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{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}} {{About year|1631}} {{more citations needed|date=August 2016}} {{Year nav|1631}} [[File:Magdeburg 1631.jpg|thumb|300px|[[May 20]]: The city of [[Magdeburg]] is [[Sack of Magdeburg|sacked]] by the [[Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor]] and 20,000 residents are killed]] [[File:Gustave Adolphe at Breitenfeld-Johann Walter-f3706497.jpg|thumb|300px|[[September 17]]: The first Protestant victory in the [[Thirty Years' War]] is accomplished by Sweden at the [[Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)|Battle of Breitenfeld]], almost four months after Tilly's massacre of Protestants at Magdeburg.]] [[File:Slag op het Slaak (Battle of the Slaak) 1631, Abraham de Verwer.jpg|thumb|300px|September 12–13: The Netherlands sinks 83 Spanish ships in the [[Battle of the Slaak]].]] {{C17 year in topic}} {{Year article header|1631}} == Events == <onlyinclude> === January–March === * [[January 23]] – [[Thirty Years' War]]: [[Sweden]] and [[Kingdom of France|France]] sign the [[Treaty of Bärwalde]], a military alliance in which France provides funds for the Swedish army invading northern Germany.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Meyer Setton|title=Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XN51y209fR8C&pg=PA50|year=1991|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-192-7|pages=50}}</ref> * [[February 5]] – Puritan leader [[Roger Williams]] arrives in [[Boston]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Reuben Aldridge Guild|title=Footprints of Roger Williams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gd94AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA7|year=1886|publisher=Tibbitts & Preston|pages=7}}</ref> * [[February 16]] – The [[Reval Gymnasium]] is founded in [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]], by Swedish king [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustavus II Adolphus]]. * [[February 20]] – A fire breaks out in [[Westminster Hall]], but is put out before it can cause serious destruction.<ref name=Fires>"Fires, Great", in ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'', Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p29</ref> * [[March 7]] – [[Ambrósio I of Kongo|Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga]], the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Kongo]] (in what is now [[Angola]]) dies after a reign of five years. * [[March 10]] – [[Al Walid ben Zidan]] becomes the new [[Sultan of Morocco]] upon the death of [[Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II]]. * [[March 20]] – The siege of the Protestant German city of [[Magdeburg]] by the [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] begins and lasts for more than two months before the city falls and the inhabitants are massacred. === April–June === * [[April 13]] – [[Thirty Years' War]]: [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]] [[Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder|defeats an imperial garrison]] at the city of [[Frankfurt an der Oder]]. * [[May 18]] – In [[Dorchester, Boston|Dorchester]], Boston, [[John Winthrop]] takes the oath of office, and becomes the first [[Governor of Massachusetts]]. * [[May 20]] – [[Thirty Years' War]]: After a two-month siege, the [[Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor]], under the command of [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly]] sacks the Protestant German city of [[Magdeburg]], and [[Sack of Magdeburg|massacres over 20,000 inhabitants]]. Shocked by the massacre, many Protestant states in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] decide to ally with [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]], and support his ongoing invasion. * [[May 28]] – [[William Claiborne]] sails from England to establish a trading post on [[Kent Island, Maryland|Kent Island]], the first English settlement in [[Maryland]].