are chosen in Spain in the town of [[Caspe]] to arrive at an agreement to resolve the question of which of six relatives of the late [[Martin I of Sicily|King Martin]] on May 31, 1410. should be the new King of Aragon.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 12]] &ndash; [[Albert V, Duke of Mecklenburg|Albert V]], son of the former King of Sweden, [[Albert, King of Sweden|Duke Albert IV]], becomes the [[List of rulers of Mecklenburg|Duke of Mecklenburg]] (now part of [[Germany]] upon the death of his father.
* [[May 7]] &ndash; In [[Cairo]], [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|Abu’l-Faḍl Abbas Al-Musta'in]], the [[List of Abbasid caliphs#Caliphs of Cairo (1261–1517)|Caliph of Cairo]], is installed by rebels as the new [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt]] as a temporary replacement for his father, the Sultan An-Nasir Faraj.<ref name="Holt">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Holt |first=Peter Malcolm |author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|The Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition]] |title=Al-Musta'in (II) |edition=2nd |year=1993 |publisher=E.J. Brill |volume=VII (Mif – Naz) |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 |page=723}}</ref> Al-Musta'in serves as the puppet ruler for six months before he returns to full time duty as the Caliph.
* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[Gian Maria Visconti]], the [[List of dukes of Milan|Duke of Milan]] since [[1402]], is assassinated in front of the church of [[San Gottardo, Milan|San Gottardo]] in Milan by a party of [[Milan]]ese [[Ghibellines]] on the orders of his terminally ill rival, [[Facino Cane]]. Visconti is stabbed in the leg and then in his head.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Giorgio|last=Giulini|title = Continuazione delle memorie spettanti alla storia, al governo, ed alla descrizione della Città e della campagna di Milano nei Secoli Bassi|year = 1856|editor = Francesco Colombo|location=Milan|publisher = Massimo Fabi|volume =VI |pages=151–152}}</ref> [[Filippo Maria Visconti]], Gian Maria's son, becomes the new Duke of Milan. 
* [[May 18]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Bourges]]  is signed between King Henry IV of England and Charles, Duke of Orléans, as the [[Armagnac (party)|Armagnacs]] offer England full sovereignty over [[Aquitaine]] and [[Gascony]] in return for 4,000 troops and military aid against the [[Burgundians]] and [[John the Fearless]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/876466903 |first=David |last=Green|title=The Hundred Years War: a people's history|date=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-13451-3|location=New Haven|pages=44|oclc=876466903}}</ref>
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[An-Nasir Faraj]], the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]]  [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt and Syria]], is stabbed to death in [[Damascus]] after surrendering to the Emirs of Syria. Nawruz al-Hafizi becomes ruler of the Syrian provinces and Faraj's son [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|Al-Musta'in]] is confirmed as ruler of the Egyptian territory.<ref name=Muir>{{cite book|title=The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D.|first=William |last=Muir|author-link=William Muir|year=1896|publisher=Smith, Elder and Co.}}</ref>
* [[June 14]] &ndash; The [[Antipope John XXIII]] signs an agreement with King [[Ladislaus of Naples]], paying him 75,000 [[florin]]s (262.5 kg or 9,375 oz. of gold), investing Ladislaus with the Neapolitan crown, and naming him as [[Gonfalonier of the Church]] within the Papal States. In return, King Ladislaus agrees to expel Pope Benedict XII from Naples and to recognize John as the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kiesewetter |first=A. |title=LADISLAO d'Angiò Durazzo, re di Sicilia|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ladislao-d-angio-durazzo-re-di-sicilia_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |work=Dizionario Enciclopedico degli Italiani |publisher=[[Enciclopedia Italiana]] |access-date=May 21, 2011}}</ref>
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Compromise of Caspe]]: By a vote of nine delegates (three each from the Kingdom of Aragon, the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia), [[Ferdinand I of Aragon|Ferdinand of Antequera]] is selected as  the new King of Aragon and King of Sicily, after a two year succession crisis that arose from 1410 death of  [[Martin I of Sicily|King Martin]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Zurita |first=Jerome  |date=1562 |title=Anales de la Corona de Aragón |trans-title=Annals of the Crown of Aragon|volume=XI|chapter=87}}</ref>
