Editing 1445

{{About year|1445}}
{{Year nav|1445}}
[[File:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 15.jpg|thumb|250px|[[April 23]]: King [[Henry VI of England]] marries [[Margaret of Anjou]].]]
{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1445''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDXLV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Friday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; In northern India, [[Alam Shah|Ala-ud-Din Alam Shah]] becomes the new [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] upon the death of his father, [[Muhammad Shah IV]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate : a political and military history|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|page=323|isbn=9780521543293|edition=1st}}</ref>
* [[January 13]] &ndash; King [[Henry VI of England]] summons the English [[Parliament]] for the first time in almost three years, directing the Lords and the members of the House of Commons to assemble at Westminster on February 25.
* [[January 19]] &ndash; In Poland, the [[Duchy of Oświęcim]], ruled jointly since 1434 by the three sons of the late [[Casimir I of Oświęcim|Duke Casimir]] of the [[Piast dynasty]], is divided between the three brothers. [[Wenceslaus I of Zator|Wenceslaus I]], the eldest, receives the [[Duchy of Zator]], [[Przemysław of Toszek|Przemysław]] becomes ruler of [[Toszek]] and [[Jan IV of Oświęcim|Jan IV]], the youngest of the brothers, receives the capital, [[Oświęcim]], along with the towns of [[Kęty]] and [[Żywiec]]. 
* [[February 25]] &ndash; The English Parliament is opened by King Henry IV. On the first day, the House of Commons elects [[William Burley (politician)|William Burley]] as its Speaker.
* [[March 8]] &ndash; The [[Ispend bin Yusuf|Amir Isfahan of Baghdad]] (born Ispend bin Yusuf) dies after a reign of 12 years and is succeeded by Fulad Mirza. The ruler of the adjacent [[Qara Qoyunlu]] Empire, [[Jahan Shah]], then mobilizes an army at [[Tabriz]] to invade and take control of [[Baghdad]].<ref>Hasan beg Rumlu, ''Aḥsan at-tawārīḫ'' (Kastamonu: Uzanlar, 2017) pp.155-156 {{ISBN|9786050306415}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 7]] &ndash; In southern Germany, the number of [[Duchy of Bavaria#Wittelsbachs|Duchies of Bavaria]] is reduced from three to two when [[Bavaria-Ingolstadt]] is reunited with [[Bavaria-Landshut]], under the rule of [[Henry XVI, Duke of Bavaria|Heinrich the Rich]] following the death of [[Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria|Ludwig the Hunchback]] of Ingolstadt. The Duchy of [[Bavaria-Munich]], ruled by [[Albert III, Duke of Bavaria|Albert III the Pious]] remains the only other duchy in Bavaria.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mueller |first1=Steven |title=The Wittelsbach Dynasty |date=2007 |publisher=Waldmann Press |isbn=978-0-9702576-3-5 |page=40}}</ref>
* [[April 8]] &ndash; At [[West Java]] in what is now [[Indonesia]], the [[Sultanate of Cirebon]] establishes its capital at Dukuh Alang-alang and Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang is designated as the Sultan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cirebonkab.go.id/sekilas-kab-cirebon/sejarah-kabupaten-cirebon |title= Sejarah Kabupaten Cirebon |language= id |publisher= Cirebon Regency |access-date = 16 January 2013}}</ref>
* [[April 9]] &ndash; The 14th Parliament of King Henry VI (23 H. 6) closes and royal assent is given to new laws, including the Labourers Act (requiring that "A servant in husbandry purporting to depart from his master must give him half a year's warning, or else shall serve him the year following.") and the Exporation Act ("Whoever shall pack or ship thrums or threads to pass beyond the seas, during the three years next coming, shall forfeit the same, or the value.")<ref>{{cite book |title=Chronological Table of the Statutes: Covering the Period from 1235 to the End of 1971 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |location=London |date=1972 |url={{GBurl|lUMIAAAAMAAJ|page=33}} |pages=33 |isbn=978-0-11-840096-1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Henry VI of England|King Henry VI]]  of England marries [[Margaret of Anjou]], daughter of [[René of Anjou]], the former King of Naples, at a ceremony at [[Titchfield Abbey]] in [[Hampshire]].<ref name=Kekewich>Margaret Lucille Kekewich, ''The Good King: René of Anjou and Fifteenth Century Europe'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) p. 101</ref>
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Thomas of Bosnia|Stjepan Tomaš Kotromanić]] of the [[House of Kotromanić]] is granted recognition by the Roman Catholic Church and [[Pope Eugene IV]] as [[List of rulers of medieval Bosnia|King Tomaš of Bosnia]].<ref>{{citation|title=Kotromanići|last=Ćošković|first=Pejo|publisher=Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography|url=http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=249#Tomas|year=2009|language=sh}}</ref>
* [[May 30]] &ndash; At a ceremony at [[Westminster Abbey]], the coronation of [[Margaret of Anjou]] as Queen consort of England takes place before [[John Stafford (bishop)|John Stafford]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref name=Kekewich/>
