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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}} {{Year dab|1634|the novels by [[Eric Flint]]|1632 series}} {{refimprove|date=August 2021}} {{Year nav|1634}} [[File:Ermordung-wallensteins-in-eger-anonymer-kupferstich 1-640x370.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[February 25]]: [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]], dismissed as the supreme commander of the Army of the Holy Roman Emperor, is assassinated]]. [[File:Jan van der Hoecke - The Battle of Nördlingen, 1634.jpg|thumb|300px|[[September 6]]: The Imperial army defeats the Army of Sweden at the [[Battle of Nördlingen (1634)|Battle of Nördlingen]]]] {{C17 year in topic}} {{Year article header|1634}} == Events == <onlyinclude> === January–March === * [[January 12]] – After suspecting that he will be dismissed, [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]], supreme commander of the Holy Roman Empire's Army, demands that his colonels sign a declaration of personal loyalty. * [[January 14]] – France's ''Compagnie normande'' obtains a one-year monopoly on trade with the African kingdoms in Guinea. * [[January 19]] – [[Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine]] abdicates in favor of his brother [[Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine|Nicholas II]], who is only able to hold the duchy for 75 days. * [[January 24]] – [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]], signs a classified order dismissing [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]], the supreme commander of the Imperial Army. * [[February 18]] – Emperor Ferdinand II's dismissal of Commander Wallenstein for high treason, and the order for his capture, dead or alive, is made public. * [[February 25]] – Rebel Scots and Irish soldiers assassinate [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] military leader [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]] at [[Cheb]]. * [[March 1]] – The Russians vacate their camp, ending the [[Siege of Smolensk (1632–33)|Siege of Smolensk]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Black | first = Jeremy | title = European warfare, 1494-1660 | publisher = Routledge | location = London; New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 9781134477098 | page=137 | language=en}}</ref> * [[March 4]] – Belgian scientist [[Jan Baptist van Helmont]] is interrogated by the [[Spanish Inquisition]] and put under house arrest for his experiments into [[Photosynthesis|plant growth]].<ref>Allen G. Debus, ''The Chemical Philosophy'' (Dover Publications, 2013) p. 310</ref> * [[March 25]] – [[Leonard Calvert]] arrives in [[Maryland]], with [[Jesuit]] missionaries [[Andrew White (Jesuit)|Andrew White]], John Altham Gravenor, and Thomas Gervase, establishing [[St. Mary's City, Maryland|St. Mary's]] as the fourth permanent settlement in [[British North America]]. In this year they also establish an institution of higher learning there, which later becomes [[Georgetown University]], the United States's oldest university. === April–June === * [[April 1]] – [[Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine|Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine]], who assumed rule of the duchy on January 19 upon the abdication of his older brother [[Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine|Charles IV]] abdicates in favor of Charles. * [[April 14]] – The [[Battle of Amritsar (1634)|Battle of Amritsar]] begins in India when Mughal Empire troops attempt to eliminate the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] religious leader, [[Guru Hargobind]], by attacking Amritsar. The Sikh defenders hand the Mughal invaders an unprecedented defeat. * [[May 2]] – With Albrecht Wallenstein having been eliminated, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II personally takes command of the Imperial Army. * [[May 5]] – King Charles I of England and Scotland first refers to the banner of the British Isles as the "Union Flag" in a proclamation that the flag shall not be used on any ships other than those "in our immediate Service and Pay, and none other." The term evolves into the description of the British flag as the "[[Union Jack]]". * [[June 14]] – The [[Treaty of Polyanovka]] is signed between the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] and the [[Tsardom of Russia]], concluding the [[Smolensk War]]. === July–September === * [[July 4]] – The city of [[Trois-Rivières]] is founded in [[New France]], in what is the modern-day Canadian province of [[Quebec]]. * [[August 18]] – In France, [[Urbain Grandier]], accused of wizardry, is burned alive in [[Loudun]]. * [[August]] (prob.) – [[Jean Nicolet]] becomes the first European to set foot in what is now the U.S. state of [[Wisconsin]]. He is in search of a water-route to the Pacific, when he lands at [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] of [[Lake Michigan]]. * [[September 6]] – The [[Battle of Nördlingen (1634)|Battle of Nördlingen]] ends after two days with a decisive victory for the [[Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor|Imperial Army]] and [[Habsburg Spain]] over the Army of Sweden and Protestant German troops.