Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
1629
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}} {{Year dab|1629}} {{Year nav|1629}} [[File:Hillegaert, Frederik Hendrik en Ernst Casimir bij het beleg van Den Bosch, 1629, SK-A-607.jpg|thumb|300px|[[April 30]]: [[Frederick Henry of Orange|Frederick Henry]] and his cousin [[Ernest Casimir, Count of Nassau-Weilburg|Ernst Casimir]] of the Netherlands succeed in the [[Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch]].]] [[File:Privas in 1629 by Abraham Bosse.jpg|thumb|300px|[[May 28]]: The [[siege of Privas]] ends after 15 days as King [[Louis XIII of France]] suppresses the Huguenot rebellion.]] {{C17 year in topic}} {{Year article header|1629}} == Events == <onlyinclude> === January–March === * [[January 7]] – [[Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate]], the 15-year-old son of the German Palatinate elector, [[Frederick V of the Palatinate|Frederick V]], drowns in an accident while sailing to Amsterdam. * [[January 19]] – [[Abbas the Great]], one of the greatest rulers in Iranian history and the most powerful of the Safavid dynasty Shahs, dies after a reign of more than 40 years. * [[January 28]] – [[Safi of Persia|Sam Mirza]], son of the late [[Mohammad Baqer Mirza]] and grandson of [[Abbas the Great]], is crowned as the new Shah of Persia and takes the regnal name Safi. * [[February 11]] – [[Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)]]: Around 350 English [[Puritans]] on six ships, led by [[Francis Higginson]] in the ''[[Lyon's Whelp]]'', sail from [[Yarmouth, Isle of Wight]], heading to the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] in America. They arrive on June 19.<ref name=Higginson>{{cite book|last=Higginson|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Wentworth Higginson|title=Life of Francis Higginson, First Minister in the Massachusetts Bay Colony|publisher=Dodd, Mead, & Co|location=New York|year=1891|series=Makers of America|page=[https://archive.org/details/lifefrancishigg01higggoog/page/n80 69]|url=https://archive.org/details/lifefrancishigg01higggoog|access-date=2008-12-15}}</ref> * [[March 4]] – [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] is granted a [[royal charter]], and the colony is the first to be created in what will become the United States 150 years later, covering almost all of what will be the U.S. state of [[Massachusetts]]. * [[March 6]] – [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]] issues the [[Edict of Restitution]], ordering all [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] properties lost to [[Protestantism]] since 1552 to be restored. The Edict further provides that Catholics and [[Lutherans]] (but not [[Calvinism|Calvinists]], [[Hussite]]s or members of other [[Christian denomination|sects]]) are to be allowed to practice their faith. * [[March 10]] – [[Charles I of England]] dissolves [[Parliament of England|Parliament]], starting the [[Eleven Years' Tyranny]] === April–June === * [[April 30]] – [[Eighty Years' War]]: [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]] [[Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch|lays siege to]] [['s-Hertogenbosch]], one of Spain's most important fortresses along the Spanish–Dutch border. * [[May 14]]–[[May 28|28]] – [[Huguenot rebellions]]: After a [[Siege of Privas|15-day siege]], [[Louis XIII of France]] captures [[Privas]]. * [[May 23]] – [[Thirty Years' War]]: [[Christian IV of Denmark]] and [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]] sign the [[Treaty of Lübeck]], ending Denmark's involvement in the Thirty Years' War. * [[May 29]] – [[Thirty Years' War]]: Prince [[Frederick III of Denmark|Frederick of Denmark]], the [[Lutheran]] administrator of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Verden]], is expelled by the [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] as a result of the [[Edict of Restitution]]. He is replaced by the staunch [[catholic]] [[Francis of Wartenberg]]. * [[June 4]] – The [[Dutch East India Company]] ship ''[[Batavia (1628 ship)|Batavia]]'' is wrecked on a reef near [[Houtman Abrolhos|Beacon Island]], off Western Australia, on her maiden voyage to the Indies. Following mutiny among the survivors, two exiled murderers become the first Europeans to settle in Australia. Their subsequent fate is unknown.