* [[June 1]] &ndash; In Hungary, the deadline passes for [[Władysław III of Poland|King Vladislaus I]] (who is also King Wladyslaw III of Poland), to return from the Crusade against the Ottoman Empire and to resume rule, and the 5-year-old [[Ladislaus the Posthumous]] is recognized as King of Hungary by the legislators of the [[Diet of Hungary|Országgyűlés]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Solymosi |first1=László |last2=Körmendi |first2=Adrienne |editor-last=Solymosi |editor-first=László | title=Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig ''[Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1981 |page=264 |chapter=A középkori magyar állam virágzása és bukása, 1301–1526 [The Heyday and Fall of the Medieval Hungarian State, 1301–1526] |isbn=963-05-2661-1 |language=hu}}</ref> To administer the kingdom of Hungary during the minority of Ladislaus, the Hungarian nobles elect  seven "[[Captain in Chief|Captains in Chief]]"{{spaced ndash}}[[John Hunyadi]], [[Michael Ország]], [[George Rozgonyi]], [[:hu:Szentmiklósi Pongrác|Pongrác Szentmiklósi]], [[:hu:Jiskra János|Janos Jiskra]], Miklos Újlaki and Emeric Bebek {{spaced ndash}} to administer the kingdom<ref>{{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |year=2001 |title=The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 |publisher= I.B. Tauris Publishers |page=288 |isbn=1-86064-061-3}}</ref> Confirmation is made later that King Vladislaus had been killed almost seven months earlier at the November 10 [[Battle of Varna]]. 
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Annibale I Bentivoglio]], the ruler of the semi-independent [[Bologna|Lordship of Bologna]] since 1443, is assassinated by the rival Canneschi family, with the support of [[Pope Eugene IV]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120330093339/http://www.italica.rai.it/scheda.php?monografia=rinascimento&scheda=rinascimento_parole_chiave_schede_bentivoglio_annibale Page at italica.rai.it] {{in lang|it}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 7]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Suzdal]] takes place {{convert|120|mi}} from [[Moscow]] when [[Ulugh Muhammad]] of the [[Khanate of Kazan]] attacks [[Nizhny Novgorod]], part of the [[Grand Principality of Moscow]]. The Grand Prince [[Vasily II of Moscow]] is captured in battle as a [[prisoner of war]] and held for ransom until the payment of 200,000 rubles is completed in November.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Janet |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/828740214|title=The Cambridge History of Russia. Volume 1. From Early Rus' to 1689 |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-05410-2 |editor-last=Perrie |editor-first=Maureen |location=Cambridge |pages=164 |chapter=The emergence of Moscow (1359-1462) |oclc=828740214}}</ref>
* [[July 16]] &ndash; In Germany, [[Frederick II, Elector of Saxony]] and his brother [[William III, Duke of Luxembourg]], agree to negotiate the [[Division of Altenburg]], in hopes of peacefully splitting lands in [[Thuringia]] which they had inherited from their father's cousin, [[Frederick IV, Landgrave of Thuringia]].<ref name=Konigl>{{cite journal |author=Historische Commission bei der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften |title=Ficquelmont &mdash; Friedrich Wilhelm III. von Sachsen-Altenburg |journal=Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie |volume=7 |pages=778–779 |location=Leipzig |date=1878 |language=de |url=http://mdz.bib-bvb.de/digbib/lexika/adb/images/adb007/@ebt-link?target=idmatch(entityref,adb0070780) |access-date=2008-10-18}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 
* [[August 7]] &ndash; A [[papal bull]] is issued by [[Pope Eugene IV]] declaring that the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Christians]] and the [[Maronite Cypriots|Maronites of Cyprus]] are in [[full communion]] with the [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>Council of Florence, ''Bull of union with the Chaldeans and the Maronites of Cyprus'' Session 14, 7 August 1445 [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum17.htm]</ref>
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France]], daughter of the late King [[James I of Scotland]] and wife of the [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]] Louis, son of [[Charles VII of France|King Charles VII of France]], dies from an illness contracted a week earlier. On her deathbed, she accuses a court official, Jamet de Tillay, of having slandered her reputation and causing her death.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kendall |first=P.M. |title=Louis XI: The Universal Spider |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company Inc. |year=1971 |page=43}}</ref>
* [[September 5]] &ndash; In Switzerland, troops from the [[Canton of Zürich]] launch a new attack on [[Brugg]] in the  [[Canton of Aargau]], but their raid is detected before they can reach the city and the Zurich troops are repelled. The troops then pillage surrouding villages.<ref name=HDS>{{HDS|1686|Brugg}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ag.ch/staatsarchiv/de/pub/fokus/habsburger_gedenkjahr/frauen.php Zwei habsburgische Frauen mit Wirkung: Königin Elisabeth und Königin Agnes von Ungarn] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013115637/http://www.ag.ch/staatsarchiv/de/pub/fokus/habsburger_gedenkjahr/frauen.php |date=2008-10-13 }}, Staatsarchiv Aargau</ref>
* [[September 12]] &ndash; In a royal wedding at the [[Church of Our Lady, Copenhagen|Church of Our Lady]] in [[Copenhagen]], [[Christopher of Bavaria|King Christoffer III of Denmark]] (who also rules Sweden and Norway) marries [[Dorothea of Brandenburg]], daughter of [[John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach|John the Alchemist]], [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Margrave of Brandenburg]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Troels|last=Dahlerup|title=De fire stænder. 1400-1500|series=Gyldendal og Politikens Danmarkshistorie|volume=6|year=1989|location=[[København]]|publisher=[[Gyldendal]] & [[Politikens Forlag]]|page=197|isbn=87-89068-08-4}}</ref> After King Christoffer's death in 1448, Dorothea marries King [[Christian I of Denmark]] in 1449. 
