Editing 1582

{{Short description|Common year in the 16th century}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1582}}
{{Year nav|1582}}
[[File:Julian to Gregorian Date Change.png|250px|thumb|[[October 15]]: The day after October 4, 1582, is designated October 15 by order of Pope Gregory XIII]]
[[File:Honnoj.jpg|thumb|250px|[[June 21]]:  Japanese warlord [[Oda Nobunaga]] assassinated in "[[incident at Honnō-ji]]"]]
'''1582''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDLXXXII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Monday]] in the [[Julian calendar]], and a [[common year starting on Friday]] (link will display full calendar) of the [[Proleptic Gregorian calendar]]. This year saw the beginning of the '''[[Gregorian calendar]] switch''', when the [[papal bull]] ''[[Inter gravissimas]]'' introduced the Gregorian calendar, adopted by Spain, Portugal, the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] and most of present-day Italy from the start. In these countries, the year continued as normal through Thursday, [[October 4]]; the next day became Friday, [[October 15]], like a [[common year starting on Friday]]. France followed two months later, letting Sunday, [[December 9]] be followed by Monday, [[December 20]]. Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years, and the complete conversion to the Gregorian calendar was not entirely done until 1923.

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January–March ===
* [[January 2]] &ndash; [[University of Würzburg]] is refounded.<ref>[https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/uniarchiv/jmus-history/highlights/foundation-1582/ "The foundation of the university in 1582"], Universität Würzburg website</ref>
* [[January 15]] – [[Russia]] cedes its conquered areas in [[Livonia]] (Northern [[Latvia]] and Southern [[Estonia]]), to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].
* [[February 10]] – [[François, Duke of Anjou]], arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed by [[William the Silent]].
* [[February 24]] (Julian) (March 6 Gregorian) – [[Pope Gregory XIII]] proclaims the [[Gregorian Calendar]], to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the [[6th century]] and is 10 days off schedule.<ref name=calendar>{{cite book|title=Historical Association Pamphlet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbAyAQAAIAAJ|year=1933|publisher=Historical Association|page=5}}</ref>
* [[March 9]] – [[Scryer]] [[Edward Kelley]] arrives at [[John Dee]]'s house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops the [[Enochian]] language.<ref>{{cite web|title=MS. Sloane 3188|url=http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/mss/sloane_3188/|publisher=The Magickal Review|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410190925/http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/mss/sloane_3188/|archive-date=2012-04-10}}</ref>
* [[March]] &ndash; The [[New Testament]] of the ''[[Douai-Rheims Bible|Douai Bible]]'', the translation into [[English language|English]] by [[Gregory Martin (scholar)|Father Gregory Martin]] from [[Latin language|Latin]] of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578.<ref>Bertrand L. Conway, ''Studies in Church History'' (1916) p. 153</ref>

=== April–June ===
* [[April 2]] – [[1582 Ancuancu earthquake]]: Ancuancu (in modern-day [[La Paz Department, Bolivia|La Paz Department]], [[Bolivia]]) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eldeber.com.bo/2011/2011-11-23/vernotaahora.php?id=111123012412 |title=El Deber, Noticias de Bolivia y el Mundo |access-date=2011-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103032/http://www.eldeber.com.bo/2011/2011-11-23/vernotaahora.php?id=111123012412 |archive-date=2011-11-26 |url-status=dead|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hay Riesgo de un Megaterremoto en Bolivia|website=Radio FMBolicia.Ne|url=http://www.fmbolivia.net/noticia25070-hay-riesgo-de-un-megaterremoto-en-bolivia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222132708/http://www.fmbolivia.net/noticia25070-hay-riesgo-de-un-megaterremoto-en-bolivia.html|archive-date=2014-02-22|access-date=February 12, 2014|url-status=dead|language=es}}</ref> On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla ([[Achocalla]]) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bolivia. Dirección General de Estadística y Estudios Geográficos|title=Boletin|url=https://archive.org/details/boletin01mexigoog|year=1909|page=[https://archive.org/details/boletin01mexigoog/page/n75 55]|publisher=Secretaria de fomento}}</ref>
* [[April 3]] – [[Battle of Temmokuzan]]: Unable to reverse the collapse of [[Takeda clan]], [[Takeda Katsuyori]] and his household commit suicide.
