Editing 1750

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1750}}
{{Year nav|1750}}
[[File:Westminster Bridge by Joseph Farington, 1789.jpg|thumb|300px|[[November 18]]: [[Westminster Bridge]] is dedicated in London.]]
{{Year article header|1750}}
{{C18 year in topic}}
Various sources, including the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], use the year 1750 as a baseline year for the end of the [[Pre-industrial society|pre-industrial era]].<ref>{{cite web| title= The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index | url= http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/ | date= Summer 2012 | first= James H.|last= Butler | publisher= [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date= 2013-05-11| quote= IPCC takes the pre-industrial era (arbitrarily chosen as the year 1750) as the baseline.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title= Pre-industrial England : Economy and Society, 1500-1750 | first= B. A. | last= Holderness | year= 1976 | location= London | publisher= Rowman & Littlefield | isbn= 0874719100 | url-access= registration | url= https://archive.org/details/preindustrialeng0000hold }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lecture II &mdash; Before the Industrial Revolution |first=Elisa |last=Newby |year=2009 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge |url=http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/teach/newby/teaching09/LectureII.pdf |access-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015033238/http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/teach/newby/teaching09/LectureII.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2009 }}</ref>

1750 is commemorated as the year that started the [[Industrial Revolution]], although the underpinnings of the Industrial Revolution could have started earlier.

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March===
* [[January 13]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)|Treaty of Madrid]] between [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] authorizes a larger [[Brazil]] than had the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] of [[1494]], which originally established the boundaries of the Portuguese and Spanish territories in South America.
* [[January 24]] &ndash; A fire in [[Istanbul]] destroys 10,000 homes.<ref>"Fires", in ''The New International Encyclopedia'' (Volume 8) (Dodd, Mead and Company, 1915 p. 604.</ref>
* [[February 15]] &ndash; After Spain and Portugal agree that the [[Uruguay River]] will be the boundary line between the two kingdoms' territory in South America, the Spanish Governor orders the Jesuits to vacate seven Indian missions along the river (San Angel, San Nicolas, San Luis, San Lorenzo, San Miguel, San Juan and San Borja).<ref>R. B. Cunninghame Graham, ''A Vanished Arcadia, being Some Account of the Jesuits in Paraguay'' (Haskell House Publishers, 1901, 1968) pp. 237-238.</ref>
* [[March 5]] &ndash; The Murray-Kean Company, a troupe of actors from Philadelphia, gives the first performance of a play announced in advance in a newspaper, presenting ''Richard III'' at New York City's Nassau Street Theatre.<ref>Heather S. Nathans, ''Early American Theatre from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People'' (Cambridge University Press, 2003) p. 30.</ref>
* [[March 20]] &ndash; The first number of [[Samuel Johnson]]'s ''[[The Rambler]]'' appears.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone]], a [[polygar]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], raises slogans and launches a rebellion against [[Company rule in India]] due to his opposition to the [[East India Company]]'s tax collection policies.
* [[April 13]] &ndash; [[Thomas Walker (explorer)|Dr. Thomas Walker]] and five other men (Ambrose Powell, Colby Chew, William Tomlinson, Henry Lawless and John Hughes) cross through the [[Cumberland Gap]], a mountain pass through the [[Appalachian Mountains]], to become the first white people to venture into territories that had been inhabited exclusively by various Native American tribes.<ref>Henry P. Scalf, ''Kentucky's Last Frontier'' (The Overmountain Press, 2000) pp. 33-34.</ref> On April 17, Walker's party continues through what is now [[Kentucky]] and locates the [[Cumberland River]], which Walker names in honor of [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]].
* [[April 14]] 
**A group of enslaved West African, bound for the Americas, successfully overpowers the crew of the British slaver ship ''Snow Ann'', imprisons the survivors, and then navigates the vessel back to [[Cape Lopez]] in [[Gabon]].<ref>"Antislavery Movements", by Marie-Annick Gournet, in ''France and the Americas'', ed. by Bill Marshall (ABC-CLIO, 2005) p. 77.</ref>  Upon regaining their freedom, the rebels leave the survivors on the Gabonese coast.
