Editing 1637

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1637}}
{{Year nav|1637}}
[[File:Mystic Massacre 1637 Destruction Of The Pequots in Connecticut.png|300px|thumb|[[May 26]]: The [[Mystic massacre]], at least 400 members of the Pequot Indian tribe are killed by English settlers and their Narragansett and Mohican allies, in what is now the U.S. state of Connecticut.]]
{{C17 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1637}}

== Events ==

===January&ndash;March===
* [[January 5]] &ndash; [[Pierre Corneille]]'s [[tragicomedy]] ''[[Le Cid]]'' is first performed, in [[Paris]], [[Kingdom of France|France]].
* [[January 16]] &ndash; The [[siege of Nagpur]] ends in the modern-day [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]], as Kok Shah, the [[Gonds of Deogarh|King of Deogarh]], surrenders his kingdom to the [[Mughal Empire]].
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen]] arrives from the Netherlands to become the Governor of [[Dutch Brazil]], and extends the range of the colony over the next six years.
* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[Qing invasion of Joseon]]: The Manchu armies of China complete their invasion of northern Korea with the surrender of [[Injo of Joseon|King Injo]] of the [[Joseon|Joseon Kingdom]].
* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Tulip mania]] collapses in the [[Dutch Republic]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Leyster | first = Judith | title = Judith Leyster : a Dutch master and her world | publisher = Waanders Publishers Worcester Art Museum | location = Zwolle Worcester, Massachusetts | year = 1993 | isbn = 9789066302709 | page=214 | language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]] becomes [[Holy Roman Emperor]] upon the death of his father, [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]], although his formal coronation does not take place until later in the year.<ref>{{cite book | last = LastName | first = FirstName | title = Britannica concise encyclopedia | publisher = Encyclopaedia Britannica | location = Chicago | year = 2006 | isbn = 9781593394929 | page=666}}</ref>
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Eighty Years' War]]: [[Battle off Lizard Point]] &ndash; Off the coast of [[Cornwall]], [[Kingdom of England|England]], a [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] fleet intercepts an Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44 vessels escorted by six warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them.
* [[March 6]] &ndash; The world's first [[opera]] house, ''[[Teatro San Cassiano]]'', opens in [[Venice]] with the premiere of ''L'Andromeda'', with music by [[Francesco Manelli]] and libretto by [[Benedetto Ferrari]].<ref>Mark Ringer, ''Opera's First Master: The Musical Dramas of Claudio Monteverdi'' (Amadeus Press, 2006) p. 130</ref>
* [[March 25]] &ndash; The [[Blessed Virgin]] is proclaimed [[Queen of Genoa]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Hatton | first = Ragnhild | title = Royal and republican sovereignty in early modern Europe : essays in memory of Ragnhild Hatton | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge England New York, NY, USA | year = 1997 | isbn = 9780521419109 | page=294 }}</ref>

===April&ndash;June===
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Plymouth Colony]] grants the "tenn menn of Saugust" a new settlement on Cape Cod, later named [[Sandwich, Massachusetts]].
* [[April 30]] &ndash; King [[Charles I of England]] issues a proclamation, attempting to stem [[emigration]] to the North American colonies.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=177–178|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Pequot War]]: [[Mystic massacre]] &ndash; A band of English settlers under Captain [[John Mason (c. 1600–1672)|John Mason]], and their [[Narragansett people|Narragansett]] and [[Mohegan people|Mohegan]] allies, set fire to a fortified village of the [[Mashantucket Pequot Tribe]] near the [[Mystic River]]. Between 400 and 700 people, mostly women, children and old men, are killed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vowell|first=Sarah|author-link=Sarah Vowell|title=The Wordy Shipmates|year=2008|publisher=Riverhead Books|isbn=978-1-59448-999-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/wordyshipmates00vowe |pages=190–193}}</ref>
* [[May]] &ndash; Chinese [[encyclopedist]] [[Song Yingxing]] publishes his ''Tiangong Kaiwu'' ("Exploitation of the Works of Nature"), considered one of the most valuable encyclopedias of classical China.
* [[June 27]] &ndash; The first English venture to China is attempted by Captain [[John Weddell]], who sails into port in [[Macau]] and [[Guangzhou|Canton]] during the late [[Ming dynasty]] with six ships. The voyages are for trade, which is dominated here by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] (at this time combined with the [[Spanish Empire|power of Spain]]). He brings 38,421 pairs of [[eyeglasses]], perhaps the first recorded European-made eyeglasses to enter China.<ref>[[Timothy Brook (historian)|Brook, Timothy]] (1998). ''[[The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China]]'' p. 57. {{ISBN|0520221540}}.</ref>