<ref>{{cite book | last = Asbach | first = Olaf | title = The Ashgate research companion to the Thirty Years' War | publisher = Routledge | location = London; New York | year = 2016 | isbn = 9781317041351 |page=291}}</ref> * [[September 12]] – A gunpowder factory [[1634 Valletta explosion|explodes]] in [[Valletta]], Malta, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings. === October–December === * [[October 11]] – The [[Burchardi flood]] (also known as the second Grote Mandrenke) strikes the North Sea coast of Germany and Denmark, causing at least 8,000 deaths and perhaps as many as 12,000. * [[November 11]] – The [[Irish House of Commons]] passes an Act for the Punishment of the Vice of [[Buggery]]. * [[December 8]] – Francesco Niccolini obtains an audience with [[Pope Urban VIII]] and pleads him to reconsider the Church's punishment of astronomer [[Galileo Galilei]]. The Pope replies that although he esteems Galileo highly, nothing will change. <ref>Karl von Gebler, ''Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia, From Authentic Sources'' (DigiCat, 2022)</ref> * [[December 16]] – [[Gregorio Panzani]], an emissary of [[Pope Urban VIII]], is welcomed in England by King Charles I,<ref> "Relations between the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches in the 16th and 17th Centuries, by D.M. Loades, in ''Rome and the Anglicans: Historical and Doctrinal Aspects of Anglican-Roman Catholic Relations'' by J. C. H. Aveling (Walter De Gruyter, 2019) p.41,</ref> marking the first time since England's break with the Roman Catholic Church that a monarch has received an agent of the Vatican. === Date unknown === * [[Curaçao]] is captured by the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]]. * The English establish a settlement at Cochin (modern-day [[Kochi]]) on the [[Malabar Coast]]. * Suspecting that Patriarch [[Afonso Mendes]] played a part in the Portuguese assault on [[Mombasa]], Emperor [[Fasilides]] expels him and several [[Jesuit]] missionaries from [[Ethiopia]]. * The ''[[Académie Française]]'' is formed by [[Cardinal Richelieu]] (it will be formally established in [[1635]]). * The first performance of the [[Oberammergau Passion Play]] is held in [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]]. * [[Moses Amyraut]]'s ''Traité de la predestination'' is published. * The [[Paulaner Brewery]] is established in [[Munich]], by [[Minim (religious order)|Minim]] [[friar]]s.</onlyinclude> == Births == [[File:GeorgeBull.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[George Bull]]]] [[File:1634 Albertina Agnes.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau]]]] [[File:Johannes Camphuys (1685).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Johannes Camphuys]]]] [[File:LucaGiordano1692c-Self-portrait-Naples.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Luca Giordano]]]] === January–March === * [[January 1]] – [[Fleetwood Sheppard]], English poet (d. [[1698]]) * [[January 7]] ** [[Sophia Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt]], Landgravine consort of Hesse-Homburg (d. [[1663]]) ** [[Adam Krieger]], German composer (d. [[1666]]) ** [[Katarzyna Sobieska]], Polish noble (d. [[1694]]) * [[January 16]] – [[Dorothe Engelbretsdotter]], Norway's first professional female author (d. [[1716]]) * [[January 25]] – [[Gaspar Fagel]], Dutch statesman (d. [[1688]]) * [[January 30]] – [[Johann Hugo von Orsbeck]], Archbishop-Elector of Trier (d. [[1711]]) * [[February 2]] – [[Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena]], Italian noble (d. [[1662]]) * [[February 5]] – [[Maria Antonia Scalera Stellini]], Italian poet (d. [[1704]]) * [[February 6]] – [[George Christian, Prince of East Frisia]], prince of Ostfriesland (d. [[1665]]) * [[February 7]] – [[Robert Robartes, Viscount Bodmin]], English diplomat and politician (d. [[1682]]) * [[February 8]] – [[Teodósio, Prince of Brazil]], Brazilian prince (d. [[1653]]) * [[March 4]] – [[Kazimierz Łyszczyński]], Polish philosopher (d. [[1689]]) * [[March 11]] – [[Nicholas Gassaway]], Colonel, Maryland Provincial Forces (d. [[1691]]) * [[March 12]] – [[Cornelis Kick]], Dutch painter (d. [[1681]]) * [[March 18]] – [[Marie-Madeleine de La Fayette]], French novelist (d. [[1693]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Fayette | first = La | title = The princesse de Clèves ; The princesse de Montpensier ; The comtesse de Tende | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780192837264 | page=xxxvi }}</ref> * [[March 20]] – [[Balthasar Bekker]], Dutch minister and author