**The [[Viceroy of New Spain]], [[Juan Francisco de Güemes, 1st Count of Revillagigedo|Juan Francisco de Güemes]], issues a notice to the missionaries in [[Nuevo Santander]] (which includes parts of what are now the U.S. state of [[Texas]], including [[San Antonio]], and the Mexican state of [[Tamaulipas]]) to work peacefully to convert the indigenous [[Karankawa people]] to Roman Catholicism.<ref>Herbert Eugene Bolton, ''Texas in the Middle Eighteenth Century— Studies in Spanish Colonial History and Administration'' (University of California Press, 1915) p. 303.</ref>
* [[April 25]] &ndash; The [[Acadian]] settlement in [[Beaubassin]], [[Nova Scotia]], is burnt by the French army, and the population is forcibly relocated, after France and Great Britain agree that the [[Missaguash River]] should be the new boundary between peninsular British Nova Scotia and the mainland remnant of French Acadia (now [[New Brunswick]]).<ref>A. J. B. Johnston, ''Endgame 1758: The Promise, the Glory, and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade'' (University of Nebraska Press, 2007) p. 60.</ref>
* [[May 16]] &ndash; Two weeks after police in Paris arrest six teenagers for gambling in the suburb of [[Saint-Laurent, Paris|Saint-Laurent]], rioting breaks out when a rumor spreads that plainclothes policemen are hauling off small children between the ages of five and ten years old, in order to provide blood to an ailing aristocrat.<ref>"Child Abduction Panic", in ''Outbreak!: The Encyclopedia of Extraordinary Social Behavior'', ed. by Hilary Evans and Robert E. Bartholomew (Anomalist Books, LLC, 2009) pp. 83-84.</ref>  Over the next two weeks, rioting breaks out in other sections of Paris.  Police are attacked, including one who is beaten to death by the mob, until order is restored and police reforms are announced.<ref>Henri Martin, ''The Decline of the French Monarchy'' (Walker, Fuller and Company, 1866) p. 395.</ref>
* [[June 19]] &ndash; At a time when mountain climbing is still relatively uncommon, [[Eggert Ólafsson]] and Bjarni Pálsson scale their first peak, the {{convert|4892|foot}} high Icelandic volcano, [[Hekla]].<ref>Halldór Hermannsson, ''Islandica: An Annual Relating to Iceland and the Fiske Icelandic Collection in Cornell University Library'' (Cornell University Library, 1922) p. 23.</ref>
* [[June 24]] &ndash; Parliament passes Britain's [[Iron Act]], designed to restrict American manufactured goods by prohibiting additional ironworking businesses from producing finished goods.  At the same time, import taxes on raw iron from America are lifted in order to give British manufacturers additional material for production.<ref>Kevin Hillstrom and Laurie Collier Hillstrom, ''The Industrial Revolution in America'' (ABC-CLIO, 2005) pp. 4-5.</ref>  By 1775, the North American colonies have surpassed England and Wales in iron production and have become the world's third largest producer of iron.
* [[June 29]] &ndash; An attempt in [[Lima]] to begin a native uprising against Spanish colonial authorities in the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] is discovered and thwarted.<ref name=Duenas>Alcira Duenas, ''Indians and Mestizos in the "Lettered City"'' (University Press of Colorado, 2011).</ref>  One of the conspirators, Francisco Garcia Jimenez, escapes to [[Huarochirí District|Huarochirí]] and kills dozens of Spaniards on July 25.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 9]] &ndash; Traveller [[Jonas Hanway]] leaves St. Petersburg to return home, via [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]] and the [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]].  Later the same year, Hanway reputedly becomes the first Englishman to use an [[umbrella]] (a French fashion).
* [[July 11]] &ndash; [[Halifax (former city)|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]] is almost completely destroyed by fire.<ref>Cornelius Walford, ed., ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'' (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p. 52.</ref>
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[Joseph I of Portugal|José I]] takes over the throne of [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] from his deceased father, João V. King José Manuel appoints the [[Marquis of Pombal]] as his Chief Minister, who then strips the [[Inquisition]] of its power.