<ref>{{cite book|first=Geoffrey|last=Blainey|author-link=Geoffrey Blainey|title=The Tyranny of Distance|url=https://archive.org/details/tyrannyofdistanc00blai|url-access=registration|location=Melbourne|publisher=Sun Books|year=1966|isbn=0-7251-0019-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/tyrannyofdistanc00blai/page/5 5]}}</ref> * [[June 7]] – The Dutch States-General ratifies the [[Dutch West India Company]]'s [[Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions]], making it more attractive to invest in the [[colony]] of [[New Netherland]] in North America. * [[June 17]] ** [[Huguenot rebellions]]: [[Alès]] surrenders after [[Siege of Alès|an intense siege]]. As a result, the leader of the Huguenot Rebellions, the [[Henri, Duke of Rohan|Duke of Rohan]], surrenders. ** [[Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)]]: A Spanish expedition, led by [[Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Mendoza|Fadrique de Toledo]], [[Battle of St. Kitts (1629)|wipes out]] the English colony on [[Nevis]]. *[[June 19]] – [[Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)]]: The six ships of Puritans, led by [[Francis Higginson]] in the ''[[Lyon's Whelp]]'', arrive in America at [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]], to settle in the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. <ref name=Higginson/> * [[June 28]] – [[Huguenot rebellions]]: [[Louis XIII of France]] signs in his camp at Lédignan the [[Peace of Alès]], ending the Huguenot rebellions. The Huguenots are allowed religious freedom, but lose their political, territorial and military rights. === July–September === * [[July 19]] – [[Anglo-French War (1627–1629)]]: [[New France]]'s [[Samuel de Champlain]] surrenders the city of [[Quebec]] to an English force led by [[David Kirke]]. * [[July 20]] – In [[Morocco]], the city of [[Salé]] is bombarded by French Admiral [[Isaac de Razilly]] with a fleet composed of the ships Licorne, Saint-Louis, Griffon, Catherine, Hambourg, Sainte-Anne, Saint-Jean; his forces destroyed three corsair ships * [[July 24]] – [[Later Jin invasion of Joseon]]: In the [[Kingdom of Joseon]] (now Korea), Mao Wenlong is executed for smuggling and other crimes after being captured by Ming Chinese general [[Yuan Chonghuan]]. * [[August 19]] – [[Eighty Years' War]]: The Spanish garrison of [[Wesel]] is surprised by a small Dutch army, and the city is taken by the [[Dutch Republic]]. As Wesel functioned as the principal supply base of [[Hendrik van den Bergh (count)|Hendrik van den Bergh]]'s army, the loss of supply forces him to retreat to the [[Spanish Netherlands]], leaving him unable to intervene in the ongoing [[siege of 's-Hertogenbosch]]. * [[August 21]] – [[Huguenot rebellions]]: [[Montauban]], one of the last Huguenot strongholds, [[Surrender of Montauban|surrenders]] without a fight to [[Cardinal Richelieu|Richelieu]]'s troops. * [[August 26]] – The [[Cambridge Agreement]] is signed in the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] in America, providing for the colony to be under the control of stockholders who actually emigrate to New England. * [[August 29]] – As a result of the [[Cambridge Agreement]], the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] becomes a self-governing entity. * [[September 7]] – [[Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)]]: A Spanish expedition, led by [[Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Mendoza|Fadrique de Toledo]], [[Battle of St. Kitts (1629)|wipes out]] the English colony on [[St. Kitts]]. * [[September 14]] – [[Eighty Years' War]]: After [[Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch|a five-month-long siege]], [['s-Hertogenbosch]] surrenders to [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange|Frederick Henry]]. As a result of the capture of this key fortress, Spain's situation along the Spanish–Dutch border worsens greatly. * [[September 20]] – [[1629–1631 Italian plague]]: the plague arrives in the nation-state of [[Milan]] as German soldiers are granted a stay at the Forte di Fuentes. * [[September 22]] – (5 Safar 1039 AH) [[Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], who had become [[Emir of Mecca]] and [[King of the Hejaz]] by force 16 months earlier, is assassinated by order of Kansuh Pasha, Governor of Yemen. * [[September 25]] – [[Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)]]: [[Sweden]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] sign the [[Truce of Altmark]], ending the war in highly favourable terms for Sweden. === October–December === * [[October 2]] – In what is now the state of [[Western Australia]], administered at the time by the [[Dutch East India Company]], seven members of the crew of the ''Batavia'' are hanged on the [[Houtman Abrolhos|Abrolhos Islands]] for their massacre of 125 passengers and crew. * [[October 24]] – Portuguese Navy Captain [[Pedro Teixeira]] leads 2,000 men in the capture of [[Fort Taurege]] from England in what is now Brazil. * [[November 30]] – The [[St Etienne baronets]] [[British nobility]] title is created.