* [[April 14]] – King [[James VI]] of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes the [[University of Edinburgh]].
* [[April 16]] – [[Spain|Spanish]] conquistador [[Hernando de Lerma]] founds the settlement of [[Salta]], [[Argentina]].
* [[April 17]] – [[Siege of Takamatsu]]: In Japan, [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] departs from the [[Himeji Castle]] in the modern-day [[Hyōgo Prefecture]] and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to the [[Bitchū Province]] in the modern-day [[Okayama Prefecture]]. Along the way, he stops at the [[Kameyama Castle (Okayama)|Kameyama Castle]] where he makes a rendezvous with the [[Ukita clan]] and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle.<ref name=Sansom>George Sansom, ''A History of Japan, 1334–1615'' (Stanford University Press, 196) pp. 306–307</ref>
* [[May 17]] – The [[Siege of Takamatsu]] begins as Hideyoshi attacks the forces of [[Shimizu Muneharu]], who has twice as many soldiers. Hideyhoshi orders an engineering project to block the Ashimori River and divert its waters to flood Takamatsu Castle.<ref name=Sansom/> 
* [[June 8]] – [[Siege of Takamatsu]]: Heavy rains and the dikes built by Hideyoshi's forces turn the area around Takamatsu Castle into a lake.<ref name=Sansom/>
* [[June 21]] – (2nd day of the sixth month, [[Tenshō (Momoyama period)|Tenshō]] 10) The [[Honnō-ji Incident]] occurs in [[Kyoto]] in [[Japan]], as Japanese warlord [[Oda Nobunaga]], on the verge of unifying Japan under his rule, is assassinated following a betrayal by a rebel subject, [[Akechi Mitsuhide]].<ref name="toyokeizai167293">{{cite web| url = https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/167293| title =本能寺の変､｢本当の裏切り者｣は誰なのか 教科書が教えない｢明智光秀｣以外の真犯人| last = Yamagishi | first = Ryoji | author-link =| date = 1 May 2017 | orig-date = | editor-last = | editor-first = | website = Toyo Keizai Online| publisher = [[Toyo Keizai]]| language = ja| trans-title = Honnō-ji Incident, Who is the "real traitor"? The real culprit other than "Akechi Mitsuhide" that textbooks do not teach.| access-date = 10 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[June 23]] – After learning of the assassination of his commander, Oda Nobunaga, [[Shimizu Muneharu]] surrenders Takamatsu Castle to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and, in return for the pledge that the castle's defenders will be spared, commits the ritual suicide of [[seppuku]].<ref>Stephen Turnbull, ''The Samurai Sourcebook'' (Cassell & Co., 2000) pp. 231–232</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Battle of Yamazaki]]: Counterattacking forces led by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] decisively defeat [[Akechi Mitsuhide]]'s smaller army; Akechi is killed while retreating to his domain.
