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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}} {{Year dab|1654}} {{Year nav|1654}} [[File:Thomas Malton - Old Palace Yard, Westminster.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[April 5]]: The [[Treaty of Westminster (1654)|Treaty of Westminster]] is signed.]] {{C17 year in topic}} {{Year article header|1654}} == Events == [[File:Magedurger Halbkugeln Luftpumpe Deutsches Museum.jpg|110px|thumb|right|The original Magdeburg hemispheres and Guericke's vacuum pump in the [[Deutsches Museum]], Munich, Germany]] <onlyinclude> === January–March === * [[January 6]] – In [[India]], [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar]] (in the modern-day state of [[Rajasthan]]) is elevated to the title of Maharaja by Emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. * [[January 11]] – [[Arauco War]] – [[Battle of Río Bueno (1654)|Battle of Río Bueno]] in southern [[Chile]]: Indigenous [[Huilliche people|Huilliche]] warriors rout Spanish troops from [[Nacimiento, Chile|Fort Nacimiento]], who are attempting to cross the [[Bueno River]]. * [[January 26]] – [[Portugal]] [[Recapture of Recife (1652–1654)|recaptures the South American city]] of [[Recife]] from the Netherlands after a siege of more than two years during the [[Dutch-Portuguese War]], bringing an end to Dutch rule of what is now [[Brazil]]. The [[Dutch West India Company]] has held the city (which they call Mauritsstad) for more than 23 years. * [[February 9]] – Spanish troops led by Don Gabriel de Rojas y Figueroa succeed in the [[capture of Fort Rocher]], a pirate-controlled base on the Caribbean island of [[Tortuga (Haiti)|Tortuga]]. * [[February 10]] – The [[Battle of Tullich]] takes place in [[Aberdeenshire]] in [[Scotland]] during [[Glencairn's rising]], a revolt by Scottish royalists against the [[Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland]] led by Lord Protector [[Oliver Cromwell]]. The battle is indecisive. * [[March 13]] – The [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]] is concluded in the city of Pereyaslav during a meeting between the [[Cossacks]] of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks|Zaporozhian Host]] and [[Alexis of Russia|Tsar Alexey I of Russia]] following the end to the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] in Ukraine, which started in [[1648]] and has resulted in the massacre of many thousands of Jews. === April–June === * [[April 5]] – The [[Treaty of Westminster (1654)|Treaty of Westminster]], ending the [[First Anglo-Dutch War]], is signed.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology266">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/266 266]}}</ref> * [[April 11]] – A [[1654 Anglo-Swedish alliance|commercial treaty]] between [[Commonwealth of England|England]] and [[Sweden]] is signed.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology266"/> * [[April 12]] – [[Oliver Cromwell]] creates a union between England and Scotland, with Scottish representation in the [[Parliament of England]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology266"/> * [[May 5]] – [[Cromwell's Act of Grace]], officially the Act of Pardon and Grace to the People of [[Scotland]], is proclaimed at the [[Mercat Cross, Edinburgh|Mercat Cross]] in [[Edinburgh]]. * [[May 8]] – [[Otto von Guericke]] demonstrates the power of [[atmospheric pressure]] and the effectiveness of his [[vacuum pump]], using the [[Magdeburg hemispheres]], before [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]], and the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] in [[Regensburg]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Guericke, Otto von|volume=12|page=670}}</ref> * [[June 3]] – [[Louis XIV of France]] is crowned at [[Reims]]. * [[June 16]] (June 6 [[Old Style]]) – [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]] succeeds his cousin [[Christina of Sweden|Christina]] on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] nation, secretly converts to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. === July–September === * [[July 5]] – The Russian Army camps outside [[Smolensk]] and the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–67)|Thirteen Years' War]] starts between Russia and Poland over [[Ukraine]].<ref>Joseph T. Fuhrmann, ''Tsar Alexis, His Reign and His Russia'' (Academic International Press, 1981) p. 61</ref> * [[July 10]] ** [[Peter Vowell]] and [[John Gerard (Royalist)|John Gerard]] are executed in London for plotting to assassinate [[Oliver Cromwell]]. ** Don Pantaleon, brother of the Portuguese ambassador to England, is executed after the death of an innocent man following a fracas at the exchange in [[Exeter]].