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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}} {{Year dab|1681}} {{Year nav|1681}} [[File:The Birth of Pennsylvania 1680 cph.3g07157.jpg|thumb|300px|[[March 4]]: [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] of England grants land charter to [[William Penn]] British American territory west of [[Delaware River]], later to become [[Pennsylvania]].]] {{C17 year in topic}} {{Year article header|1681}} == Events == === January–March === * [[January 1]] – Prince [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Akbar]], son of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], initiates a civil war in India. With the support of troops from the [[Rajput]] states, Akbar declares himself the new Mughal Emperor and prepares to fight his father, but is ultimately defeated. * [[January 3]] – The [[Treaty of Bakhchisarai]] is signed, between the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] vassal [[Crimean Khanate]] and the [[Russian Empire]]. * [[January 18]] – The "[[Exclusion Bill Parliament]]", summoned by King Charles II of England in October, is dissolved after three months, with directions that new elections be held, and that a new parliament be convened in March in Oxford. * [[February 2]] – In India, the [[Mughal Empire]] city of [[Burhanpur]] (now in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]) is [[Sacking of Burhanpur (1681)|sacked and looted]] by troops of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] on orders of the Maratha emperor, the [[Chhatrapati]] [[Sambhaji]]. General [[Hambirrao Mohite]] began the pillaging three days earlier. * [[March 4]] – In order to settle a debt of £16,000, King [[Charles II of England]] grants a land charter to [[William Penn]], for territory west of [[Delaware River]] in America between [[40th parallel north|40° N]] and [[42nd parallel north|42° N]], later to be called [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rQBAAAAMAAJ |title=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, Volume 1 |year=1916 |editor-last=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors |pages=180–181 |chapter=Samuel Carpenter}}</ref> * [[March 21]] – The "[[Oxford Parliament (1681)|Oxford Parliament]]" is summoned in England by King Charles II and meets in Oxford rather than in Westminster, but is dissolved seven days later. No further sessions of parliament are held until after the death of Charles in 1685. === April–June === * [[April 11]] – Following the death of [[Frederick Louis, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken|its last count]], the [[Palatinate-Landsberg]] passes to the King of Sweden. * [[May 15]] – The [[Canal du Midi]] in France is opened officially, as the ''Canal Royal de Languedoc''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rolt |first=L. T. C. |author-link=L. T. C. Rolt |title=From Sea to Sea: An Illustrated History of the Canal du Midi |publisher=Allen Lane |year=1973 |isbn=0713904712 |location=London}}</ref> * [[June 23]] – The [[Church of the East]], an Eastern Orthodox rite in Mesopotamia (now Iraq), already split between two patriarchs in the Eliya line and the Shimun line, is split along a third line by the Roman Catholic Church when Mar Yousip of the Archdiocese of Amid (now [[Diyarbakır]] in Turkey) is proclaimed by [[Pope Innocent XI]] as [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]], "Patriarch of the Chaldean nation deprived of its patriarch", creating the "Josephite line" of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]. === July–September === * [[July 1]] – [[Oliver Plunkett]], [[Roman Catholic]] [[Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic)|Archbishop of Armagh]] and [[Primate of All Ireland]], falsely convicted in June of treason, is [[hanged, drawn and quartered]] at [[Tyburn]], London, the last Catholic [[martyr]] to die in England;<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1913 |title=Blessed Oliver Plunket |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12169b.htm |access-date=2011-03-22}}</ref> he is [[Canonization|canonised]] in [[1975]]. * [[July 23]] – The Bombardment of [[Chios (town)|Chios]] during the [[French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)]] is part of a wider campaign by France against the [[Barbary Pirates]] in the 1680s. * [[August 10]] – English sea captain [[Robert Knox (sailor)|Robert Knox]] of the [[East India Company]] publishes his book ''[[An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon]]'', about his adventures, 20-years imprisonment and escape from [[Ceylon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knox |first=Robert |url=https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14346/pg14346-images.html#d0e14395 |title=An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon |via=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref> * [[August 