* [[August 8]] &ndash; In advance of the [[Province of Georgia]] changing in status from a corporate-owned American settlement to a British colony, Royal Assent is given to an act that lifts the province's ban on slavery; effective January 1, "it shall and may be lawful to import or bring Black Slaves or Negroes in to the Province of Georgia of America and to keep and to use the same therein".<ref>Christopher C. Meyers, ''The Empire State of the South: Georgia History in Documents and Essays'' (Mercer University Press, 2008) p. 113.</ref>
* [[August 20]] &ndash; French astronomer [[Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille]], by way of the Foreign Minister, the [[Louis Philogène Brûlart, vicomte de Puisieulx|Marquis de Puisieulx]] and Netherlands ambassador to [[Paris]] [[Mattheus Lestevenon]], sends a letter that ultimately persuades the States-General of the Dutch Republic to allow and partially finance Lacaille's stellar trigonometry mission to the [[Cape of Good Hope]].  The expedition departs [[Lorient]] on October 21.<ref>Ian S. Glass, ''Nicolas-Louis De La Caille, Astronomer and Geodesist'' (Oxford University Press, 2013) pp. 30-33.</ref><ref>Thomas Maclear, ''Verification and Extension of La Caille's Arc of Meridian at the Cape of Good Hope'' (Mowry and Barclay, 1838) p. 58.</ref> 
* [[September 30]] &ndash; [[Crispus Attucks]], an enslaved African-American who will later become the first person killed in the [[Boston Massacre]] of 1770, escapes from the [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] estate of slaveowner William Brown.<ref>"Crispus Attucks— First martyr of the American Revolution", by Lerone Bennett, Jr., ''Ebony'' magazine (July 1968) p. 87.</ref><ref>KaaVonia Hinton, ''The Story of the Underground Railroad'' (Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2010) p. 24.</ref> In an unsuccessful attempt to recapture the fugitive, Brown runs an advertisement on October 2 in the ''Boston Gazette'', but Attucks eludes recapture.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 5]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Madrid (5 October 1750)|Treaty of Madrid]]: [[Spain]] and [[Great Britain]] sign a treaty temporarily eliminating their hostility over their colonies in North and South America.<ref>Max Savelle, ''Empires to Nations: Expansion in America, 1713-1824'' (University of Minnesota Press, 1974) p. 131.</ref> In addition to both sides dropping their claims for damages against each other, Spain agrees to pay the [[South Sea Company]] £100,000 for damage claims.  
* [[October 14]] &ndash; The [[Louvre Museum]] is created in [[Paris]] four years after art critic Lafond de Saint-Yenne calls on the King to allow the display of the royal art collection to the general public. [[Abel-François Poisson]], the Marquis de Marigny, arranges for the display of 110 of the Crown's paintings at the [[Palais du Luxembourg]].<ref>"The First Transfer at the Louvre in 1750: Andrea del Sarto's ''La Charite''", by Gilberte Emile-Male, in ''Issues in the Conservation of Paintings'' (Getty Publications, 2004) p. 278.</ref>
* [[November 11]] &ndash; A [[Lhasa riot of 1750|riot breaks out]] in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]] after the murder of the regent of [[Tibet]].
* [[November 18]] &ndash; [[Westminster Bridge]] is officially opened in [[London]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The London Encyclopaedia|first=Ben|last=Weinreb|author2=Hibbert, Christopher|publisher=Macmillan|year=1995|isbn=0-333-57688-8|page=976}}</ref>
* [[December 3]] &ndash; What is described later as "The first documented presentation of a [[musical theatre|musical]] in New York"<ref>John Kenrick, ''Musical Theatre: A History'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017) p. 36.</ref> takes place one block east of [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], at the [[Nassau Street (Manhattan)|Nassau Street]] Theatre, when a resident company of actors stages ''[[The Beggar's Opera]]''. 