<ref>{{cite web |title= Leigh Rayment's list of baronets |url=http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021184256/http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm |archive-date=21 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[December 22]] – (Kan'ei 6, 8th day of the 11th month) [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]] of Japan abdicates the throne in favor of his daughter, Princess Okiko, who becomes [[Empress Meishō]]. * [[December 23]] – [[Giovanni I Cornaro]], [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] of the Republic of Venice since 1625, dies and is succeeded by [[Nicolò Contarini]]. === Undated === * [[Fort Santo Domingo]] is built in [[Taiwan|Formosa]] by the [[Spanish East Indies]]. * [[Chongzhen Emperor|Chongzhen]], the Chinese emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]], reiterates the state prohibition against female [[infanticide]], while the empire and the Chinese economy begins to crumble. In the same year, a third of the [[courier]] stations are closed down due to lack of government funds to sustain them. * The rule of [[Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba]] ends. * Actresses are banned in Japan. * [[William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling]] briefly establishes a Scottish colony at [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port Royal]], Nova Scotia.</onlyinclude> *[[Province of New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] is established as a British colony. == Births == [[File:Bl-sebastian-valfre.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Sebastian Valfrè]]]] [[File:Christiaan Huygens-painting.jpeg|thumb|right|110px|[[Christiaan Huygens]]]] [[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Maharana Raj Singh - I.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Raj Singh I]]]] [[File:Melchor de Linan y Cisneros.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Melchor Liñán y Cisneros]]]] [[File:Jaswant Singh of Marwar.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jaswant Singh of Marwar]]]] === January–March === * [[January 2]] – [[Christian Scriver]], German hymnwriter (d. [[1693]]) * [[January 8]] – [[Sir William Hickman, 2nd Baronet]], Member of the House of Commons of England (d. [[1682]]) * [[January 13]] – [[Lelio Colista]], Italian composer and lutenist (d. [[1680]]) * [[January 16]] – [[Theodorick Bland of Westover]], American politician (d. [[1671]]) * [[January 23]] – [[Adolph, Prince of Nassau-Schaumburg]] and Count of Nassau-Schaumburg (1653–1676) (d. [[1676]]) * [[February 5]] – [[Henry Muddiman]], English journalist and publisher (d. [[1692]]) * [[February 16]] – [[Gert Miltzow]], Norwegian clergyman and historical writer (d. [[1688]]) * [[February 25]] – [[Francis Erdmann, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg]], Germany (d. [[1666]]) * [[February 26]] ** [[Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll]], Scottish peer (d. [[1685]]) ** [[Iver Leganger]], Norwegian priest, non-fiction writer (d. [[1702]]) * [[March 1]] – [[Abraham Teniers]], Flemish painter (d. [[1670]]) * [[March 5]] – [[Philip Howard (1629–1717)|Philip Howard]], English politician (d. [[1711]]) * [[March 8]] – [[Johannes Caioni]], Transylvanian Franciscan friar (d. [[1687]]) * [[March 9]] – [[Sebastian Valfrè]], Italian Oratorian priest (d. [[1710]]) * [[March 10]] – [[Metcalfe Robinson]], English politician (d. [[1689]]) * [[March 29]] – Tsar [[Alexis of Russia]] (d. [[1676]]) === April–June === * [[April 1]] – [[Jean-Henri d'Anglebert]], French harpsichordist and composer (d. [[1691]]) * [[April 7]] – [[John of Austria the Younger]], Spanish general (d. [[1679]]) * [[April 14]] – [[Christiaan Huygens]], Dutch scientist (d. [[1695]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Klaas Van Berkel|author2=Albert Van Helden|author3=L. C. Palm|title=The History of Science in the Netherlands: Survey, Themes and Reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jwjTsRu6AMC&pg=PA479|year=1999|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10006-7|pages=479|language=en}}</ref> * [[April 