===July&ndash;September===
* [[July 23]]
** After a court battle, King [[Charles I of England]] hands over title to the North American colony of [[Massachusetts]] to Sir [[Ferdinando Gorges]], one of the founders of [[Plymouth Council for New England]].
** Introduction of a new ''[[Scottish Prayer Book (1637)|Scottish Prayer Book]]'' is met with widespread demonstrations, notably that of [[Jenny Geddes]] at [[St Giles' Cathedral]], [[Edinburgh]], who is said to have thrown a stool at the Dean's head.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey|editor-last1=Hefling|editor-first1=Charles|editor-last2=Shattuck|editor-first2=Cynthia|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-529762-1|last=Spinks|first=Bryan D.|author-link=Bryan D. Spinks|chapter=From Elizabeth I to Charles II}}</ref>
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Adam Olearius]], sent along with [[Philipp Crusius]] and [[Otto Brüggemann (merchant)|Otto Bruggemann]] by the German [[Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]] to establish a trade deal with Persia, is welcomed by the Safavid ruler, the [[Safi of Persia|Shah Safi]] at the Persian capital, [[Isfahan]].
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Eighty Years' War]]: A force of 17,000 Spanish troops, led by the [[Spanish Netherlands]] Governor-General, [[Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria|Don Fernando de Austria]], recaptures the city of [[Venlo]] from the Dutch Republic after [[Siege of Venlo (1637)|a five-day siege]] 
* [[August 29]] &ndash; Fighting in the modern-day West African nation of [[Ghana]], troops of the Dutch West India Company capture the Portuguese territory of the Gold Coast after the five-day [[Battle of Elmina (1637)|Battle of Elmina]].  
* [[September 29]] &ndash; The last five of the "[[16 Martyrs of Japan]]" are executed for illegally attempting to spread Christianity in Japan. [[Lorenzo Ruiz]], [[Guillaume Courtet]], Michael de Aozaraza, Vincent Shiwozuka and Lazarus of Kyoto are all put to death by the slow hanging torture of ''[[ana-tsurushi]]''. They will be canonized 350 years later as saints of the Roman Catholic Church, on October 18, 1987.

===October&ndash;December===
* [[October 13]] &ndash; English [[Royal Navy]] [[first-rate]] [[ship of the line]] {{ship|English ship|Sovereign of the Seas||2}} is launched at [[Woolwich Dockyard]] at a cost of £65,586, adorned from stern to bow with gilded carvings, after a design by [[Anthony van Dyck]].
* [[November 18]] &ndash; The coronation as the new [[Holy Roman Emperor]] of [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, takes place in [[Vienna]]. 
* [[December 17]] &ndash; The [[Shimabara Rebellion]] erupts in Japan, when 30,000 peasants in the heavily [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] area of northern [[Kyūshū]] revolt.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Pierre de Fermat]] makes a [[Mathematical notation|notation]], in a document margin, claiming to have proof of what will become known as [[Fermat's Last Theorem]].
* [[René Descartes]] promotes intellectual rigour in his ''[[Discourse on the Method]]'', and introduces the [[Cartesian coordinate system]] in its appendix ''[[La Géométrie]]'' (published in [[Leiden]]).<ref>{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Crilly|title=50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84724-008-8|page=68}}</ref>
* France places a few missionaries in the [[Ivory Coast]], a country it will rule more than 200 years later.
* [[Scottish people|Scottish]] army officer [[Robert Monro]] publishes ''Monro, His Expedition With the Worthy Scots Regiment Called Mac-Keys'' in London, the first military history in English.<ref>{{cite book | last = Monro | first = Robert | title = Monro, his expedition with the Worthy Scots Regiment called Mac-Keys | publisher = Praeger | location = Westport, Conn | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780275962678 |page=xv | language=en}}</ref>
* [[Elizabeth Poole]] becomes the first female founder of a town ([[Taunton, Massachusetts]]) in the Americas.
*[[Richard Norwood]]'s book ''The Seaman's Practice'' is published for the first time.