of philosophical and theological works (d. [[1698]]) * [[March 23]] – [[Philip Smythe, 2nd Viscount Strangford]], English Member of Parliament (d. [[1708]]) * [[March 25]] – [[George Bull]], English theologian and Bishop of St David's (d. [[1710]]) * [[March 26]] – [[Domenico Freschi]], Italian opera composer, Catholic priest (d. [[1710]]) * [[March 28]] – [[Sir Richard Temple, 3rd Baronet]], English Member of Parliament (d. [[1697]]) === April–June === * [[April 3]] – [[Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski]], Polish noble (d. [[1702]]) * [[April 8]] ** [[John Adolphus, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön]], German duke (d. [[1704]]) ** [[Joseph Alleine]], English Nonconformist pastor, author (d. [[1668]]) * [[April 9]] – [[Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau]], Regent of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe (1664–1679) (d. [[1696]]) * [[April 14]] – [[Sir John Reresby, 2nd Baronet]], 17th-century English politician and diarist (d. [[1689]]) * [[April 25]] – [[Robert Montagu, 3rd Earl of Manchester]], English politician (d. [[1683]]) * [[May 4]] – [[Lady Katherine Ferrers]], English aristocrat and heiress (d. [[1660]]) * [[May 7]] – [[Richard Legh]], English politician (d. [[1687]]) * [[May 8]] – [[Alexander Stuart, 5th Earl of Moray]], Scottish nobleman (d. [[1701]]) * [[June 1]] – [[Roeloff Swartwout]], American city founder in New York (d. [[1715]]) * [[June 6]] – [[Maria Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp]], Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. [[1665]]) * [[June 14]] – [[Nathaniel Bond]], English politician (d. [[1707]]) * [[June 20]] – [[Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy]] (d. [[1675]]) * [[June 27]] – [[Andreas Cleyer]], German physician, pharmacist, botanist, and trader of the Dutch East India Company (d. [[1698]]) === July–September === * [[July 3]] – [[Countess Palatine Dorothea Catherine of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler]], Countess of Nassau-Ottweiler (d. [[1715]]) * [[July 8]] – [[Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory]] (d. [[1680]]) * [[July 12]] – [[John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach]], German duke (d. [[1686]]) * [[July 14]] – [[Pasquier Quesnel]], French Jansenist theologian (d. [[1719]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge|publisher=W. & R. Chambers|year=1926|page=505}}</ref> * [[July 18]] – [[Johannes Camphuys]], Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. [[1695]]) * [[July 23]] – [[Sir John Hoskyns, 2nd Baronet]], English politician (d. [[1705]]) * [[August 12]] – [[Adam Colonia]], Dutch Golden Age painter (d. [[1685]]) * [[August 16]] – [[Johann Daniel Major]], German professor of theoretical medicine (d. [[1693]]) * [[August 24]] – [[Mary Eastey]], American witch (d. [[1692]]) * [[August 31]] – [[Paul Amman]], German physician, botanist (d. [[1691]]) * [[September 4]] – [[Robert South]], English churchman known for his combative preaching (d. [[1716]]) * [[September 6]] – [[Thomas Tryon]], British hat maker (d. [[1703]]) * [[September 7]] – [[Sir Richard Bulkeley, 1st Baronet]], Irish politician (d. [[1685]]) * [[September 22]] – [[Christiana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]], duchess consort of Saxe-Merseburg (1650–1691) (d. [[1701]]) === October–December === * [[October 10]] – [[Jan van Neck]], Dutch painter (d. [[1714]]) * [[October 18]] – [[Luca Giordano]], Italian late Baroque painter and printmaker in etching (d. [[1705]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Bissell | first = R | title = Masters of Italian Baroque painting : the Detroit Institute of Arts | publisher = Detroit Institute of Arts, in association with D Giles Ltd., London | location = Detroit | year = 2005 | isbn = 9781904832058 | page=98 }}</ref> * [[November 6]] – [[Giuseppe Ghezzi]], Italian painter (d. [[1721]]) * [[November 7]] – [[Francis Winnington (Solicitor-General)|Francis Winnington]], Solicitor-General for England and Wales (d. [[1700]]) * [[November 23]] – [[Paulet St John, 3rd Earl of Bolingbroke]], English politician (d. [[1711]]) * [[November 25]] – [[Richard Slater]], English politician (d. [[1699]]) * [[November 27]] – [[Roger Toothaker]], victim of the Salem witch trials (d. [[1692]]) * [[November 28]] – [[Marie Luise von Degenfeld]], morganatic second wife of [[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine]] of Germany (d. [[1677]]) * [[December 15]] – [[Thomas Kingo]], Danish bishop (d. [[1703]]) * [[December 22]] – [[Mariana of Austria]] (d. [[1696]]) * [[December 31]] – [[Hotta Masatoshi]], Japanese rōjū to Shōgun Tokugawa Ietsuna (d. [[1684]]) == Deaths == [[File:Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt - Portrait of the Duke of Wallenstein.