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ponta Delgada]] ([[War of the Portuguese Succession]]): Spanish admiral [[Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]] decisively defeats a larger mercenary fleet from [[France]], [[Kingdom of England|England]], supporters of the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] claimant [[António, Prior of Crato]], and the [[Dutch Republic]], under [[Filippo di Piero Strozzi]] (who is killed) off the [[Azores]], the first engagement between large fleets of [[galleon]]s, operating at any great distance from the mainland.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walton|first=Timothy|title=The Spanish Treasure Fleets|location=Sarasota, FL|publisher=Pineapple Press|year=2002|isbn=1-56164-049-2|page=80}}</ref>
[[File:James VI of Scotland as a Youth.jpg|120px|thumb|Young King James, taken hostage]]
* [[August 23]] &ndash; [[Raid of Ruthven]] in [[Scotland]]: [[Presbyterian]] nobles led by [[William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie]] kidnap [[James VI and I|King James VI of Scotland]], the kingdom's 16-year-old ruler, while he is hunting in [[Perthshire]]. The Earl of Gowrie imprisons the King at Ruthven Castle as part of a coup d'etat to reform the Scottish government.<ref>Steven J. Reid, "Of bairns and bearded men: James VI and the Ruthven Raid", by Miles Kerr-Peterson and Steven J. Reid, in ''James VI and Noble Power in Scotland 1578–1603'' (Routledge, 2017), pp. 32–44</ref>
* [[September 28]] &ndash; Ruthven and his co-conspirators arrange for [[John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell]], heir to former regent [[James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton]], to be installed as [[Scotland]]'s regent. Douglas had been executed in 1581 for the 1567 murder of [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]], husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and father of King James VI, who is imprisoned at Ruthven's castle.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 4]] (Julian) (October 14 Gregorian) &ndash; The [[Julian calendar]] is discarded at the end of the day in Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain as [[Pope Gregory XIII]] implements the [[Gregorian calendar]]. In the nations where the calendar is accepted, Thursday, October 4 is followed the next day by Friday, [[October 15]].<ref name=calendar/>
* [[October 26]] (Julian) (November 5 Gregorian) &ndash; General [[Yermak Timofeyevich]] completes the [[Russian conquest of Siberia]] in the [[Battle of Chuvash Cape]] as [[Kuchum Khan]] abandons [[Qashliq]], the capital of the [[Khanate of Sibir]].<ref>G. V. Lantzeff and R. A. Pierce, ''Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier, to 1750'' (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1973)</ref> The Qashliq fortress will be torn down and a new town, [[Tobolsk]] will be built {{convert|11|mi}} further up the [[Irtysh]] river.
* [[November 29]] &ndash; Ten years before he begins writing his first known plays, [[William Shakespeare]], 18 years old, marries pregnant 26-year-old [[Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare)|Anne Hathaway]] in England.<ref>{{cite web|first=Amanda|last=Mabillard|title=Shakespeare's Marriage|work=Shakespeare-Online|date=2000-08-20|accessdate=2024-03-25|url=https://www.shakespeare-online.com/biography/shakespearemarriage.html}}</ref>
* [[December 9]] (Julian) (December 19 Gregorian) &ndash; [[France]] discards the Julian Calendar at the end of the day and adopts the [[Gregorian Calendar]] at midnight. Sunday, December 9 is followed the next day in France by Monday, [[December 20]].<ref name=calendar/>

=== Date unknown ===
* The temple complex of [[Kumbum]] is founded in [[Tibet]].
* In [[Ming dynasty]] [[China]]:
** [[Jesuit]] [[Matteo Ricci]] is allowed to enter the country.
** The earliest reference is made to the publishing of private [[newspaper]]s in [[Beijing]].
* The sultanate of [[Morocco]] begins to press southward, in search of a greater share of the trans-Saharan trade.