* [[September 14]] &ndash; Queen consort Dorothea is crowned as "Queen of the Union of the Three Kingdoms" (''kronet som unionsdronning af de tre kongeriger'') in a ceremony at Copenhagen two days after her marriage to King Christoffer, who levies a series of taxes to pay for the expense.<ref>Dick Harrison, ''Karl Knutsson - en biografi'' (Lund: Historiska media, 2002) p. 152f {{ISBN|91-89442-58-X}}, LIBRIS-id 8693772</ref>
* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[Đurađ Branković]], Despot of Serbia, and his sons [[Grgur Branković|Grgur]], [[Stefan Branković|Stefan]] and [[Lazar Branković|Lazar]] sign a charter confirming the sovereignty and privileges of the [[Republic of Ragusa]], located in what is now [[Croatia]].<ref>{{Citation |first=Franz |last=Miklosich |title=Monumenta Serbica Spectantia Historiam Serbiae, Bosniae, Ragusi |year=1858 |publisher=CCCL |page=433 |url=https://archive.org/details/monumentaserbica00mikluoft}}</ref>
* [[September 26]] &ndash; Negotiations between the Saxon brothers Frederick and William on the division of [[Thuringia]] break down after Frederick asserts that he will claim western Thuringia and will only allow William to inherit the [[Meissen|Margraviate of Meissen]].<ref name=Konigl/>
* [[September 29]] &ndash; In [[Normandy]], [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York]] of England's [[House of Plantagenet]], completes his five-year term as Lieutenant-general of British-occupied France and [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset]] takes his place.<ref>{{cite DNB |last= Gairdner |first=James |display=Richard, Duke of York (1411–1460) |volume=48 |wstitle=Richard (1411–1460)}}</ref> He returns to England on October 20.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 6]] &ndash; [[:de:Zweites Gefecht bei Erlenbach|A battle is fought]] at [[Erlenbach, Switzerland|Erlenbach]] in Switzerland as troops from the [[canton of Zurich]] defeat a group of wine thieves.<ref>[https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/000106/2023-08-29/ "Erlenbach (ZH)"], by Karl Kuprecht, in ''Historical Dictionary of Switzerland'' (1998)</ref> The battle takes place a year after [[:de:Erste Gefecht bei Erlenbach|the first battle of Erlenbach]] that had been waged on October 13, 1444. 