<ref>[[Thomas Carlyle|Carlyle, Thomas]] (ed.), Oliver Cromwell, ''Letters and Speeches''.</ref> * [[August 12]] – The [[Battle of Shklow (1654)|Battle of Shklow]], one of the first clashes of the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|Russo-Polish War]], takes place at the modern-day Belarusan town of [[Shklow|Škłoŭ]] during a [[Solar eclipse of August 12, 1654|total eclipse of the Sun]] visible over Eastern Europe. The Russian troops retreat. * [[August 18]] – [[Oliver Cromwell]] launches the ''[[Western Design]]'' with the appointment of Admiral William Penn to prepare for a fleet to leave on Christmas Day<ref name=Lay>Paul Lay, ''Providence Lost: The Rise and Fall of Cromwell's Protectorate'' (Head of Zeus Press, 2020)</ref> for an English expedition to the Caribbean to counter Spanish commercial interests, effectively beginning the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (which will last until after the [[English Restoration]] in [[1660]]).<ref name="CBH1654">{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=185–186|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> The fleet leaves [[Portsmouth]] in late December. * [[August 22]] – [[Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam]]: 23 [[Sephardic law and customs|Sephardic]] Jews arrive as refugees from Brazil and settle in [[New Amsterdam]], forming the nucleus of what will be the second largest urban Jewish community in history, that of New York City,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jews arrive in the New World|url=http://americanjewisharchives.org/aja/aje/details.php?id=586&page=1|work=American Jewish Archives|access-date=2012-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ner|last=LeElef|title=World Jewish Population|url=http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm|work=SimpleToRemember|year=2001|access-date=2012-07-10|quote=Metropolitan [[Tel Aviv]], with 2.5 million Jews, is the world's largest Jewish city. It is followed by New York, with 1.9 million.}}</ref> and of [[Congregation Shearith Israel]], the first [[synagogue]] in [[North America]]. * [[August 25]] – Russia routs the Polish Army in the [[Battle of Shepeleviche]]. * [[September 3]] – In England, the [[First Protectorate Parliament]] assembles.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology266"/> * [[September 12]] – Oliver Cromwell orders the exclusion of 120 members of Parliament who are hostile to him.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Britannia 1066–1884: From Medieval Absolutism to the Birth of Freedom under Constitutional Monarchy, Limited Suffrage, and the Rule of Law|last=Wu|first=Bin|publisher=Springer|year=2014|isbn=9783319046839|pages=53|oclc=947041435}}</ref> * [[September 23]] – [[Smolensk]] falls to the Russian Army after almost three months. === October –December === * [[October 12]] – The [[Delft Explosion]], in the arsenal, devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100, among whom is [[Carel Fabritius]] (32), the most promising student of [[Rembrandt]]. * [[October 31]] – [[Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria]], is crowned. His [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutist]] style of leadership becomes a benchmark for the rest of Germany. * [[November 23]] – French mathematician, scientist and religious philosopher [[Blaise Pascal]] experiences an intense mystical vision that marks him for life. * [[December 11]] – Sir [[William Petty]] wins the contract from the [[Commonwealth of England]] to make a survey of [[Ireland]]. * [[December 14]] – [[Count of Atouguia#List of the Counts of Atouguia (1448)|Jerónimo de Ataíde]], Count of Atouguia, becomes Portugal's new [[List of governors-general of Brazil|Governor-General of Brazil]], succeeding [[João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 2nd Count of Castelo Melhor|João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos e Sousa]]. * [[December 25]] – An English Navy fleet of 17 warships and 20 transports, carrying 325 cannons, 1,145 seamen, and 1,830 troops, under the command of Admiral [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|William Penn]] departs from Portsmouth to begin [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s planned [[Western Design|surprise attack on Spain's colonies in the New World]].</onlyinclude> == Births == [[File:Portrait of the Kangxi Emperor in Court Dress.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kangxi Emperor]]]] [[File:Bernard Nieuwentijt - niederländischer Philosoph und Mathematiker.