== Births ==
[[File:Jan Swammerdam.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jan Swammerdam]]]]
[[File:General Johan Wibe (1637 - 1710).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Johan Vibe]]]]
[[File:Pere Marquette close-up.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jacques Marquette]]]]
[[File:Francis Turner by Mary Beale.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Francis Turner (bishop)|Francis Turner]]]]

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 14]] &ndash; [[Mattia de Rossi]], Italian painter (d. [[1695]])
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz]], Spanish religious writer, Catholic prelate and bishop (d. [[1699]])
* [[February 10]]
** [[Countess Henriette Catherine of Nassau]], daughter of Frederick Henry (d. [[1708]])
** [[William Paget, 6th Baron Paget]], English peer and ambassador (d. [[1713]])
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Friedrich Nicolaus Bruhns]], German organist and composer (d. [[1718]])
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Jan Swammerdam]], Dutch biologist and microscopist (d. [[1680]])
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Denis Granville]], English priest (d. [[1703]])
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[William Beveridge (bishop)|William Beveridge]], English Bishop of St. Asaph (d. [[1708]])
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Thomas Watson (bishop of St David's)|Thomas Watson]], Bishop of St. David's (d. [[1717]])
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Sir Stephen Lennard, 2nd Baronet]], English politician (d. [[1709]])
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[Jan van der Heyden]], Dutch Baroque-era painter (d. [[1712]])
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Fitz-John Winthrop]], Governor of the Connecticut Colony (d. [[1707]])
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Anne of England (1637–1640)|Anne of England]], daughter of King Charles I (d. [[1640]])
* [[March 30]] &ndash; [[Samuel Pitiscus]], Dutch classical scholar (d. [[1727]])

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 6]] &ndash; [[Sir William Whitmore, 2nd Baronet]], English politician and baronet (d. [[1699]])
* [[April 16]]
** [[Jean-Jacques Clérion]], French sculptor who worked mainly for King Louis XIV (d. [[1714]])
** [[Johan Vibe]], Norwegian noble (d. [[1710]])
* [[April 19]] &ndash; [[Mateo Cerezo]], Spanish artist (d. [[1666]])
* [[May 13]] &ndash; [[Giacinto Cestoni]], Italian naturalist (d. [[1718]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Herman Goodman|title=Notable Contributors to the Knowledge of Dermatology|publisher=Medical Lay Press|year=1953|page=110}}</ref>
* [[May 22]] &ndash; [[John Kyrle]], British philanthropist (d. [[1724]])
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Louis Laneau]], French bishop active in the kingdom of Siam (d. [[1696]])
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[Jacques Marquette]], French Jesuit missionary and explorer (d. [[1675]])
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Tamura Muneyoshi]], Japanese daimyō of the Iwanuma Domain (d. [[1678]])
* [[June 21]] &ndash; [[Asano Tsunaakira]], Lord of Hiroshima Domain (d. [[1673]])
* [[June 22]]
** [[Takatsukasa Fusasuke]], Japanese court noble of the early Edo period (d. [[1700]])
** [[Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld]] (d. [[1717]])
** [[Joseph Werner]], Swiss painter (d. [[1710]])
* [[June 25]] &ndash; [[Christophe Veyrier]], French sculptor (d. [[1689]])

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Nathaniel Fairfax]], English divine and physician (d. [[1690]])
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Countess Emilie Juliane of Barby-Mühlingen]], German noblewoman and hymn author (d. [[1706]])
* [[August 19]] &ndash; [[Roemer Vlacq (1637-1703)|Roemer Vlacq]], Dutch naval commander (d. [[1703]])
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck]], first Dutch governor of Suriname (d. [[1688]])
* [[August 23]] &ndash; [[Francis Turner (bishop)|Francis Turner]], British bishop (d. [[1700]])
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore]], [[List of colonial governors of Maryland|Colonial governor of Maryland]]  (d. [[1715]])
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[Nicolas Catinat]], French military commander and Marshal of France under Louis XIV (d. [[1712]])
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[James Brodie (politician, born 1637)|James Brodie]], Scottish politician (d. [[1708]])
* [[September 16]] &ndash; [[Elisha Cooke, Sr.]], Massachusetts colonial politician and judge (d. [[1715]])
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Sébastien Leclerc (1637–1714)|Sébastien Leclerc]], French painter (d. [[1714]])