<ref>{{cite book|author=William R. Howell|title=The Government of Kent County, Maryland, Historical and Descriptive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84sB3pBbXlQC|year=1931|publisher=Published through the cooperation of Washington College|page=1}}</ref> * [[May 30]] ** [[Thirty Years' War]]: [[Bavaria]] and France sign the [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (1631)|Treaty of Fontainebleau]], forming a secret alliance; however, this does not last long. ** ''[[La Gazette (France)|Gazette de France]]'', the first weekly French newspaper, is published. * [[June 17]] – The death in childbirth of [[Mumtaz Mahal]] at [[Burhanpur]] causes her husband [[Shah Jahan]] to commission the [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]], as a [[mausoleum]] for her. Construction is started in [[1632]], and finished in [[1653]]. * [[June 19]] – [[War of the Mantuan Succession]]: The [[Treaty of Cherasco]] is signed, ending the War of the Mantuan Succession. * [[June 20]] – [[Algiers|Algerian]] pirates [[Sack of Baltimore|sack]] [[Baltimore, County Cork]], in Ireland. === July–September === * [[July 9]] – [[Koca Musa Pasha]], the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, arranges the murder of Emir Kitas Bey, commander of Turkish troops who had been scheduled to invade Persia. * [[July 16]] – The city of [[Würzburg]] is taken by [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]], putting an end to the [[Würzburg witch trial]]s, but not before an estimated 900 people from the city and its environs have been burned at the stake for [[witchcraft]]. * [[July 22]] – [[Thirty Years' War]] – [[Battle of Werben]]: [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]] defeats [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]], but not decisively. * [[August 22]] – The Treaty of Werben is signed as an alliance between [[Hesse-Cassel]] and [[Sweden]]. * [[August 29]] – (1 Safar 1041 A.H.) [[Abd Allah ibn Hasan]], [[Emir of Mecca]], abdicates in favor of two successors, his son [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah]] and his great-nephew [[Zayd ibn Muhsin]]. * [[August]] – [[Thirty Years' War]]: Running out of supplies, [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]] is forced to send his army into the [[Electorate of Saxony]] in order to secure supplies, as well as to force a reaction from [[John George I, Elector of Saxony|John George, Elector of Saxony]] and [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]]. * [[September 11]] – [[Thirty Years' War]]: As a result of [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]]'s invasion, [[John George I, Elector of Saxony|John George, Elector of Saxony]], who has until now stayed neutral, allies with [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]], in order to drive the Imperial army out of Saxony. * [[September 12]] – [[Eighty Years' War]] – [[Battle of Albrolhos]]: A Spanish fleet, under the command of Admiral [[Antonio de Oquendo]], defeats a Dutch fleet off the coast of [[Brazil]]. * [[September 13]]– [[Eighty Years' War]] – [[Battle of the Slaak]]: A Spanish fleet of 95 ships, carrying 5,500 soldiers tasked with taking over the Dutch Republic, is almost completely destroyed (with 83 ships sunk) the day after being intercepted by a Dutch fleet off of the coast of the Netherlands. * [[September 17]] – [[Thirty Years' War]] – [[Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)|Battle of Breitenfeld]]: [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]]'s Holy Roman Imperial army is decisively defeated by [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustavus II Adolphus]] of Sweden, shattering the imperial army of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and marking the first significant victory for the Protestants in the war. === October–December === * [[October 10]] – [[Thirty Years' War]]: A [[Saxony|Saxon]] army takes over [[Prague]]. * [[November 15]] – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden takes possession of Prague, capital of [[Bohemia]]. * [[November 21]] – In [[Venice]], a special mass celebrates the end of the [[1629–1631 Italian plague|two years of bubonic plague]] that had killed thousands of people. * [[November 29]] – The Treaty of Höchst is signed between King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, with Darmstadt giving up the fortress of Rüsselsheim in return for Sweden's recognition of Darmstadt's neutrality. * [[December 16]] – A [[volcanic eruption]] of [[Mount Vesuvius]] at [[Pompeii]] occurs, for the first time in several centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vesuvius {{!