12]] – [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom]] King [[Gadadhar Singha]] (or Gadapani), who takes the Tai name [[Supaatphaa]], ascends the throne. * [[August 31]] – English [[Perjury|perjurer]] [[Titus Oates]] is told to leave his state apartments in [[Whitehall]]; his fame begins to wane, and he is soon arrested and imprisoned for [[sedition]]. * [[September 30]] – France annexes the city of [[Strasbourg]] (German: Strassburg), previously a [[free imperial city]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. === October–December === * [[October 27]] – [[Sir John Child, 1st Baronet|Sir John Child]] of England becomes the new Governor of Bombay province and, unofficially, Governor-General of all of the settlements of the [[East India Company]] in [[India]]. With the exception of a rebellion by Captain [[Richard Keigwin (Governor of Bombay)|Richard Keigwin]] during the year 1684, Child expands British control until involving the British in a war with the [[Mughal Empire]]. * [[November 20]] – Don [[Melchor de Navarra, Duke of Palata]] arrives in [[Lima]] after a voyage of almost 10 months from Spain and becomes the new [[List of viceroys of Peru|Viceroy of Peru]], succeeding the Archbishop of Lima, [[Melchor Liñán y Cisneros]], who had administered the area since 1678. * [[November 25]] – [[Cornelis Speelman]] of the Netherlands becomes the new [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]) and concludes an alliance with the [[Amangkurat II of Mataram|Sultan Amangkurat II]] of the [[Mataram Sultanate]] on the island of [[Java]], then uses the Dutch Army to suppress the rebellion started by the Sultan's half-brother, [[Pakubuwono I of Mataram|Prince Puger]]. Puger surrenders on November 28 to the ranking Dutch officer, Jacob Couper. * [[November 29]] – A storm strikes the [[Isthmus of Panama]] and overwhelms the Spanish Navy's Flota de Tierra Firma, sinking the ship ''[[Nuestra Señora de Encarnación]]'' in the [[Chagres River]]. The ''Encarnación'' wreckage is not found until almost 340 years later, in [[2011]], mostly intact and still loaded with most of its cargo. * [[December 3]] – Another ship in the Flota de Terra Firma, ''Nuestra Señora de la Soledad'', sinks in the Chagres River with the loss of its 280 crew. * [[December 7]] – Wu Shifan, grandson of Chinese general [[Wu Sangui]], commits suicide at [[Kunming]] in [[Yunnan]] province, ending the 8-year [[Revolt of the Three Feudatories]] against the [[Kangxi Emperor]] and the [[Qing dynasty]] in China. <ref>Frederic E. Wakeman, ''The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China'' (University of California Press, 1985) p. 1120</ref> * [[December 22]] – King [[Charles II of England]] signs a warrant for the building of the [[Royal Hospital Chelsea]] in London for wounded and retired soldiers. === Date unknown === [[File:Roelandt Savery - 'Dodo Birds', Chalk, black and amber on cream paper.jpg|thumb|alt=Sketch of three dodos, two in the foreground, one in the distance|Savery sketch of three dodos from {{circa|lk=no|1626}}, [[Crocker Art Gallery]]]] * Collections are made in England for needy French refugees. * [[Havertown, Pennsylvania|Havertown]] and [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania|Bryn Mawr]] are founded in [[Pennsylvania]] by Welsh Quakers. * The bell ''Emmanuel'' in [[Notre-Dame de Paris]] is recast. * The [[Port of Honfleur]], France, is re-modelled by [[Abraham Duquesne]]. * The basilica of [[Santa Maria della Salute]] in [[Venice]], designed by [[Baldassare Longhena]] in [[1631]], is dedicated. * The [[dodo]] becomes extinct. == Births == [[File:Vitus Bering.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Vitus Bering]]]] * [[March 24]] – [[Georg Philipp Telemann]], German composer (d. [[1767]]) * [[June 26]] – [[Hedvig Sophia of Sweden]], Swedish princess (d. [[1708]]) * [[August 5]] – [[Vitus Bering]], Danish-born Russian explorer (d. [[1741]]) * [[September 11]] – [[Johann Gottlieb Heineccius]], German jurist (d. [[1741]]) * [[September 28]] – [[Johann Mattheson]], German composer (d. [[1764]]) * [[October 1]] – [[Giulia Lama]], Italian painter (d. [[1747]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaze |first=Delia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4h7A0XIN14C&pg=PA438 |title=Concise Dictionary of Women Artists |date=2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-57958-335-4 |page=438 |language=en}}</ref> * [[November 17]] – [[Pierre François le Courayer]], French theologian (d. [[1776]]) * [[November 28]] – [[Jean Cavalier]], French Protestant rebel leader (d. [[1740]]) == Deaths == [[File:Frans van Mieris Selfportrait 1667.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Frans van Mieris the Elder]]]] [[File:Jahanara 1635.