Editing 1421

{{Year nav|1421}}
[[File:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 53.jpg|250px|thumb|[[March 22]]: The English Army is defeated by French and Scottish troops in the Battle of Baugé.]]

{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1421''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDXXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Al-Muzaffar Ahmad]] becomes the [[List of Mamluk sultans|Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria]] upon the death of his father, [[Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh]]<ref name="EB1911/9">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Egypt/3 History |volume= 9 |last= Margoliouth |first= David Samuel |author-link= David Samuel Margoliouth | page=102 |quote=...(January 13th, 1421), and another infant son, Aḥmad, was proclaimed with the title Malik al-Moẓaffar, the proclamation being followed by the usual dissensions between the amirs, ending with the assumption of supreme power by the amir Tatar, who, after defeating his rivals, on the 29th of August 1421 had himself proclaimed sultan with the title Malik al-Ẓāhir}}</ref> 
* [[January 19]] &ndash; The coronation of [[John VIII Palaiologos]] as the [[List of Byzantine emperors|Emperor]] of [[Byzantium]], the "Eastern Roman Empire", takes place in [[Constantinople]].<ref>''[[Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit]]'', "[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3909 Palaiologos, Ioannes VIII.]"</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Speake |first=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ockEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA852 |title=Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2021 |isbn=9781135942069 |pages=852}}</ref>
* [[February 2]] &ndash; China's [[Yongle Emperor]], third emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]], shifts the Ming capital from [[Nanjing]] to [[Beijing]].
* [[February 23]] &ndash; The coronation of Catherine of Valois as Queen consort of England takes place at [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strickland |first=Agnes |title=Lives of the Kings and Queens of England from the Norman Conquest |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1854 |isbn=9780511736421 |location=Cambridge |publication-date=2010 |pages=106-107}}</ref>
*[[March 3]] &ndash; [[Zheng He]] receives an imperial order from the Yongle Emperor to begin the [[Ming treasure voyages]], carrying imperial letters, silk products and other gifts to various rulers of countries around the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Duyvendak |first=J. J. L. |title=The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century |journal=T'oung Pao |year=1939 | volume=34 |issue=5 |page=385 |author-link=J. J. L. Duyvendak| jstor=4527170 |doi=10.1163/156853238X00171}}</ref>
* [[March 12]] &ndash; In his campaign to rid Germany of Jewish people, [[Albert II of Germany|Albert V, Duke of Austria]] issues a death sentence against wealthy Jews who had been imprisoned as part of his order of May 23, 1420. On March 12, [[Vienna Gesera|the burning at the stake of 120 women and 92 women]] is carried out south of the city walls of [[Vienna]].<ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/wiener-gesera Wiener Gesera], ''Jewish Virtual Library''</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Graetz |first=Heinrich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA223 |title=History of the Jews |date=1894 |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |language=en}}</ref> 
* [[March 17]] &ndash; 12 Rabi al-Awwal 824 AH: [[Ibrahim ibn Hasan ibn Ajlan]] and his brother [[Barakat ibn Hasan]] are confirmed by the Mamluk Egyptian Sultan [[Al-Muzaffar Ahmad]] as [[Sharif of Mecca|co-Emirs of Mecca]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last=al-Ghāzī |author-first=‘Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad |editor1=‘Abd al-Malik ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Duhaysh |title=Ifādat al-anām |date=2009 |publisher=Maktabat al-Asadī |location=Makkah |pages=283-284 |language=Arabic |volume=3}}</ref>
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[Battle of Baugé]]: A small French force, led by [[Gilbert Motier de La Fayette]], surprises and defeats a smaller English force under [[Thomas, Duke of Clarence]], a brother of King [[Henry V of England]], in [[Normandy]]. Thomas, heir to the throne and Crown Prince as  is killed in the attack, along with about 1,000 other of men.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cambridge Antiquarian Society (Cambridge, England)|title=Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68QRAAAAIAAJ|year=1958|publisher=Deighton Bell|pages=37–38|language=en}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr]], son of the Welsh rebel [[Owain Glyndŵr]], accepts a pardon from, and swears loyalty to England's [[King Henry V]], formally bringing an end to the [[Glyndŵr rebellion]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=R. R. |author1-link=Rees Davies |title=The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dŵr |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England |page=293 |isbn=978-0-19-285336-3}}</ref>
* [[April 12]] &ndash; [[Hedwig Jagiellon (1408–1431)|Hedwig Jagiellon]], the 13-year-old daughter of and heiress presumptive to [[Władysław II Jagiełło|Wladyslaw II]], King of Poland, is betrothed in a marriage contract to [[Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg|Prince Frederick]], the 7-year-old son of [[Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg]] as part of an alliance between Poland and Brandenburg during the [[Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict]]. The marriage is scheduled to take place after November 19, 1427, when Prince Frederick is to be 14 years old, at which time he will live in Poland and become eligible to serve with Hedwig as ruler of Poland and Lithuania. The marriage will never take place, and the contract is annulled in 1424 when a male heir to the Polish throne, [[Władysław III of Poland|Wladyslaw]], is born.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duczmal |first=Małgorzata |title=Jogailaičiai | location=Vilnius |year=2012 |publisher=[[Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras]] |page=245 |isbn=978-5-420-01703-6 | language= Lithuanian |others=translated by Birutė Mikalonienė and Vyturys Jarutis}}</ref> 
* [[April 24]] &ndash; The [[Sedlec Abbey]], a monastery for the [[Cistercians]] order in [[Bohemia]], is looted and burned by [[Hussites]] led by [[Jan Žižka]], and several of the monks inside are killed.<ref>Kateřina Chárvatová, ''Dějiny cisterckého řádu v Čechách 1142-1420'' ("History of the Cistercian Order in Bohemia 1142-1420")(Prague:Karolinum, 1998), ISBN 80-7184-617-1. p.103</ref> 
* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Mehmed I]], [[Ottoman dynasty|Sultan]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], dies and is succeeded by his son, [[Murad II]].