}} Facts, Location, & Eruptions |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vesuvius |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=April 7, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> * [[December 23]] – [[Thirty Years' War]]: [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustavus II Adolphus]] of Sweden takes the city of [[Mainz]], without any resistance. === Date unknown === * Publication of ** [[Moses Amyraut]]'s ''Traite des Religions''. ** {{ill|Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma|es|lt=Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma's}} ''Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke, by Antonio Colmenero. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/21271/21271-h/21271-h.htm |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> </onlyinclude> == Births == [[File:John Dryden by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[John Dryden]]]] [[File:Fr pap shadow.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Stanislaus Papczyński]]]] [[File:Christoffel Pierson door Arnoud van Halen.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Christoffel Pierson]]]] [[File:Johann Heinrich Roos 001.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Johann Heinrich Roos]]]] === January–March === * [[January 1]] or [[1632]] – [[Katherine Philips]], Anglo-Welsh poet (d. [[1664]])<ref>{{cite book|author=National Library of Wales|title=Cylchgrawn Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWQaAAAAMAAJ|year=1942|publisher=Council of the National Library of Wales|page=51|language=en}}</ref> * [[January 2]] – [[Anthonie van Borssom]], Dutch painter (d. [[1677]]) * [[January 6]] – [[Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton]], Scottish peeress (d. [[1716]]) * [[January 12]] – [[Hasanuddin of Gowa]], 16th Ruler of The [[Sultanate of Gowa]] (d. [[1670]]) * [[January 23]] – [[Vincent Houdry]], French Jesuit preacher and writer on ascetics (d. [[1729]]) * [[February 6]] – [[Edward Abney]], English politician (d. [[1727]]) * [[February 10]] – [[Louise of Anhalt-Dessau]], Duchess ''[[suo jure]]'' of Oława and Wołów (1672–1680) (d. [[1680]]) * [[February 22]] – [[Peder Syv]], Danish historian (d. [[1702]]) * [[March 3]] – [[Esaias Boursse]], Dutch painter (d. [[1672]]) * [[March 9]] – [[Claude-François Ménestrier]], French heraldist, Jesuit, courtier (d. [[1705]]) * [[March 13]] – [[Lodewijck Huygens]], Dutch diplomat (d. [[1699]]) * [[March 16]] – [[René Le Bossu]], French critic (d. [[1680]]) === April–June === * [[April 8]] – [[Cornelis de Heem]], Dutch painter (d. [[1695]]) * [[April 15]] ** [[Piero de Bonzi]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1703]]) ** [[Walter Vincent]], English politician (d. [[1680]]) * [[April 21]] – [[Francesco Maidalchini]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1700]]) * [[April 29]] – [[Joseph Bridger]], Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. [[1686]]) * [[May 2]] – [[John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl]] (d. [[1703]]) * [[May 4]] – [[William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton]], English politician (d. [[1680]]) * [[May 10]] – [[Flavio Chigi (1631–1693)|Flavio Chigi]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1693]]) * [[May 18]] – [[Stanislaus Papczyński]], Polish priest (d. [[1701]]) * [[May 19]] – [[Christoffel Pierson]], Dutch painter (d. [[1714]]) * [[May 28]] – [[Louis André (Jesuit)|Louis André]], French Jesuit priest, missionary and translator (d. [[1715]]) * [[May 29]] – [[Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth]], English politician, earl (d. [[1683]]) * [[June 13]] – [[Gilbert Hay, 11th Earl of Erroll]], Scottish noble (d. [[1674]]) * [[June 17]] – [[Gauharara Begum]], Mughal noblewoman (d. [[1706]]) * [[June 22]] – [[Francis Rombouts]], Dutch Mayor of New York City (d. [[1691]]) * [[June 25]] – [[António das Chagas]], Portuguese Franciscan friar and ascetical writer (d. [[1682]]) * [[June 26]] – [[Vincenzo Albrici]], Italian composer (d. [[1695]]) === July–September === * [[July 4]] – [[John Roettiers]], English engraver (d. [[1703]]) * [[July 15]] ** [[Richard Cumberland (philosopher)|Richard Cumberland]], English philosopher (d. [[1718]]) ** [[Jens Juel (diplomat)|Jens Juel]], Danish diplomat (d. [[1700]]) * [[August 5]] – [[Adam Adamandy Kochański]], Polish mathematician (d. [[1700]]) * [[August 