* [[October 10]] &ndash; At the [[Battle of Mokra (1445)|Battle of Mokra]], Albanian forces under the command of the rebel [[Skanderbeg]], with 3,500 soldiers, defeat the more than 9,000 Ottoman troops led by Firuz Pasha.<ref>{{Citation|last=Hodgkinson|first=Harry|title=Scanderbeg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4lpAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Centre for Albanian Studies|page=81 |isbn=978-1-873928-13-4}}</ref> Firuz is killed in battle along with 1,500 of his men.<ref>{{Citation|last=Francione|first=Gennaro|year=2003|title=Skenderbeu: Një hero modern|publisher=Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri"|page=310 |language=sq|isbn=978-99927-38-75-7}}</ref> [[Pope Eugene IV]] raises a hymn of praise, that Christendom has been provided with a new defender, after he hears of the battle).<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Sacket|title=Chronology of European History, 15,000 B.C. to 1997: 15,000 B.C. to 1469|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EScOAQAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Salem Press|isbn=978-0-89356-419-3|page=442}}</ref>
* [[November 3]] &ndash; (3rd waxing of [[Nadaw]] [[Burmese calendar|807 ME]]) In the city of [[Bhamo]] (now in [[Myanmar]], [[Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns#Third campaign (1443–1444)|Chinese troops invade]] and proceed toward [[Inwa]], the fortified capital of the [[Kingdom of Ava]] in pursuit of Thonganbwa, the ruler of the independent state of Mogaung, who had led numerous raids into China's [[Yunnan]] Province.<ref>{{cite book |author=Royal Historical Commission of Burma |author-link=Royal Historical Commission of Burma |title=[[Hmannan Yazawin]] |volume=2 |year=1832 |location=Yangon |page=87 |language=my |edition=2003 |publisher=Ministry of Information, Myanmar}}</ref> King [[Narapati I of Ava]], who had captured Thonganbwa in 1442, negotiates an agreement to hand Thonganbwa over to the Chinese in return for assistance in helping Ava conquer rebels in [[Yamethin]]. Before he can be turned over to China for execution, Thonganbwa commits suicide, but China accepts his corpse as a recognition of Ava's submission.<ref>{{cite book |last=Phayre |author-link=Arthur Purves Phayre | first=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. |title=History of Burma |year=1883 |edition=1967 |publisher=Susil Gupta | location=London|pages=84–85}}</ref>
* [[December 11]] &ndash; At a monastery in Neuwerk in [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]], with the mediation of the Landgrave [[Louis II, Landgrave of Hesse|Louis II of Hesse]], the [[:de:Friedrich III. von Beichlingen|Archbishop Frederick III of Magdeburg]], and the Margrave [[Frederick II of Brandenburg]], [[William III, Duke of Luxembourg]] and his brother [[Frederick II, Elector of Saxony]], the two surviving sons of [[Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]], make a final attempt to agree on the division of lands in [[Thuringia]] which they had inherited from their father's cousin, [[Frederick IV, Landgrave of Thuringia]]. Despite the mediation, Frederick of Saxony and William of Luxembourg are not able to agree and the [[Saxon Fratricidal War]] begins a few months later.<ref name=Konigl/>
* [[December 25]] &ndash; In northeastern Africa, the [[Battle of Gomit]] is fought between the [[Ethiopian Empire]] (whose troops are led by the Emperor [[Zara Yaqob]] ) and the [[Adal Sultanate]], whose invading army is led by the Sultan [[Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din]]. The Sultan charges toward the Emperor, who kills him with his spear.<ref>{{Cite book |last=A. Wallace Budge |first=E. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499166/page/n392/mode/1up |title=History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia |publisher=Methuen & co. |year=1828 |volume=1 |pages=307–308}}</ref> The Adal troops flee and many are killed by the pursuing Ethiopian troops. Badlay's son, [[Muhammad ibn Badlay]], survives and becomes the new Sultan.

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] set up their first trading post ([[Feitoria#Portuguese Feitorias .28c.1445.29|''Feitoria'']]) in Africa, on the island of [[Arguin]].
* [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer [[Dinis Dias]] discovers the [[Cap-Vert]], on the western coast of Africa.
* [[Vlad II Dracul]], aided by a crusaders' fleet from [[Burgundy]], attacks [[Giurgiu]], and massacres the Ottoman garrison after their surrender.
* [[Stephen II of Moldavia|Stephen II]] remains sole ruler of [[Moldavia]].
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== Births ==
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg]], Swiss-born priest (d. [[1510]])
* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll]], Bishop of Passau (1500–1517) (d. [[1517]])
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin]], English baron (d. [[1479]])
* [[October 31]] &ndash; [[Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg]], Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. [[1511]])
* [[December 11]] &ndash; [[Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg]] (d. [[1496]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Albert Brudzewski]], Polish astronomer (d. [[1497]])
* ''probable'' &ndash; [[Nicolas Chuquet]], French mathematician
* ''approximate'' &ndash; [[Sandro Botticelli]], Italian painter (d. [[1510]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Adolfo Venturi|title=Botticelli|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfJOAAAAYAAJ|year=1927|publisher=A. Zwemmer|page=101}}</ref>

== Deaths ==
* [[January 19]] &ndash; [[Antonio Correr (cardinal)|Antonio Correr]], Venetian cardinal (b. [[1359]])<ref>{{cite book|title=The early Italian pictures in the collection of Her Majesty the Queen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqpRAQAAIAAJ|year=1983|isbn=978-0-521-24214-1|page=195| last1=Shearman | first1=John | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Leonor of Aragon]], queen of Portugal (b. [[1402]])
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria]], German noble (b. [[1403]])
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Johanna van Polanen]], Dutch noblewoman (b. [[1392]])
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Leonel Power]], English composer
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Norman Macdougall|title=James III: A Political Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VY5nAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=J. Donald|isbn=978-0-85976-078-2|pages=10–13}}</ref>
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Oswald von Wolkenstein]], Austrian composer (b. [[1377]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Olug Moxammat of Kazan]], Khan of Kazan

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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