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[Prussia]] and [[Russia]] break off diplomatic relations after the Russians refuse to stop assisting the [[Electorate of Saxony]].<ref>"In a Porcelain Mirror: Reflections of Russia from Peter I to Empress Elizabeth", by Lydia Liackhova, in ''Fragile Diplomacy: Moisson Porcelain for European courts ca. 1710-63'' (Yale University Press, 2007) p. 74.</ref>  Five years later, the two Empires fight the [[Seven Years' War]].
* [[December 29]] &ndash; Two physicians in [[Jamaica]], Dr. John Williams and Dr. Parker Bennet, fight a duel "with swords and pistols" after having had an argument the day before about the treatment of [[bilious fever]].  Both are mortally wounded during the fight.<ref>Fielding H. Garrison, ''An Introduction to the History of Medicine: With Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Bibliographic Data'' (W.B. Saunders Company, 1913) p. 394.</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Hannah Snell]] reveals her sex to her [[Royal Marines]] compatriots.
* The King of [[Dahomey]] has income of 250,000 pounds from the overseas export of enslaved people.
* [[Maruyama Okyo]] paints ''[[The Ghost of Oyuki]]''.
* [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] produces c. 2% of the entire world's output of industrial goods, before the [[Industrial Revolution]] begins.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}
* [[Galley slave]]ry is abolished in Europe.<ref name="Clear">{{cite book|author1=Clear, Todd R. |author2=Cole, George F. |author3=Resig, Michael D. |year=2006|title=American Corrections|edition=7th|publisher=Thompson}}</ref>
* [[World population]]: 791,000,000
** [[Africa]]: 106,000,000
** [[Asia]]: 502,000,000
** [[Europe]]: 163,000,000
** [[Latin-America]]: 16,000,000
** [[Northern America]]: 2,000,000
** [[Oceania]]: 2,000,000
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Nicolas Bergasse]], French lawyer (d. [[1832]])
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Helen Gloag]], Scottish-born enslaved Empress of [[Morocco]] (d. [[1790]])
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Caroline Herschel]], German astronomer (d. [[1848]])
* [[April]] &ndash; [[Joanna Southcott]], British religious fanatic (d. [[1814]])
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[François de Neufchâteau]], French statesman, intellectual figure (d. [[1828]])
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[John André]], British Army officer of the [[American Revolutionary War]] (d. [[1780]])
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Stephen Girard]], French-American banker, fourth richest American of all time (d. [[1831]])
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[Adamson Tannehill]], American general and politician (d. [[1820]])
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo]], Portuguese diplomat, scientist (d. [[1807]])
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Karl August von Hardenberg]], [[Prussia]]n politician (d. [[1822]])
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[William Morgan (actuary)|William Morgan]], British statistician, actuary (d. [[1833]])
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[Aimé Argand]], Swiss physicist, inventor (d. [[1803]]) 
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Bathilde d'Orléans|Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde d'Orléans]], last princess of Condé (d.[[1822]])
* [[July 25]] &ndash; [[Henry Knox]], military officer of the [[Continental Army]] and later the [[United States Army]], 1st [[United States Secretary of War]] (d. [[1806]])
[[File:Antonio Salieri painted by Joseph Willibrord Mähler.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Antonio Salieri]]]]
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Antonio Salieri]], Italian composer (d. [[1825]])
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood]], British admiral (d. [[1810]])
* [[October 7]] &ndash; [[Abraham Woodhull]], Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (d. [[1826]])
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Marie Le Masson Le Golft]], French naturalist (b. [[1826]]) 
* [[October 31]] &ndash; [[Leonor de Almeida Portugal, 4th Marquise of Alorna]], Portuguese painter and poet (d. [[1839]])
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Carlo Aurelio Widmann]], Venetian nobleman and admiral (d. [[1798]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Widmann|first=Carlo Aurelio |last2=Chiggiato|first2=Alvise|title=La nave ben manovrata, ossia, Trattato di manovra|publisher=La Malcontenta|location=Venice|year=1995|oclc=46795739|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61b5r5SPfOYC|pages=ii–iii}}</ref>
* [[November 7]] &ndash; [[Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg]], German poet (d. [[1819]])