7]] – [[Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet]], England (d. [[1679]]) * [[August 19]] ** [[Maffeo Barberini (1631–1685)|Maffeo Barberini]], Prince of Palestrina (d. [[1685]]) ** [[John Dryden]], English writer (d. [[1700]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Restoration and 18th-Century Drama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OD9dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|date=November 1, 1980|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-1-349-16422-6|pages=60|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[August 24]] – [[Philip Henry]], English minister (d. [[1696]]) * [[August 29]] – [[Henry Noris]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1704]]) * [[September 1]] – [[Anne Crawford-Lindsay]], Scottish noblewoman (d. [[1689]]) * [[September 6]] – [[Charles Porter (Lord Chancellor of Ireland)|Charles Porter]], English-born judge (d. [[1696]]) * [[September 29]] ** [[Richard Edlin]], English astrologer (d. [[1677]]) ** [[Johann Heinrich Roos]], Dutch painter (d. [[1685]]) === October–December === * [[October 1]] ** [[Toussaint de Forbin-Janson]], French Catholic cardinal and Bishop of Beauvais (d. [[1713]]) ** [[Eugene Maximilian, Prince of Hornes]] (d. [[1709]]) * [[October 3]] – [[Sebastian Anton Scherer]], German organist and composer (d. [[1712]]) * [[October 6]] – [[Emmanuel, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen]], German prince of the House of Ascania (d. [[1670]]) * [[October 12]] – [[George Saunderson, 5th Viscount Castleton]], English Member of Parliament (d. [[1714]]) * [[October 13]] – [[Richard Hampden]], English politician (d. [[1695]]) * [[October 18]] ** [[Heinrich Müller (theologian)|Heinrich Müller]], German theologian and writer (d. [[1675]]) ** [[Michael Wigglesworth]], American Puritan minister (d. [[1705]]) * [[October 22]] – [[Gilles Boileau]], French translator (d. [[1669]]) * [[October 26]] – [[Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch]], Hungarian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1707]]) * [[October 30]] – [[Pierre Beauchamp]], French choreographer, dancer and composer (d. [[1705]]) * [[November 4]] – [[Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange]] (d. [[1660]]) * [[November 10]] – [[Daniel Harvey (diplomat)|Daniel Harvey]], English merchant and politician (d. [[1672]]) * [[November 17]] – [[Marco d'Aviano]], Italian Capuchin friar (d. [[1699]]) * [[November 21]] – [[Catharina Questiers]], Dutch poet (d. [[1669]]) * [[November 28]] – [[Abraham Brueghel]], Flemish Baroque painter (d. [[1690]]) * [[December 14]] – [[Anne Conway (philosopher)|Anne Conway]], English philosopher (d. [[1679]]) * [[December 24]] ** [[Bernhard Gustav of Baden-Durlach]], Swedish general, Prince-Abbot of Fulda and Kempten, and cardinal (d. [[1677]]) ** [[Gabrielle Suchon]], French Catholic moral philosopher, feminist (d. [[1703]]) === Date unknown === * [[Joaquim Juncosa]], [[Carthusian monk]] and [[Baroque]] painter (d. [[1708]])<ref name="RealAcademia">{{cite web |last1=Miralpeix Vilamala |first1=Francesc |title=Joaquim Juncosa Donadeu |url=https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/46777/joaquim-juncosa-donadeu |publisher=Real Academia de la Historia |access-date=November 26, 2023}}</ref> * [[Klara Izabella Pacowa]], politically active Polish court official (d. [[1685]]) * [[William Stoughton (judge)|William Stoughton]], American judge at the Salem witch trials (d. [[1701]]) == Deaths == [[File:Gulden Cabinet -Jacob Matham p 475.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jacob Matham]]]] [[File:Houghton STC 22790 - Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles, John Smith.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]]]] * [[January 1]] – [[Thomas Hobson (postal carrier)|Thomas Hobson]], English carrier and origin of the phrase "[[Hobson's choice]]" (b. [[1544]]) * [[January 3]] – [[Michelagnolo Galilei]], Italian composer and lutenist, younger brother of [[Galileo Galilei]] (b. [[1575]]) * [[January 14]] – [[Charlotte of the Palatinate (1628–1631)|Charlotte of the Palatinate]], German noble (b. [[1628]]) * [[January 20]] – [[Jacob Matham]], Dutch artist (b. [[1571]]) * [[January 26]] – [[Louis Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard]] (1617–1631) (b. [[1586]]) * [[January 