23]] – [[Jan Commelin]], Dutch botanist (d. [[1692]]) * [[May 8]] – [[Niels Juel]], Danish admiral (d. [[1697]]) * [[May 23]] – [[William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]] (1637–1663) (d. [[1663]]) * [[June 5]] – [[George Mason I]], American politician (d. [[1686]]) === July–September === * [[July 2]] – [[Elizabeth Claypole]], daughter of Oliver Cromwell (d. [[1658]]) * [[July 26]] – [[John Ferrers (died 1680)|John Ferrers]], English politician (d. [[1680]]) * [[July 27]] – [[Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy]], Princess of Savoy (d. [[1692]]) * [[August 6]] – [[Thomas Walcot]], British judge (d. [[1685]]) * [[August 10]] – [[Agostino Scilla]], Italian painter and scientist (d. [[1700]]) * [[August 12]] – [[Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria]], Austrian archduchess (d. [[1685]]) * [[August 17]] – King [[John III Sobieski]], of Poland (d. [[1696]]) * [[August 18]] – [[Agneta Horn]], Swedish writer (d. [[1672]]) * [[August 20]] – [[Matthew Wren (writer)|Matthew Wren]], English politician (d. [[1672]]) * [[August 31]] – [[Anna Margaret of Hesse-Homburg]], Duchess consort of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg (d. [[1686]]) * [[September 1]] – [[Dorothea Elisabeth Christiansdatter]], daughter of king Christian IV of Denmark (d. [[1687]]) * [[September 3]] ** [[Lady Mary Dering]], English composer (d. [[1704]]) ** [[Cornelis Tromp]], Dutch naval officer (d. [[1691]]) * [[September 4]] – [[Lorenzo Pasinelli]], Italian painter (d. [[1700]]) * [[September 10]] – [[John Heydon (astrologer)|John Heydon]], English Neoplatonist occult philosopher (d. [[1667]]) * [[September 17]] – [[Sir John Perceval, 1st Baronet]], Anglo-Irish nobleman (d. [[1665]]) * [[September 21]] – [[Philip Howard (cardinal)|Philip Howard]], English Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. [[1694]]) * [[September 24]] – [[Raj Singh I]], Maharaja of Mewar (d. [[1680]]) === October–December === * [[October 3]] ** [[Charles II, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat]], son of Charles of Gonzaga-Nevers of Rethel (d. [[1665]]) ** [[Armand Jean de Vignerot du Plessis]], French duke (d. [[1715]]) * [[October 7]] – [[George Ernest, Count of Erbach-Wildenstein]], Count of Erbach and Wildenstein (1647–1669) (d. [[1669]]) * [[October 10]] – [[Richard Towneley]], English mathematician and astronomer from Towneley near Burnley (d. [[1707]]) * [[October 11]] – [[Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti]], Frondeur (d. [[1666]]) * [[October 17]] – [[Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias]] (d. [[1646]]) * [[October 18]] – [[Lodewijk Meyer]], Dutch physician and scholar (d. [[1681]]) * [[October 21]] – [[Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg]], Swedish prince (d. [[1689]]) * [[October 28]] – [[Maria van Riebeeck]], South African settler (d. [[1664]]) * [[October 29]] – [[Agnes Block]], Dutch horticulturalist (d. [[1704]]) * [[November 1]] – [[Oliver Plunkett]], Irish saint (d. [[1681]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1MBVAAAAYAAJ|year=1931|publisher=Longmans, Green|page=189}}</ref> * [[November 11]] – [[Lodewijck van Ludick]], painter from the Northern Netherlands (d. [[1724]]) * [[November 20]] – [[Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] (d. [[1698]]) * [[December 2]] – [[Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg]], German Catholic cardinal (d. [[1704]]) * [[December 7]] – [[Ezekiel, Freiherr von Spanheim]], Swiss diplomat (d. [[1710]]) * [[December 11]] – [[Sir Baynham Throckmorton, 3rd Baronet]], English Member of Parliament (d. [[1681]]) * [[December 12]] – [[Symeon of Polotsk]], Belarusian churchman and poet (d. [[1680]]) * [[December 16]] – [[Ahasverus Fritsch]], German jurist, poet and hymn writer (d. [[1701]]) * [[December 19]] – [[Melchor Liñán y Cisneros]], Spanish Catholic archbishop (d. [[1708]]) * [[December 20]] – [[Pieter de Hooch]], Dutch painter (d. [[1684]]) * [[December 23]] – [[Paul Rycaut]], British diplomat (d. [[1700]]) * [[December 26]] – [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar]], ruler of Marwar in the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan (d. [[1678]]) === Date unknown === * [[Katherine Austen]], English diarist and poet (d. c. 1683) * Don [[John of Austria the Younger]], soldier (d. [[1679]]) * [[Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh|Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh (Roderick O'Flaherty)]], Irish chieftain and historian (d. [[1718]]) == Deaths == [[File:Piet Hein.