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bernard Nieuwentyt]]]] * [[January 5]] – [[Henry Poley]], English politician (d. [[1707]]) * [[January 10]] – [[Joshua Barnes]], English scholar (d. [[1712]]) * [[January 10]] – [[Giovanni Maria Gabrielli]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1711]]) * [[January 20]] – [[Michiel de Swaen]], Flemish poet (d. [[1707]]) * [[January 22]] – [[Richard Blackmore]], English physician and writer (d. [[1729]]) * [[February 3]] – [[Pietro Antonio Fiocco]], Italian composer (d. [[1714]]) * [[February 12]] – [[Dorothea Maria of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]], German princess (d. [[1682]]) * [[February 15]] – [[Tsarevich Alexei Alexeyevich of Russia]], son and heir of Tsar Alexis of Russia (d. [[1670]]) * [[February 22]] – [[Elizabeth Monck, Duchess of Albemarle]] (d. [[1734]]) * [[March 6]] – [[Andreas Acoluthus]], German scholar (d. [[1704]]) * [[March 9]] – [[Robert Leke, 3rd Earl of Scarsdale]], English earl, politician (d. [[1707]]) * [[March 10]] – [[Giuseppe Bartolomeo Chiari]], Italian painter (d. [[1727]]) * [[March 12]] – [[Charles Egerton (MP for Brackley)]], English politician (d. [[1717]]) * [[March 12]] – [[Giuseppe Passeri]], Italian painter (d. [[1714]]) * [[March 12]] – [[Jan Hoogsaat]], Dutch painter (d. [[1730]]) * [[March 12]] – [[Frederick Augustus, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt]] (d. [[1716]]) * [[March 16]] – [[Andreas Acoluthus]], German orientalist (d. [[1704]]) * [[March 28]] – [[Sophie Amalie Moth]], royal mistress of King Christian V of Denmark (d. [[1719]]) * [[March 28]] – [[Joan de Cabanas]], Occitan language writer (d. [[1711]]) * [[March 31]] – [[Lorenzo Cozza]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1729]]) * [[April 8]] – [[Peder Krog]], Lutheran bishop (d. [[1731]]) * [[April 20]] – [[John Backwell]], English politician (d. [[1708]]) * [[April 27]] – [[Charles Blount (deist)]], English deist and philosopher (d. [[1693]]) * [[April 30]] – [[Robert Digby, 3rd Baron Digby]], English peer and Member of Parliament (d. [[1677]]) * [[May 4]] – [[Kangxi Emperor]] of [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] (d. [[1722]]) * [[May 13]] – [[Thomas Lennard, 1st Earl of Sussex]], English cricketer (d. [[1715]]) * [[May 23]] – [[Nicodemus Tessin the Younger]], Swedish architect (d. [[1728]]) * [[May 28]] – [[Thomas Handcock]], Irish politician (d. [[1726]]) * [[June 4]] – [[Jean-François Gerbillon]], French Jesuit missionary active in China (d. [[1707]]) * [[June 23]] – [[Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński]], Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. [[1709]]) * [[June 23]] – [[Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow]], English politician (d. [[1717]]) * [[June 23]] – [[Sophia of Saxe-Weissenfels, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst]] (d. [[1724]]) * [[June 24]] – [[Thomas Fuller (writer)]], British physician (d. [[1734]]) * [[June 30]] – [[Thomas Rice (1654)]], Massachusetts legislator (d. [[1747]]) * [[July 1]] – [[Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme]], French military commander (d. [[1712]]) * [[July 7]] – [[Aoyama Tadashige]], Japanese daimyō (d. [[1722]]) * [[July 9]] – [[Emperor Reigen]] of Japan (d. [[1732]]) * [[July 24]] – [[Henry Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Chirbury]], English politician (d. [[1709]]) * [[July 25]] – [[Agostino Steffani]], Italian ecclesiastic, diplomat and composer (d. [[1728]]) * [[August 3]] – [[Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]] (d. [[1730]]) * [[August 4]] – [[Thomas Brodrick (1654–1730)]], Irish politician (d. [[1730]]) * [[August 10]] – [[Bernard Nieuwentyt]], Dutch mathematician and philosopher (d. [[1718]]) * [[August 15]] – [[John Joseph of the Cross]], Italian saint (d. [[1739]]) * [[August 23]] – [[Anthony Morris (I)]], American politician (d. [[1721]]) * [[September 7]] – [[François Pagi]], French Franciscan historian of the Catholic Church (d. [[1721]]) * [[September 11]] – [[William Handcock (1654–1701)]], Irish politician (d. [[1701]]) * [[September 16]] – [[Philippe Avril]], French Jesuit explorer (d. [[1698]]) * [[October 6]] – [[Johan Peringskiöld]], Swedish antiquarian (d. [[1720]]) * [[October 18]] – [[John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach]] (d. [[1686]]) * [[October 23]] – [[Johann Bernhard Staudt]], Austrian composer (d. [[1712]]) * [[October 26]] – [[Giovanni Maria Lancisi]], Italian physician (d. [[1720]]) * [[November 5]] – [[Christian Liebe]], German composer (d. [[1708]]) * [[November 7]] – [[Sir John Delaval, 3rd Baronet]], English politician (d. [[1729]]) * [[November 9]] – [[Christoph Weigel the Elder]], German engraver (d. [[1725]]) * [[November 23]] – [[George Watson (accountant)]], a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] accountant and the founder of [[George Watson's College]] in [[Edinburgh]] (d. [[1723]]) * [[November 