* [[June 10]] &ndash; One year after returning home for his marriage to [[Catherine of Valois]], and in the English defeat in the Battle of Baugé, [[King Henry V]] of England sails back to France with new troops to continue fighting in the Hundred Years War.
* [[June 25]] &ndash; [[Charles VII of France|Prince Charles of Valois]], the oldest son of [[Charles VI of France|King Charles VI]] and former Dauphin before being disinehrited by his father, captures the English fortress at [[Gallardon]] and has the entire garrison executed for treason, and then retakes [[Chartres]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sumption |first=Jonathan |title=Cursed Kings:The Hundred Years War |volume=IV |publisher=Faber & Faber |year=2015|page=736}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 2]] &ndash; At [[Erciş]] in what is now Turkey, [[Iskandar (Qara Qoyunlu)|Iskandar ibn Yusuf]] is crowned as the [[List of rulers of Qara Qoyunlu|Sultan]] of [[Qara Qoyunlu]], a kingdom encompassing what are now eastern [[Turkey]], northwestern [[Iran]] and northern [[Iraq]], northern [[Armenia]] and all of [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minorsky |first=V. |date=1955 |title=The Qara-Qoyunlu And The Qutb-Shahs|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=62 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00106342 |issn=0041-977X}}</ref>
* [[July 15]] &ndash; A ceasefire is declared in the [[Great Frisian War]] as the representatives warring parties agree to a treaty at the city of [[Greetsiel]] in what is now the German region of [[East Frisia|Ostfriesland]]. A boundary is set at the [[Lauwers]] River in the Netherlands with the territory to the west ([[Friesland]]) going to the Frisian rebel group, the Skieringers. The lands to the east [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]] go the Fetkeapers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scripties.let.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/root/Master/DoorstroomMasters/Geschiedenis/2010/EngelsmaE.U.B./Ma-1381385-E._Engelsma.pdf|title=De Grote Friese Oorlog, Partijstrijd in de Friese landen: 1413-1422|last=Engelsma|first=Eise|date=2010-06-21|website=Rijksuniversiteit Groningen|language=Dutch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630214559/http://scripties.let.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/root/Master/DoorstroomMasters/Geschiedenis/2010/EngelsmaE.U.B./Ma-1381385-E._Engelsma.pdf|archive-date=2017-06-30}}</ref>
* [[August 5]] &ndash; At the [[Battle of Brüx]], Hussite troops led by [[Jan Želivský]], are defeated by the German Saxon baron [[Frederick I, Elector of Saxony|Frederick of Meissen]] at what is now the city of [[Most (city)|Most]] in what is now the [[Czech Republic]].<ref>Vavřinec z. Březové, '' Husitská kronika; Píseň o vítězství u Domažlic'' (Hussite Chronicle; Song of Victory at Domažlice) (Prague: Svoboda, 1979) p.252</ref> 
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Sayf al-Din Tatar]], becomes the new Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria after leading a coup d'etat overthrowing and imprisoning his brother, Al-Muzaffar Ahmad. <ref name="EB1911/9"/>
* [[September 12]]&ndash; In what is now [[South Korea]], [[Taejong of Joseon|Taejong of Goryeo]], [[List of kings of Joseon|King of Joseon]] from 1400 to 1418, then King Emeritus since 1418, is crowned as the first [[Styles and titles in Joseon|Grand King Emeritus of Joseon]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:한국민족문화대백과사전 – 태종 (太宗) |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture – Taejong |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0059039 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219192855/http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0059039 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |language=Korean}}</ref>
* [[September 28]]&ndash; A treaty is signed at Vienna between [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund, King of Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia and Germany]] and [[Albert II of Germany|Albert V, Duke of Austria]] for Sigismund's daughter [[Elizabeth of Luxembourg]], to marry Albert (on April 19, 1422) and confirming Elizabeth's rights as heiress presumptive to the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia.<ref>{{cite book |title=Die Luxemburger: Eine spätmitelalterliche Dynastie gesamteuropäischer Bedeutung 1308-1437 |first=Jörg K. |last=Hoensch |publisher=Verlag W. Kohlhammer |language=de |year=2000|page=253 }}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 20]]&ndash;King Henry V summons the [[English Parliament]] for the last time in his life, directing the members to assemble at Westminster on December 1.