* The [[1582 Cagayan battles|Cagayan battles]] in the Philippines, the only recorded clashes between Spanish regular soldiers and [[samurai]] warriors.</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
[[File:GeorgII.1615.JPG|thumb|110px|[[George II, Duke of Pomerania]]]]
[[File:Taichang.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Taichang Emperor]]]]
* [[January 6]]
** [[Alonso de Contreras]], Spanish privateer and writer (d. [[1641]])
** [[Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice]], Bohemian noble (d. [[1649]])
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Magdalene of Brandenburg]], Landgravine consort of Hesse-Darmstadt (1598–1616) (d. [[1616]])
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Lanfranco]], Italian painter (d. [[1647]])
* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[John Barclay (1582-1621)|John Barclay]], Scottish satirist and Latin poet (d. [[1621]])<ref>{{cite web |title=John Barclay {{!}} Scottish writer |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Barclay |website=Britannica |access-date=14 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[January 30]] &ndash; [[George II, Duke of Pomerania]] (d. [[1617]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Matthias Bernegger]], German philologist (d. [[1640]])
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] (d. [[1641]])
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[John Ratcliffe (soldier)|John Ratcliffe]], English politician and soldier (d. [[1627]])
* [[March 15]]
** [[Daniel Featley]], English theologian and controversialist (d. [[1645]])
** [[Deodat del Monte]], Flemish painter, architect (d. [[1644]])
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[John Williams (archbishop of York)|John Williams]], Welsh clergyman and political advisor to King James I (d. [[1650]])
* [[March 31]] &ndash; [[Duchess Sophie of Prussia]], Duchess consort of Courland (1609–1610) (d. [[1610]])
* [[April 8]] &ndash; ''(bapt.)'' [[Phineas Fletcher]], English poet (d. [[1650]])
* [[April 11]] &ndash; [[Justus de Harduwijn]], Dutch Catholic priest and poet (d. [[1636]])
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[Marco da Gagliano]], Italian composer of the early Baroque era (d. [[1643]])
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg]] (1608–1628) (d. [[1628]])
* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[Johannes Schultz (composer)|Johannes Schultz]], German composer (d. [[1653]])
* [[June 28]] &ndash; [[William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele]], English nobleman and politician (d. [[1662]])
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Sir John Isham, 1st Baronet]], English Member of Parliament (d. [[1651]])
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Sabina Catharina of East Frisia]], Countess of Rietberg (1586–1618) (d. [[1618]])
* [[August 17]] &ndash; [[John Matthew Rispoli]], major Maltese philosopher of great erudition (d. [[1639]])
* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[Humilis of Bisignano]], Italian Franciscan friar and saint (d. [[1637]])
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Maria Amalia of Nassau-Dillenburg]], German noble (d. [[1635]])
* [[August 28]]
** [[Taichang Emperor]], of the Ming Dynasty of China (d. [[1620]])
** [[Hans Meinhard von Schönberg]], German military commander (d. [[1616]])
* [[September 25]] &ndash; [[Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (1582–1620)|Archduchess Eleanor of Austria]] (d. [[1620]])
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Eitel Frederick von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]], German Catholic cardinal (d. [[1625]])
* [[October 2]] &ndash; [[Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach]], Count Palatine of Neuburg (1614–1632) (d. [[1632]])
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[Johann Gerhard]], Lutheran church leader (d. [[1637]])
* [[October 19]] &ndash; [[Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (born 1582)|Dmitri Ivanovich]], Russian Tsarevich (d. [[1591]])
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen (1582–1617)|John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen]], German general (d. [[1617]])
* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[Francesco Piccolomini (Jesuit)|Francesco Piccolomini]], Italian Jesuit (d. [[1651]])
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth Jane Weston]], English Czech poet (d. [[1612]])
* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[François Maynard]], French poet (d. [[1646]])
* [[November 27]] &ndash; [[Pierre Dupuy (scholar)|Pierre Dupuy]], French historian (d. [[1651]])
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt]], Archbishop of Mainz (d. [[1647]])
* [[December 10]] &ndash; [[William Chappell (bishop)|William Chappell]], Irish bishop (d. [[1649]])
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey]], English adventurer and soldier (d. [[1642]])
* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Severo Bonini]], Italian composer (d. [[1663]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stanley Sadie|author2=Alison Latham|title=The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HI4bAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA94|year=1988|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-43236-5|pages=94|language=en}}</ref>
