Editing 1431

{{About year|1431}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Year nav|1431}}
[[File:Joan of arc burning at stake.jpg|thumb|250px|[[May 30]]: [[Joan of Arc]] is burned at the stake.]]
[[File:Battle of Higueruela.jpg|thumb|250px|[[July 1]]: Christians and Moors fight in Spain in the [[Battle of La Higueruela]].]]
{{C15 year in topic}}
Year '''1431''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDXXXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Monday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 9]] &ndash; Pretrial investigations for [[Joan of Arc]] begin at [[Rouen]] in [[Kingdom of France|France]], which is under [[Kingdom of England|English]] occupation.
* [[February 21]] &ndash; The [[trial of Joan of Arc]] for [[heresy]] begins.
* [[March 11]] &ndash; Cardinal [[Gabriele Condulmer]] is elected as the successor to [[Pope Martin V]] and takes the name of [[Pope Eugene IV]] as the 207th leader of the [[Roman Catholic Church]].
* [[March]] &ndash; [[Alexander I Aldea]] takes the throne of [[Wallachia]] with support from [[Alexander I of Moldavia]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; In Poland, [[Konrad V Kantner]], [[Duchy of Silesia|Duke of Oleśnica]], leads a raid against the [[Hussites]] at [[Gliwice]].
* [[April 5]] &ndash; In Germany, [[Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Jacob of the House of Zähringen]] becomes the new [[Margrave of Baden-Baden]] upon the death of his father, [[Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Bernard I]].<ref>"[http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016327/images/index.html?seite=327|Jakob I., Markgraf von Baden"], ''Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB)'', vol. 10 (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1974) p.311 ].</ref>
* [[May 30]] &ndash; 19-year-old [[Joan of Arc]] is [[burned at the stake]] in [[Rouen]]. 
* [[June 6]] &ndash; The [[Battle on the Po (1431)|Battle on the Po]] takes place on the [[Po River]] in Italy near [[Cremona]] as the navy of the [[Duchy of Milan]] defeats a fleet of 85 [[galley]]s of the [[Republic of Venice]]. The Venetians lose over 2,500 men, as well as 28 of the galley warships and 42 transport ships.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E |first=Tony|last=Jaques |date=2001 |place=Westport}}</ref>
* [[June 16]] &ndash; The [[Teutonic Knights]] and [[Švitrigaila]] sign the [[Treaty of Christmemel]], creating an anti-Polish alliance.
* [[June 25]] &ndash; The Polish army invades the [[Principality of Volhynia]], now part of Ukraine, and captures much of the territory.

=== July&ndash;September === 
* [[July 1]] &ndash; In Spain, the army of the [[Crown of Castile]], led by [[Álvaro de Luna]] defeats the Moors of the [[Kingdom of Granada|Emirate of Granada]], led by the [[Muhammad IX of Granada|Sultan Muhammad IX]], in the [[Battle of La Higueruela]], fought at Vega de Granada.<ref>{{cite book|last=Echevarria|first=Ana|year=1999|title=The Fortress of Faith: The Attitude Towards Muslims in Fifteenth Century Spain|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic Publishers]]|isbn=90-04-11232-4}}</ref>
* [[July 2]] &ndash; In the [[Battle of Bulgnéville]] over who will be the next [[Duchy of Lorraine|Duke of Lorraine]], Count [[Antoine de Vaudémont]], supported by Burgundian and English troops, defeats [[René of Anjou]], who is supported by the Kingdom of France.<ref>{{cite book |title=Philip the Good |last=Vaughan |first=Richard |year=2002 |orig-date=1970|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |pages=118–119 |isbn= 0-85115-917-6}}</ref> 
* [[July 25]] &ndash; An [[Council of Florence|ecumenical council]] of the Roman Catholic Church, originally called by [[Pope Martin V]] before his death in February, convenes at [[Basel]] in [[Switzerland]].<ref name=Watt>{{Citation |last=Watt |first=D. E. R. |author-link=D. E. R. Watt |title=Medieval Church Councils in Scotland |place=Edinburgh |publisher=T&T Clark Ltd |year=2000 |pages=153–154 |isbn=978-0-567-08731-7}}</ref> 
* [[August 14]] &ndash; Hussites under [[Prokop the Great]] and [[Sigismund Korybut]] defeat the forces of [[Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick of Brandenburg]] at the [[Battle of Domažlice]].<ref>Aleš Nováček (2011). [https://bellum.cz/en/battle-of-domazlice.html Battle of Domažlice, 14th August 1431]. ''Bellum''.</ref>
* [[August 21]] &ndash; The navy of the [[Republic of Venice]], commanded by Armiral [[Pietro Loredan (admiral)|Pietro Loredan]], gains a major victory over the [[Republic of Genoa]] in a battle off of the coast of [[Rapallo]], but fails to overthrow the [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] [[Battista Spinola]]<ref>{{DBI |last=Gulino |first=Giuseppe |title=Loredan Pietro |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-loredan_(Dizionario-Biografico) |volume=65 |accessdate= 18 March 2017}}.</ref>
* [[August 26]] (September 2 N.S.) &ndash; At the Polish city of [[Staryi Chortoryisk|Chortoryisk]], representatives of [[Švitrigaila]], [[List of Lithuanian monarchs|Grand Duke of Lithuania]] and of the [[List of Polish monarchs|King of Poland]], [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] agree to a truce to end the [[Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)#Lutsk War|Lutsk War]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Frost|first=Robert|title=The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2018|orig-year=1st pub. 2015|page=168|isbn=978-0-19-880020-0}}</ref>
* [[September 13]] &ndash; The army of Poland defeats the Teutonic Knights at the [[:pl:Bitwa pod Dąbkami|Battle of Dąbki]], <ref>{{cite journal|first=Marian |last=Biskup |title=Najazd krzyżacki na Polskę i bitwa pod Dąbkami 1431 |journal=Zeszyty Naukowe Wojskowej Akademii Politycznej| volume=Historia |year=1967 |issue= 15|language=pl}}</ref>
* [[September]] &ndash; [[Battle of Inverlochy (1431)|Battle of Inverlochy]]: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists.