* [[November 17]]&ndash;[[November 19|19]] &ndash; [[St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)|St. Elizabeth's flood]]: The coastal area near [[Dordrecht]] in the [[Netherlands]] is flooded, due to the extremely high tide of the [[North Sea]]; 72 villages are drowned, killing about 10,000 people, and the course of the [[Meuse]] is changed.
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad]] beomes the fourth Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria in less than a year when his father [[Sayf al-Din Tatar]], dies after only three months on the throne.<ref name="EB1911/9"/>
* [[December 1]] &ndash; The 11th and last Parliament of King Henry V assembles at Westminster and elects [[Richard Baynard]] as Speaker of the House of Commons.
* [[December 21]] &ndash; [[Hussite Wars]]: At the [[Battle of Kutná Hora]], the Bohemian Hussites led by Jan Zizka, and using the best weapons available, force the exit of the crusaders of the Holy Roman Empire. Among the new wespons developed by Zizka's officers are the "[[war wagon]]", a vehicle with reinforced sides and small openings from which guns can be fired.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/matthaywood/main/Hussite_Battles_and_Significant_events.htm |title=Hussite Battles and significant events |access-date=3 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304001712/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/matthaywood/main/Hussite_Battles_and_Significant_events.htm |archive-date=4 March 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[December 26]] &ndash; In [[India]], [[Ahmad Shah I]], the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]] and his troops, camped at [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]], resist a surprise counter-attack by the army of the [[Malwa Sultanate]], led by the Sultan [[Hoshang Shah]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1980HistoryOfIslamicSultanateInGujarat256D|title=ગુજરાતમાંની ઇસ્લામી સલ્તનતનો ઈતિહાસ (ઇ.સ. ૧૩૦૦થી ઇ.સ.૧૫૭૩ સુધી)|last=Nayak|first=Chhotubhai Ranchhodji|publisher=[[Gujarat University]]|year=1982|location=Ahmedabad|language=gu|trans-title=History of the Islamic Sultanate in Gujarat (1300 AD to 1573 AD)|pages=89-95}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* John III of Dampierre, [[Marquis of Namur]], sells his estates to [[Philip the Good]], [[Duke of Burgundy]].
* The first [[patent]] is issued by the [[Republic of Florence]].<ref>{{citation|last=Terence|first=Kealey|title=The Economic Laws of Scientific Research|year=1996}}</ref>
* [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] sailors sent by [[Henry the Navigator]] cross [[Cape Chaunar|Cape Non]], going as far as [[Cape Bojador]].
* Traditional date &ndash; [[Larabanga Mosque]] is founded, in modern-day northern [[Ghana]].</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Francesco Sassetti]], Italian banker (d. [[1490]])
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Charles, Prince of Viana]] (d. [[1461]])
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici]], Italian noble (d. [[1463]])
* [[July 25]] &ndash; [[Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland]], English politician (d. [[1461]])
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Thomas Dutton]], English knight (d. [[1459]])
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[John Paston (died 1466)|John Paston]], English politician (d. [[1466]])
* [[December 6]] &ndash; King [[Henry VI of England]] (d. [[1471]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Szarmach |first1=Paul E. |last2=Tavormina |first2=M. Teresa |last3=Rosenthal |first3=Joel T. |title=Routledge Revivals: Medieval England (1998): An Encyclopedia |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781351666374 |page=348 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348|language=en}}</ref>
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Sōgi]], Japanese poet and Buddhist priest (d. [[1502]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Niccolò I Trinci]], lord of [[Foligno]] (assassinated)
* [[January 15]] &ndash; [[Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen]], queen consort of Armenia and Cyprus (born [[1353]])
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence]], second son of [[Henry IV of England]] (killed in battle) (born [[1388]])
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel]] (born [[1385]])
* [[May]] &ndash; [[Balša III]], ruler of Zeta
* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Mehmed I]], [[Ottoman Sultan]] (b. [[1389]])
* [[June 21]] &ndash; [[Jean Le Maingre]], marshal of France (b. [[1366]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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