* ''date unknown''
** [[Giovanni Francesco Abela]], Maltese writer (d. [[1655]])
** [[Giulio Alenio]], Italian Jesuit missionary (d. [[1649]])
** [[Gregorio Allegri]], Italian composer (d. [[1652]])
** [[John Bainbridge (astronomer)|John Bainbridge]], English astronomer (d. [[1648]])
** [[Richard Corbet]], English poet and bishop (d. [[1635]])
** [[William Juxon]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d. [[1663]])
** [[Thomas Moulson]], Lord Mayor of London (d. [[1638]])
** [[David Teniers the Elder]], Flemish painter (d. [[1649]])
** [[Francis Windebank]], English politician (d. [[1646]])
** [[Jacomina de Witte]], politically influential Dutch woman  (d. [[1661]])
** [[Jakub Zadzik]], Polish nobleman and diplomat (d. [[1642]])
* ''probable'' &ndash; [[Sigismondo d'India]], Italian composer (d. [[1629]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:odanobunaga.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Oda Nobunaga]]]]
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 138.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Teresa of Avila]]]]
[[File:Prinzen Don Diego, Sohn König Philipps II. von Spanien und Königin Annas von Österreich.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Diego, Prince of Asturias]]]]
[[File:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, III Duque de Alba, por Willem Key.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Fernando Álvarez de Toledo]]]]
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Jean Bauhin]], French physician (b. [[1511]])
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Thomas Platter]], Swiss humanist scholar (b. [[1499]])
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Sakuma Nobumori]], Japanese retainer and samurai (b. [[1528]])
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatine]] by marriage (1576-1582) (b. [[1539]])
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Juan Jauregui]], attempted assassin of [[William I of Orange]] (b. [[1562]])
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Daniel Brendel von Homburg]], Roman Catholic archbishop (b. [[1522]])
* [[March 29]] &ndash; [[Philip de' Medici]], Italian noble, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b. [[1577]])
* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Takeda Katsuyori]], Japanese daimyō of Takeda Clan (b. [[1546]])
* [[April 16]] &ndash; [[Oyamada Nobushige]], Japanese samurai (b. [[1545]])
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Francisco de Toledo]], Spanish soldier and politician (b. [[1515]])
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Giorgio Mainerio]], Italian composer (b. [[1530]])
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Charlotte of Bourbon]], Princess consort of Orange, married to [[William I of Orange]] (b. [[1547]])
* [[June 13]] &ndash; [[Matteo Tafuri]], Italian alchemist (b. [[1492]])
* [[June 21]]
** [[Oda Nobunaga]], Japanese daimyō of the Oda Clan (b. [[1534]]) (forced suicide)<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeroen Pieter Lamers|title=Japonius Tyrannus: The Japanese Warlord, Oda Nobunaga Reconsidered|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-CIg2yGJx8C|year=2000|publisher=Hotei Publishing|isbn=978-90-74822-22-0|pages=216–218}}</ref>
** [[Oda Nobutada]], Japanese samurai, oldest son of Nobunaga (b. [[1557]]) (forced suicide)
** [[Anayama Nobukimi]], Japanese military commander (b. [[1541]])
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Shimizu Muneharu]], Japanese military commander (b. [[1537]])
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Akechi Mitsuhide]], Japanese samurai and warlord (b. [[1528]])
* [[July 3]] &ndash; [[James Crichton]], Scottish scholar (b. [[1560]])
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Kawajiri Hidetaka]], Japanese samurai (b. [[1527]])
* [[July 17]] &ndash; [[Jacques Peletier du Mans]], French mathematician (b. [[1517]])
* [[September 23]] &ndash; [[Louis, Duke of Montpensier]] (b. [[1513]])
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[George Buchanan (humanist)|George Buchanan]], Scottish humanist scholar (b. [[1506]])
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Teresa of Ávila]], Spanish [[Carmelite]] nun, poet and saint (b. [[1515]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Tyler|title=Teresa of Avila: Doctor of the Soul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnFmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|date=10 April 2014|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-8784-0|pages=11|language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Laurent Joubert]], French physician (b. [[1529]])
* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[Diego, Prince of Asturias]], Portuguese prince (b. [[1575]])
* [[December 11]] &ndash; [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba]], Spanish general (b. [[1507]])
* ''Date unknown:''
** [[Wu Cheng'en]], Chinese novelist and poet of the [[Ming dynasty]]
** [[Hans Hendrik van Paesschen]], Flemish architect (b. [[1510]])
** [[Zhang Juzheng]], Ming dynasty official (b. [[1525]])
** [[Takeda Nobukado]], Japanese samurai (b. [[1529]])
** [[Sen Soulintha]], Laotian king of [[Lan Xang]] (b. [[1511]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1582}}
[[Category:1582| ]]