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Albrecht von Wallenstein]]]] [[File:Hendrick_Avercamp.jpg|110px|thumb|Hendrick Avercamp]] * [[January 17]] – [[Albert Szenczi Molnár]], Hungarian translator (b. [[1574]]) * [[February 15]] – [[Anna Maria of Ostfriesland]], German noblewoman (b. [[1601]]) * [[February 25]] – [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]], Bohemian general (assassinated) (b. [[1583]]) * [[March 23]] – [[Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea]], English countess (b. [[1556]]) * [[April 2]] – [[Maria Celeste]], Italian nun, daughter of [[Galileo Galilei]] (b. [[1600]]) * [[April 8]] – [[Giovanni Srofenaur]], Italian musician (b. [[1580]]) * [[May 12]] – [[George Chapman]], English author (b. c.[[1559]])<ref>{{cite book|author=O. Classe|title=Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: A-L.|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=2000|page=261}}</ref> * [[May 15]] ''(bur.)'' – [[Hendrick Avercamp]], Dutch painter (b. [[1585]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Luijten | first = Ger | title = Dawn of the golden age : northern Netherlandish art, 1580-1620 | publisher = Rijksmuseum Waanders Yale University Press distributor | location = Amsterdam Zwolle New Haven | year = 1993 | isbn = 9780300060164 |page=299}}</ref> * [[June 22]] – [[Johann von Aldringen]], Austrian field marshal (b. [[1588]]) * [[June 25]] – [[John Marston (playwright)|John Marston]], English dramatist (b. [[1576]]) * [[July 25]] – [[Francesco de' Medici (1614–1634)|Francesco de' Medici]], Tuscan prince (b. [[1614]]) * [[August 9]] – [[William Noy]], English jurist (b. [[1577]]) * [[August 11]] – [[Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] (b. [[1591]]) * [[August 18]] – [[Urbain Grandier]], French priest (b. [[1590]]) * [[September 3]] – [[Edward Coke]], English colonial entrepreneur and jurist (b. [[1552]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Fritze | first = Ronald | title = Historical dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689 | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, CT | year = 1996 | isbn = 9780313283918 | page=109}}</ref> * [[September 6]] – [[Frederick III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach]] (b. [[1616]]) * [[September 26]] – [[Dorothea of Anhalt-Zerbst]], Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. [[1607]]) * [[October 6]] – [[Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen]], Swedish general in the Thirty Years' War (b. [[1597]]) * [[October 8]] – [[Francis Julius of Saxe-Lauenburg]], Prince (b. [[1584]]) * [[October 19]] – [[Agnes of Jesus]], French Catholic nun (b. [[1602]]) * [[November 11]] - [[Marina of Omura|Saint Marina of Omura]], Japanese [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[Third order|tertiary]] and one of the [[16 Martyrs of Japan]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beutner |first=Dawn Marie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-r5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Marina+of+Omura&pg=PA417 |title=Saints: Becoming an Image of Christ Every Day of the Year |date=2020 |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-1-62164-341-8 |pages=417 |language=en}}</ref> * [[November 14]] – [[Sophia of Holstein-Gottorp]], Regent of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1603–1608) (b. [[1569]]) * [[November 19]] – [[Alexander Charles Vasa]], 5th son of King [[Sigismund III Vasa]] (b. [[1614]]) * [[November 20]] – [[Anna Maria of Solms-Sonnewalde]], Countess consort of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b. [[1585]]) * [[December 7]] - [[Đào Duy Từ]], Vietnamese scholar, poet, military adviser, and mandarin under [[Nguyễn lords|Nguyễn lord]] [[Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên]] * [[December 11]] – [[Fadrique de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza]], Spanish noble and admiral (b. [[1580]]) * [[December 25]] ** [[Count Walter Butler]], Irish immigrant living in Germany (b. 1600s)<ref>{{cite web |title=Walter Butler Saves the Holy Roman Empire |url=https://surnamearts.com/history/butler/count-walter-butler/ |website=Surname Arts |access-date=22 December 2023 |date=24 November 2021}}</ref> ** [[Lettice Knollys]], English noblewoman (b. [[1543]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Day |first1=Rosemary |title=The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age |date=26 July 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-96253-0 |pages=1585 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgKSouk9fHUC&pg=PA1585 |language=en}}</ref> * [[December 29]] – [[John Albert Vasa]], Polish bishop (b. [[1612]]) * ''date unknown'' ** [[Adriano Banchieri]], Italian composer (b. [[1568]]) ** [[Johan Bara]], Dutch painter, engraver (b. c. [[1581]]) == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1634}} [[Category:1634| ]]
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