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Piet Pieterszoon Hein|Piet Hein]]]] [[File:Pietro Bernini.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Pietro Bernini]]]] [[File:Jan Pieterszoon Coen.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]]]] * [[January 7]] – [[Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate]] (b. [[1614]]) * [[January 13]] – [[Sri Chand]], founder of the ascetic sect of Udasi (b. [[1494]]) * [[January 19]] – [[Abbas the Great]], 5th Safavid Shāh of Persia (b. [[1571]]) * [[January 23]] – [[Andreas Schott]], Flemish philologist, academic, linguist and Jesuit priest (b. [[1552]]) * [[January 27]] – [[Hieronymus Praetorius]], German composer (b. [[1560]])<ref>"Hieronymus Praetorius" in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. {{ISBN|1-56159-174-2}}</ref> * [[March 16]] – [[Countess Emilia of Nassau]], Dutch noble, daughter of [[William the Silent]] (b. [[1559]]) * [[March 23]] – [[Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland]], English politician (b. c. [[1580]]) * [[March 25]] – [[John Guy (governor)|John Guy]], English merchant venturer and first Governor of Newfoundland (b. [[1568]]) * [[March 26]] – [[Agnes of Brandenburg, Duchess of Pomerania]], later Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (b. [[1584]]) * [[March 27]] – [[George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes]], English noble, general and administrator (b. [[1555]]) * [[March 29]] – [[Jacob de Gheyn II]], Dutch painter and engraver (b. c. [[1585]]) * [[April 8]] – [[Willem Teellinck]], Dutch pastor (b. [[1579]]) * [[April 17]] – [[Catherine de' Medici, Governor of Siena]], Italian princess (b. [[1593]]) * [[May 5]] – [[Szymon Szymonowic]], Polish writer (b. [[1558]]) * [[May 19]] – [[Petrus Ryff]], Swiss scientist (b. [[1552]]) * [[May 30]] – [[Thomas Schreiber (innkeeper)|Thomas Schreiber]], German innkeeper and alleged witch (b. c. 1598) * [[June 18]] – [[Piet Pieterszoon Hein]], Dutch naval officer (b. [[1577]]) * [[July 6]] – [[Georg Friedrich von Greiffenklau]], Archbishop of Mainz (b. [[1573]]) * [[July 13]] – [[Caspar Bartholin the Elder]], Swedish physician and theologian (b. [[1585]]) * [[August 18]] – [[Vendela Skytte]], Swedish noble (b. [[1608]]) * [[August 29]] – [[Pietro Bernini]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1562]]) * [[September 11]] – [[Herman Hugo]], Dutch Jesuit priest, writer, military chaplain (b. [[1588]]) * [[September 13]] – [[Johannes Buxtorf]], German Calvinist theologian (b. [[1564]]) * [[September 21]] – [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]], Governor-General of the [[Dutch East Indies]] (b. [[1587]]) * [[September 22]] – [[Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex]], English noble (b. [[1573]]) * [[October 2]] ** [[Pierre de Bérulle]], French cardinal and statesman (b. [[1575]]) ** [[Antonio Cifra]], Italian composer (b. [[1584]]) * [[October 3]] – [[Giorgi Saakadze]], Georgian military commander (b. [[1570]]) * [[October 5]] – [[Heribert Rosweyde]], Dutch Jesuit hagiographer (b. [[1569]]) * [[October 13]] – [[Petrus Bertius]], Flemish theologian and scientist (b. [[1565]]) * November – [[Hendrick ter Brugghen]], Dutch painter (b. c. [[1558]]) * [[November 9]] – [[Sixtinus Amama]], Dutch Reformed theologian and orientalist (b. [[1593]]) * [[December 13]] – [[Mikołaj Oleśnicki the younger]], Polish noble (b. [[1558]]) * [[December 23]] – [[Giovanni I Cornaro]], Doge of Venice (b. [[1551]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Claudio Monteverdi|title=The Letters of Claudio Monteverdi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBVL9_1__ioC&pg=PA362|date=31 October 1980|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-23591-4|pages=362}}</ref> * ''date unknown'' – [[Antonio Vassilacchi]] ("Il Aliense"), Greek Venetian painter (b. [[1556]]) * ''probable'' – [[Sigismondo d'India]], Italian composer (b. c. 1582) == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1629}} [[Category:1629| ]]
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page
(
help
)
:
Template:C11–17 year in topic
(
edit
)
Template:C17 year in topic
(
edit
)
Template:Cite book
(
edit
)
Template:Cite web
(
edit
)
Template:ISBN
(
edit
)
Template:Reflist
(
edit
)
Template:Use mdy dates
(
edit
)
Template:Year article header
(
edit
)
Template:Year dab
(
edit
)
Template:Year nav
(
edit
)