23]] – [[Jan van Kessel the Younger]], Flemish painter in Spain (d. [[1708]]) * [[November 27]] – [[Friedrich von Canitz]], German poet and diplomat (d. [[1699]]) * [[December 1]] – [[John Hartstonge]], Irish bishop (d. [[1717]]) * [[December 10]] – [[Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole]], Italian painter (d. [[1719]]) * [[December 13]] – [[Robert Livingston the Elder]], New York colonial official (d. [[1728]]) * [[December 15]] – [[Johann Theodor Jablonski]], German lexicographer (d. [[1731]]) * [[December 22]] – [[Edmond Martène]], French Benedictine historian and liturgist (d. [[1739]]) * [[December 30]] – [[Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria]], youngest surviving daughter of Ferdinand III (d. [[1689]]) * ''probable'' – [[Eleanor Glanville]], [[English people|English]] [[entomologist]] (died [[1709]]) == Deaths == [[File:Bartholomeus van der Helst - Paul Potter.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paulus Potter]]]] [[File:Emperor Go-Kōmyō.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emperor Go-Kōmyō]]]] * [[January 10]] – [[Nicholas Culpeper]], English botanist (b. [[1616]]) * [[January 17]] – [[Paulus Potter]], Dutch painter (b. [[1625]]) * [[February 6]] – [[Francesco Mochi]], Italian early-Baroque sculptor (b. [[1580]]) * [[February 8]] – [[Luca Ferrari]], Italian painter (b. [[1605]]) * [[February 18]] – [[Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac]], French writer (b. [[1594]]) * [[March 7]] – [[Ernest Gottlieb, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau]] (b. [[1620]]) * [[March 14]] – [[Jan van Balen]], Flemish painter (b. [[1611]]) * [[March 15]] – [[Jean Guiton]], French Huguenot ship owner (b. [[1585]]) * [[March 19]] – [[Matsudaira Norinaga]], Japanese daimyō (b. [[1600]]) * [[March 22]] – [[Théodore de Mayerne]], Swiss physician (b. [[1573]]) * [[March 24]] – [[Samuel Scheidt]], German composer (b. [[1587]]) * [[March 30]] – [[Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł]], Polish noble (b. [[1594]]) * [[April 5]] – [[Jacobus Trigland]], Dutch theologian (b. [[1583]]) * [[May 18]] – [[Muhammad Qadiri]], Punjabi founder of the Naushahia branch of the Qadri Order (b. [[1552]]) * [[May 21]] – [[Elizabeth Poole]], English settler in Plymouth Colony (b. [[1588]]) * [[May 31]] – [[Hippolytus Guarinonius]], Italian physician and polymath (b. [[1571]]) * [[June 10]] – [[Alessandro Algardi]], Italian sculptor and architect (b. [[1598]]) * [[June 14]] – [[Dániel Esterházy (1585–1654)|Dániel Esterházy]], Hungarian noble (b. [[1585]]) * [[June 27]] – [[Johannes Valentinus Andreae]], German theologian (b. [[1586]]) * [[July 9]] – [[Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans]] (b. [[1633]]) * [[July 23]] – [[Orazio Grassi]], Italian Jesuit priest, architect and scientist (b. [[1583]]) * [[August 12]] – [[Cornelius Haga]], Dutch diplomat (b. [[1578]]) * [[August 19]] – [[Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller]], Bohemian rabbi and liturgical poet (b. [[1579]]) * [[August 28]] – [[Axel Oxenstierna]], Lord High Chancellor of Sweden since [[1612]] (b. [[1583]]) * [[August 29]] – [[Wouter van Twiller]], Director-General of New Netherland from 1633 until 1638 (b. [[1606]]) * [[August 31]] – [[Ole Worm]], Danish physician and antiquary (b. [[1588]]) * [[September 6]] – [[Christian I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler]] (1600–1654) (b. [[1598]]) * [[September 8]] – [[Peter Claver]], Spanish Jesuit priest (b. [[1580]]) * [[September 27]] – [[Louis, Duke of Joyeuse]], younger son of Charles (b. [[1622]]) * [[September 29]] – [[George John II, Count Palatine of Lützelstein-Guttenberg]] (b. [[1586]]) * [[October 12]] – [[Carel Fabritius]], Dutch artist (b. [[1622]]) * [[October 16]] – [[Hercule, Duke of Montbazon]] (b. [[1568]]) * [[October 20]] – [[Thomas Jervoise (died 1654)|Sir Thomas Jervoise]], English politician (b. [[1587]]) * [[October 30]] – [[Emperor Go-Kōmyō]] of Japan (b. [[1633]]) * [[November 27]] – [[Pieter Meulener]], Flemish Baroque painter (b. [[1602]]) * [[November 26]] – [[Giambattista Altieri]], Italian Catholic cardinal (b. [[1589]]) * [[November 30]] ** [[John Selden]], English jurist (b. [[1584]]) ** [[William Habington]], English poet (b. [[1605]]) * [[December 1]] – [[Jakov Mikalja]], Italian linguist and lexicographer (b. [[1601]]) * [[December 4]] – [[Sir Christopher Yelverton, 1st Baronet]], English politician (b. [[1602]]) * [[December 5]] – [[Jean François Sarrazin]], French writer (b. c. [[1611]]) * ''date unknown'' – [[Elizabeth Isham]], English diarist (b. [[1609]]) == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1654}} [[Category:1654| ]]
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