30]] – [[Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1561–1631)|Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]], duchess consort of Pomerania-Wolgast (1577–1592) (b. [[1561]]) * [[February 7]] – [[Gabriel Harvey]], English writer (b. c. 1552/3) * [[February 14]] – [[Tsugaru Nobuhira]], Japanese daimyō (b. [[1586]]) * [[March 24]] – [[Philipp Dulichius]], German composer (b. [[1562]]) * [[March 31]] – [[John Donne]], English writer and prelate (b. [[1572]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Donne|author2=Gary A. Stringer|title=The Variorum Edition of the Poetry of John Donne: The epigrams, epithalamions, epitaphs, inscriptions, and miscellaneous poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nGr41xRSQMC&pg=PA202|year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-31812-2|pages=202|language=en}}</ref> * [[March 28]] – [[Juan van der Hamen]], Spanish artist (b. [[1596]]) * [[April 2]] – [[Nicolò Contarini]], Doge of Venice (b. [[1553]]) * [[April 5]] – [[Sinibaldo Scorza]], Italian painter (b. [[1589]]) * [[April 23]] – [[Francesco Maria II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino]], last Duke of Urbino (b. [[1549]]) * [[May 6]] – [[Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington]], English politician (b. [[1570]]) * [[May 26]] – [[Enrico Caterino Davila]], Italian historian and diplomat (b. [[1576]]) * [[June 17]] – [[Mumtaz Mahal]], favorite wife of [[Shah Jahan]] (b. [[1593]]) * [[June 18]] – [[Robert Payne (died 1631)|Robert Payne]], English politician (b. [[1573]]) * [[June 21]] – [[John Smith of Jamestown]], English soldier and colonist (b. [[1580]]) * [[July 16]] – [[Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll]], Scottish noble (b. [[1564]]) * [[July 19]] – [[Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)|Cesare Cremonini]], Italian philosopher (b. [[1550]]) * [[July 28]] – [[Guillén de Castro y Bellvis]], Spanish dramatist (b. [[1569]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Merimee |first1=Ernest |title=Revival: A History of Spanish Literature (1930) |date=May 8, 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-34931-4 |page=205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUlaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT205 |language=en}}</ref> * [[August 3]] – [[Kim Jang-saeng]], Korean scholar and writer (b. [[1548]]) * [[August 8]] – [[Konstantinas Sirvydas]], Lithuanian religious leader (b. [[1579]]) * [[September 6]] – [[Honda Tadamasa]], Japanese daimyō (b. [[1575]]) * [[September 18]] – [[Countess Palatine Dorothea of Simmern]] (b. [[1581]]) * [[September 21]] – [[Federico Borromeo]], Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (b. [[1564]]) * [[October 14]] – [[Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow]], queen and regent of Denmark (b. [[1557]]) * [[October 20]] – [[Michael Maestlin]], German astronomer and mathematician (b. [[1550]]) * [[October 26]] – [[Catherine de Parthenay]], French noblewoman and mathematician (b. [[1554]]) * [[October 28]] – [[Sir Richard Beaumont, 1st Baronet]], English politician (b. [[1574]]) * [[November 1]] – [[Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria]] (b. [[1589]]) * [[November 7]] – [[Patrick Fleming (Franciscan)|Patrick Fleming]], Irish Franciscan friar and scholar (murdered) (b. [[1599]]) * [[November 29]] – [[Edmond Richer]], French theologian (b. [[1559]]) * [[December 5]] – [[Tommaso Caracciolo]], Field Marshal of Spanish forces in the [[Thirty Years' War]] (b. [[1572]]) * [[December 7]] – [[Johannes Hartmann]], German chemist (b. [[1568]]) * [[December 9]] – [[Liborius Wagner]], German Roman Catholic priest (b. [[1593]]) * [[December 10]] – [[Hugh Myddelton]], Welsh businessman (b. [[1560]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bernard Rudden|author2=Professor of Comparative Law Bernard Rudden|title=The New River: A Legal History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB2yAAAAIAAJ|date=May 16, 1985|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-825497-3|page=42|language=en}}</ref> * [[December 23]] – [[Michael Drayton]], English poet (b. [[1563]]) * [[December 30]] – [[Frederick Achilles, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt]] (b. [[1591]]) == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1631}} [[Category:1631| ]]
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