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 3]] &ndash; [[George Gordon, 1st Earl of Aberdeen]], Lord Chancellor of Scotland (d. [[1720]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Fryde | first = E. B. | title = Handbook of British chronology | publisher = New York Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge England | year = 1996 | isbn = 9780521563505 | page=498}}</ref>
* [[October 13]] &ndash; [[Paul Fugger von Kirchberg und Weißenhorn]], German politician (d. [[1701]])
* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[Francis North, 1st Baron Guilford]] (d. [[1685]])
* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Lorenzo Magalotti]], Italian philosopher (d. [[1712]])
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Al-Mahdi Muhammad]], Yemeni imam (d. [[1718]])
* [[November 4]] &ndash; [[Juan Francisco de la Cerda, 8th Duke of Medinaceli]], Spanish politician (d. [[1691]])
* [[November 23]] &ndash; [[Paul Mezger]], Austrian Benedictine theologian and academic (d. [[1702]])
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Armand de Gramont, Comte de Guiche]], French nobleman (d. [[1673]])
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont]], French ecclesiastical historian (d. [[1698]])
* [[December 6]] &ndash; [[Edmund Andros]], English colonial administrator in North America (d. [[1714]])
* [[December 7]]
** [[William Neile]], English mathematician and founder member of the Royal Society (d. [[1670]])
** [[Bernardo Pasquini]], Italian composer of operas (d. [[1710]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Greene | first = David | title = Greene's biographical encyclopedia of composers | publisher = Doubleday | location = Garden City, N.Y | year = 1985 | isbn = 9780385142786 | page=150 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 10]] &ndash; [[Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville]] (d. [[1710]])
* [[December 19]] &ndash; [[Sir William Leman, 2nd Baronet]], English politician (d. [[1701]])
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Pierre Jurieu]], French Protestant leader (d. [[1713]])
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Petar Kanavelić]], Venetian writer (d. [[1719]])
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[William Cave]], English divine (d. [[1713]])

== Deaths ==

[[File:Benjamin Jonson by Abraham van Blyenberch.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Ben Jonson]]]]
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley]] (b. [[1559]])
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]] (b. [[1578]])
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania]] (b. [[1580]])
* [[March 12]] 
** [[Cornelius a Lapide]], Flemish Jesuit exegete (b. [[1567]])
** [[Anders Arrebo]], Danish writer (b. [[1587]])
* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[Péter Pázmány]], Hungarian cardinal and statesman (b. [[1570]])
* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Joseph Yuspa Nördlinger Hahn]], German rabbi
* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[Fernando Afán de Ribera, duke of Alcalá de los Gazules]], Spanish diplomat (b. [[1583]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Niwa Nagashige]], Japanese warlord (b. [[1571]])
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VI]], King of Mysore (b. [[1603]])
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[William Petre, 2nd Baron Petre]], English peer and MP (b. [[1575]])
* [[May 19]] &ndash; [[Isaac Beeckman]], Dutch scientist and philosopher (b. [[1588]])
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Jiří Třanovský]], Czech priest and musician (b. [[1592]])
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Pieter Huyssens]], Flemish architect (b. [[1577]])
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]], French astronomer (b. [[1580]])
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Christopher von Dohna]], German politician and scholar (b. [[1583]])
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Daniel Sennert]], German physician, chemist (b. [[1572]])
* [[July 28]] &ndash; [[Johann Christoph von Westerstetten]], German bishop (b. [[1563]])
* [[August 6]] &ndash; [[Ben Jonson]], English writer (b. [[1572]])<ref>{{Britannica|306058}}</ref>
* [[August 17]] &ndash; [[Johann Gerhard]], German Lutheran leader (b. [[1582]])
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Princess Catherine Beatrice of Savoy]], daughter of the Duke of Savoy (b. [[1636]])
* [[September 8]] &ndash; [[Robert Fludd]], English mystic (b. [[1574]])
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Louise de Bourbon]], French noble (b. [[1603]])
* [[September 14]]
** [[Theodoor Rombouts]], Flemish painter (b. [[1597]])
** [[Pierre Vernier]], French mathematician (b. [[1580]])
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]] (b. [[1602]])
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat]] (b. [[1580]])
* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[Lorenzo Ruiz]], Filipino saint (b. c.[[1600]])
* [[October 5]] &ndash; [[Daniel Cramer]], German theologian (b. [[1568]])
* [[October 7]] &ndash; [[Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy]] (b. [[1587]])
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Johann Rudolf Stadler]], Swiss clock-maker (b. [[1605]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lassner |first1=Martin |title=Johann Rudolf Stadler |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029418/2011-07-18/ |website=Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse (DHS) |access-date=13 April 2020 |language=fr |date=18 July 2011}}</ref>
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Laurens Reael]], Dutch admiral (b. [[1583]])
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Robert Caesar]], English politician (b. [[1602]])
* [[November 26]]
** [[Andries de Witt]], [[Grand Pensionary]] of [[Holland]] (b. [[1573]])
** [[Humilis of Bisignano]], Italian Franciscan friar and saint (b. [[1582]])
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[Nicholas Ferrar]], English trader (b. [[1592]])
* [[December 19]] &ndash; [[Christina of Lorraine]], Tuscan regent (b. [[1565]]) 
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Juan López de Agurto de la Mata]], Spanish Catholic prelate (b. [[1572]])
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Vincenzo Giustiniani]], Italian banker (b. [[1564]])
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Christian, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen]] (1588–1637) (b. [[1585]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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