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jahanara Begum]]]] * [[January 5]] – [[Pietro Vidoni]], Italian Catholic cardinal (b. [[1610]]) * [[January 7]] – [[Magdalena Sibylla of Saxe-Weissenfels]], German noblewoman (b. [[1648]]) * [[January 27]] – [[Edmund Bowyer (died 1681)|Edmund Bowyer]], English politician (b. [[1613]]) * [[January 28]] – [[Richard Allestree]], English royalist churchman (b. c. [[1621]]) * [[March 6]] – [[Michel de Marolles]], French translator and churchman (b. [[1600]]) * [[March 12]] – [[Frans van Mieris the Elder]], Dutch painter (b. [[1635]]) * [[March 17]] – [[Zheng Jing]], Chinese pirate (b. [[1642]]) * [[April 3]] – [[Lucas Franchoys the Younger]], Flemish painter (b. [[1616]]) * [[April 8]] – [[Gabriel Druillettes]], French missionary (b. [[1610]]) * [[April 10]] – [[Philip I, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe]] (1640–1681) (b. [[1601]]) * [[April 11]] – [[Frederick Louis, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken]] (b. [[1619]]) * [[April 12]] – [[Pietro Paolini]], Italian painter (b. [[1603]]) * [[April 22]] ** [[Jeffrey Daniel (MP)|Jeffrey Daniel]], English politician (b. [[1626]]) ** [[Marie Fouquet]], French medical writer and philanthropist (b. [[1590]]) * [[April 23]] – [[Justus Sustermans]], Flemish painter (b. [[1597]]) * [[April 26]] – [[Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Nottingham]], son of Charles Howard (b. [[1610]]) * [[May 4]] – [[Johannes Musaeus]], German theologian (b. [[1613]]) * [[May 6]] – [[Catherine Trianon]], French fortune teller and poisoner (b. [[1627]]) * [[May 6]] – [[Sir Philip Wodehouse, 3rd Baronet]], English baronet (b. [[1608]]) * [[May 24]] – [[Nicodemus Tessin the Elder]], Swedish architect (b. [[1615]]) * [[May 25]] – [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]], Spanish dramatist and poet (b. [[1600]]) * [[June 9]] – [[William Lilly]], English astrologer (b. [[1602]]) * [[June 12]] – [[Sigmund von Birken]], German Baroque poet (b. [[1626]]) * [[July 1]] – [[Oliver Plunkett]], Irish saint (b. [[1629]]) * [[July 8]] – [[Georg Neumark]], German poet and composer of hymns (b. [[1621]]) * [[July 10]] – [[Christian Lupus]], Flemish historian (b. [[1612]]) * [[July 20]] – [[Louis Günther II, Count of Schwarzburg-Ebeleben]] (1642–1681) (b. [[1621]]) * [[July 25]] – [[Urian Oakes]], English-born president of Harvard University (b. [[1631]]) * [[July 31]] – [[Sir Baynham Throckmorton, 3rd Baronet]], English Member of Parliament (b. [[1629]]) * [[August 12]] – [[Sir George Wharton, 1st Baronet]], English baronet (b. [[1617]]) * [[August 17]] – [[Patriarch Nikon of Moscow]], Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. [[1605]]) * [[August 18]] – [[Thomas Allen (Cavalier)|Thomas Allen]], English politician (b. [[1603]]) * [[August 22]] – [[Philippe Delano]], Dutch Plymouth Colony settler (b. [[1602]]) * [[August 27]] – [[William Christoph, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg]] (b. [[1625]]) * [[September 11]] ** [[Dirk van Bleiswijk]], Dutch politician, writer (b. [[1639]]) ** [[Godfrey Henschen]], Jesuit hagiographer (b. [[1601]]) * [[September 16]] – [[Jahanara Begum]], Mughal princess (b. [[1614]]) * [[September 27]] – [[Jacob Masen]], German poet (b. [[1606]]) * [[October 7]] – [[Nicolaas Heinsius the Elder]], Dutch scholar (b. [[1620]]) * [[October 15]] – [[Johann Ludwig Schönleben]], Carniolan priest (b. [[1618]]) * [[November 2]] – [[Eleanor of Anhalt-Zerbst]], duchess consort of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Norburg (b. [[1608]]) * [[November 13]] – [[Arnold Braemes]], English politician (b. [[1602]]) * [[November 17]] – [[Tito Livio Burattini]], Italian inventor, Egyptologist and instrument-maker (b. [[1617]]) * [[November 23]] – [[Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach]], Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (b. [[1650]]) * [[November 26]] ** [[Jean Garnier]], French historian (b. [[1612]]) ** [[Giovanni Paolo Oliva]], Italian Jesuit (b. [[1600]]) * [[December 4]] – [[Maurice, Duke of Saxe-Zeitz]] (b. [[1619]]) * [[December 5]] – [[Agatha Christine of Hanau-Lichtenberg]], German noblewoman (b. [[1632]]) * [[December 8]] – [[Gerard ter Borch]], Dutch painter (b. [[1617]]) * [[December 12]] – [[Hermann Conring]], German philosopher (b. [[1606]]) * [[December 15]] – [[James Compton, 3rd Earl of Northampton]], English politician (b. [[1622]]) * [[December 16]] – [[François Vavasseur]], French writer (b. [[1605]]) * [[December 18]] – [[Olimpia Aldobrandini]], Italian Aldobrandini family member, heiress (b. [[1623]]) * [[December 21]] – [[Lacuzon]], [[Franche-Comté]] military leader (b. [[1607]]) * [[December 22]] – [[Richard Alleine]], English Puritan clergyman (b. [[1611]]) * c. December – [[John Pordage]], Anglican vicar (b. [[1607]]) * ''date unknown'' – [[Fatima Soltan]], sovereign queen of the [[Qasim Khanate]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1681}} [[Category:1681| ]]
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