* [[June 28]] &ndash; As the Compromise of Carpe is read aloud by Friar [[Vicent Ferrer]] before a crowd, Ferdinand I is proclaimed as the King of Aragon by the deleagates at Caspe.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bonneaud |first=Pierre |title=Le Rôle politique des ordres militaires dans la Couronne d'Aragón pendant l'interrègne de 1410 à 1412 à travers les ''Anales'' de Zurita |journal=Aragón en la Edad Media |volume=14 |year=1999 |pages=131–132}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo|Behnam Hadloyo]] becomes [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] Patriarch of Mardin.<ref>{{cite book | last1 =Barsoum| first=Ephrem |date=2003|title=The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences|edition=2nd|publisher=Gorgias Press|translator=Matti Moosa|authorlink=Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum|page=497}}</ref>
* [[August 14]] &ndash; The [[:fr:Paix d'Auxerre|Peace of Auxerre]] is signed between the Duchy of Burgundy and the Armagnacs, betrothing [[Philip, Count of Vertus]], younger brother of the late [[Louis I, Duke of Orléans]] to marry Catherine of Burgundy, the daughter of [[John the Fearless]]. The marriage never takes place.
* [[August 24]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Motta (1412)|Battle of Motta]] is fought when the [[Republic of Venice]] is forced to defend an invasion by an invading army of Hungarians, Germans and Croats.{{cite book|title=The manual of dates |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofdatesdic00town |first=George Henry  |last=Townsend |date=1862 |place=London}} The invading force suffers a heavy defeat, losing 1,300 killed and 400 others captured.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kriegsgeschichte |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uoJDAAAAcAAJ |first=Carl W. |last=von Studenitz |date=1833 |place=Berlin}}</ref><ref name=FRD>{{cite book|title=Handbuch der Geschichte des Mittelalters |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GVQMAAAAYAAJ |first=Friedrich |last=Rehm |date=1837 |place=Kassel}}</ref>
* [[September 3]] &ndash; King [[Ferdinand I of Aragon]] is declared [[Count of Barcelona]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 5]] &ndash; (29th day of 8th month [[Ōei]] 19) [[Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan|Emperor Go-Komatsu]] abdicates, and [[Emperor Shoko of Japan|Emperor Shoko]] accedes to the throne of [[Japan]].
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Eric of Pomerania]] becomes sole ruler of the [[Kalmar Union]] (Sweden, Denmark and Norway), upon the death of [[Margaret I of Denmark|Queen Margaret]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wakefield|first1=Andrew|title=Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (1353–1412). 2005|url=http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/margaretden.html|website=Prof. Pavlac's Women's History Resource Site|access-date=9 September 2016}}</ref>
* [[November 6]] &ndash; The rebel Emir [[Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh]] becomes the new [[List of Mamluk sultans|Mamluk Sultan of Egypt]] by forcing the reigning Sultan [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|Al-Musta'in]], to abdicate. Shaykh allows Al-Musta'in to continue as Caliph of Cairo.<ref name=Muir/>
* [[November 8]] &ndash; (5th waxing of Nadaw [[Burmese calendar|774 ME]]) [[Forty Years' War|Ava–Hanthawaddy War]]: In what is now [[Myanmar]], King [[Razadarit]] of [[Kingdom of Hanthawaddy|Hanthawaddy]] leads the invasion of the city of [[Pyay|Prome]] with 4,000 troops.<ref>{{cite book |author=Maha Sithu |author-link=Twinthin Taikwun Maha Sithu |title=[[Yazawin Thit]] |publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing| location=Yangon| orig-year=1798| year=2012| edition=2nd printing |language=my |volume=1 |page=239 |editor=Myint Swe |editor2=Kyaw Win |editor3=Thein Hlaing}}Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 (2012) p.239</ref>
* [[December 1]] &ndash; King [[Henry IV of England]] issues a summons of the English Parliament for his final time, directing the members of Commons and the House of Lords to asemble on February 3. 