=== October&ndash;December === 
* [[October 15]] &ndash;, the Roman Catholic [[Council of Basel]] issus a formal invitation to the [[Hussites]] to take part in its deliberations. 
* [[October 30]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Medina del Campo (1431)|Treaty of Medina del Campo]] is signed, consolidating peace between [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] and [[Crown of Castile|Castille]].
* [[November 9]] &ndash; The [[Hungarians]] defeat the [[Hussites|Hussite]] army at the [[Battle of Ilava]].
* [[November 18]] &ndash; A treaty in [[Suceava]] concludes an attack on Poland, launched this year by [[Alexander I of Moldavia]] during the Lithuanian Civil War.
* [[December 13]] &ndash; Vlad, future Prince of Wallachia as [[Vlad II Dracul]], is made a member of the [[Order of the Dragon]]. Because of this, his son [[Vlad III the Impaler]] will inspire the literary figure named [[Dracula]].<ref>Constantin Rezachevici (1999) "[https://research.library.kutztown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=dracula-studies From the Order of the Dragon to Dracula]". ''Journal of Dracula Studies.'' Vol. 1, Article 1</ref>
* [[December 14]] &ndash; The first full meeting of the Roman Catholic council at Basel is convened, but Pope Eugene IV and the council members are not able to agree on principles.<ref name=Watt/>
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Henry VI of England]] is crowned King of France at [[Notre-Dame de Paris]].<ref>Thomas Frederick Tout. [[wikisource:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henry VI|Henry VI]]. In: ''Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900,'' Volume 26, pgs. 56–69.</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[University of Poitiers]] is founded.
* The [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] besieges [[Angkor]] and sacks the Khmer capital, ending the [[Khmer Empire]].
* [[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotl]] is crowned [[Tlatoani]] of the Kingdom of [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]].
* [[Byzantine–Ottoman Wars]]: The Ottoman governor of [[Thessaly]] [[Turahan Bey]] breaks through the [[Hexamilion wall]] for the second time, and ravages the [[Peloponnese]] Peninsula.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | article=Turakhān Beg| first = Franz | last = Babinger | encyclopedia = E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume VIII | editor-first = Martijn Theodoor | editor-last = Houtsma | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden | year = 1987 | isbn = 90-04-09794-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&pg=PA876 | pages = 876–878}}</ref>
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== Births ==
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Pope Alexander VI]] (d. [[1503]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hourihane |first1=Colum |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture |date=2012 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=9780195395365 |page=395 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395|language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 26]] &ndash; [[Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara]], Italian politician (d. [[1505]])
* [[November]] or [[December]] &ndash; [[Vlad III the Impaler]], Prince of Wallachia (d. [[1476]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[William Elphinstone]], Scottish statesman (d. [[1514]])
** [[Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia]] (d. [[1473]])
** [[Ladislaus Hunyadi]], Hungarian statesman and warrior (d. [[1457]])
* ''probable''
** [[William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings]] (d. [[1483]])
** [[John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu]], English politician (d. [[1471]])
** [[François Villon]], French poet
** [[Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia]], A member of the [[House of Drăculești]], as well as the Voivode of Wallachia 1456-1462

== Deaths ==
* [[January 25]] &ndash; [[Charles II, Duke of Lorraine]] (b. [[1364]])
* [[February 20]] &ndash; [[Pope Martin V]] (b. [[1368]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Martin V {{!}} pope |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-V |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=6 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]], Portuguese general and religious figure
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden]] (b. [[1364]])
* [[April 19]] &ndash; [[Adolph III, Count of Waldeck]] (b. [[1362]])
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[Joan of Arc]], French soldier and saint (b. c. [[1412]])
* [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Demetrios Laskaris Leontares]], Byzantine soldier and statesman
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Hedwig Jagiellon (1408–1431)|Hedwig Jagiellon]], Polish and Lithuanian princess (b. [[1408]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Makhdoom Ali Mahimi]], Indian Sufi mystic
** [[Stanisław of Skarbimierz]], Polish theologian (b. [[1360]])
** [[Violant of Bar]], queen regent of Aragon (b. [[1365]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Self-Fashioning and Assumptions of Identity in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004291003 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETVzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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