[[File:Tipu Sultan BL.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Tipu Sultan]]]]
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Tipu Sultan]], Sultan of [[Mysore]] (d. [[1799]])
* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony]] (d. [[1827]])
* ''date unknown''
**[[Toypurina]], Medicine woman of the Tongva nation and rebel leader (d. [[1799]])
**[[Adwaita]], Oldest tortoise (d. [[2006]]) (alleged birth year; awaiting [[C14 dating|C-14 verification]])
**[[Urszula Zamoyska]], Polish noblewoman and socialite (d. [[1808]])
**[[Elizabeth Ryves]], Irish writer and translator (d. [[1797]])
**Moulvi Syed Qudratullah, Bengali judge (d. [[1839]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mkantho.com/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9/|language=bn|website=MKantho|script-title=bn:মৌলভী সৈয়দ কুদরত উল্লাহ'র ১৮০ তম মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী আজ|date=12 February 2019|access-date=January 10, 2022|archive-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216053249/http://www.mkantho.com/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Deaths ==
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Ivan Trubetskoy]], Russian field marshal (b. [[1667]])
* [[January 22]] &ndash; [[Franz Xaver Josef von Unertl]], Bavarian politician (b. [[1675]])
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Ludovico Antonio Muratori]], Italian historian and scholar (b. [[1672]])
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Albert Schultens]], Dutch philologist (b. [[1686]])
* [[January 29]] &ndash; [[Sophia Schröder]], Swedish soprano (b. [[1712]])
* [[February 7]] &ndash; [[Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset]] (b. [[1684]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Aaron Hill (writer)|Aaron Hill]], English writer (b. [[1685]])
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Jan Frans van Bredael]], Flemish painter (b. [[1686]])
* [[March 6]] &ndash; [[Domenico Montagnana]], Italian luthier (b. [[1686]])
* [[March 29]] &ndash; [[James Jurin]], British mathematician, doctor (b. [[1684]])
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[George Byng, 3rd Viscount Torrington]], British Army general (b. [[1701]])
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[John Willison]], Scottish minister, writer (b. [[1680]])
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Georg Engelhard Schröder]], Swedish artist (b. [[1684]])
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[Emperor Sakuramachi]] of Japan (b. [[1720]])
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Marguerite de Launay, baronne de Staal]], French author (b. [[1684]])
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Vasily Tatishchev]], Russian statesman, ethnographer (b. [[1686]])
[[File:Johann Sebastian Bach.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Johann Sebastian Bach]]]]
* [[July 28]]
** [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], German composer (b. [[1685]])
** [[Conyers Middleton]], English minister (b. [[1683]])
* [[July 31]] &ndash; King [[John V of Portugal]] (b. [[1689]])
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond]], English aristocrat, philanthropist and cricket patron  (b. [[1701]])
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Rachel Ruysch]], Dutch painter (b. [[1664]])
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Charles Theodore Pachelbel]], German composer (b. [[1690]])
* [[October 3]]
** [[Georg Matthias Monn]], Austrian composer (b. [[1717]])
** [[James MacLaine]], Irish highwayman (b. [[1724]])
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Sylvius Leopold Weiss]], German composer, lutenist (b. [[1687]])
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff]], Dutch [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies]] (b. [[1705]])
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr]], German mathematician, astronomer, and cartographer (b. [[1671]])
* [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Philemon Ewer]], English shipbuilder (b. [[1702]])
* [[December 16]] 
** [[Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad]], son of Turkic noble Nizam-ul-Mulk (b. [[1712]])
** [[Nasir Jung]], Head of Hyderabad State (b. [[1712]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Blair's Chronological Tables |author1=John Blair |author-link=John Blair (priest) |author2=J. Willoughby Rosse|location= London |publisher=[[Henry George Bohn|H.G. Bohn]] |year=1856 |via=Hathi Trust |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n?urlappend=%3Bseq=672 |chapter= 1750 |hdl=2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n?urlappend=%3Bseq=672 }}

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