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Ming dynasty|China]]'s [[Yongle Emperor]] orders the fourth of the [[Ming treasure voyages]], to be led by Admiral [[Zheng He]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Duyvendak |first=J. J. L. |title=The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century |journal=T'oung Pao |year=1939 |volume=34 |issue=5 | pages=373 |author-link=J. J. L. Duyvendak |jstor=4527170 | doi=10.1163/156853238X00171}}</ref>
* [[December]] &ndash; [[Battle of Chalagan]]: The [[Kara Koyunlu]] Turkomans defeat the [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgians]] under [[Constantine I of Georgia]], and their ally [[Ibrahim I of Shirvan]].

=== Date unknown ===
* The first mention is made of [[Wallachia]]n knights competing in a [[jousting]] tournament, in [[Buda]].
* [[John II of Castile]] declares the [[Valladolid]] laws, that restrict the social rights of [[Jew]]s. Among many other restrictions, the laws force Jews to wear distinctive clothes, and deny them administrative positions.
* Years after its publication in the 14th century, the [[Ming Dynasty]] Chinese artillery officer [[Jiao Yu]] adds the preface to his classic book on [[gunpowder warfare]], the ''[[Huolongjing]]''.
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* The [[Black Death]] sweeps [[Kingdom of England|England]] for a final time, in a 60-year period.

== Births ==
* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[Joan of Arc]], French soldier and saint (tradition holds that she was born on the [[Feast of the Epiphany]], but there is no documentary evidence) (d. [[1431]])
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[William IV, Lord of Egmont]], IJsselstein, Schoonderwoerd and Haastrecht and Stadtholder of Guelders (d. [[1483]])
* [[April 22]] &ndash; [[Reinhard III, Count of Hanau]] (1451–1452) (d. [[1452]])
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Ludovico III Gonzaga]], Marquis of Mantua (d. [[1478]])
* [[August 22]] &ndash; [[Frederick II, Elector of Saxony]] and Margrave of Meissen (1428–1464) and Landgrave of Thuringia (1440–1445) (d. [[1464]])
* [[November 17]] &ndash; [[Zanobi Strozzi]], Italian painter (d. [[1468]])
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Astorre II Manfredi]], Italian noble (d. [[1468]])

== Deaths ==
* March &ndash; [[Albert of Sweden|Albrekt of Mecklenburg]], king of Sweden [[1364]]&ndash;[[1389]] (b. [[1336]])
* [[April 2]] &ndash; [[Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo]], Castilian traveller and writer
* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[Gian Maria Visconti]], Duke of Milan
* [[August 6]] &ndash; [[Margherita of Durazzo]], Queen consort of Charles III of Naples (b. [[1347]])
* [[September 14]] &ndash; [[Ingegerd Knutsdotter]], Swedish abbess  (b. [[1356]])
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Margaret I of Denmark]], queen regnant of Denmark of Norway since [[1387]] and of Sweden since [[1389]] (b. [[1353]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Edward A. Thomas|title=Comprehensive Dictionary of Biography: Containing Succinct Accounts of the Most Eminent Persons in All Ages, Countries, and Professions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfIMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA379|year=1888|publisher=Porter & Coates|pages=379}}</ref>
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Ignatius Abraham bar Garib]], Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin<ref>{{cite book | last1 =Barsoum| first=Ephrem |date=2003|title=The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences|edition=2nd|publisher=Gorgias Press|translator=Matti Moosa|authorlink=Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum|page=495}}</ref>
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Jalal ad-Din khan]], khan of the Golden Horde

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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