Editing 1780 in science

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{{Science year nav|1780}}

The year '''1780 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events.

==Biology==
* [[Clément Joseph Tissot]] publishes ''Gymnastique médicinale et chirurgicale, ou, essai sur l'utilité du mouvement, ou des différens exercices du corps, et du repos dans la cure des malades'' in [[Paris]], the first text on the therapeutic benefits of [[physical exercise]].
* [[Lazzaro Spallanzani]] publishes ''Dissertationi di fisica animale e vegetale'', first interpreting the process of animal [[digestion]] as a chemical process in the stomach, by action of [[gastric juice]]. He also carries out important researches on animal [[fertilization]].

==Chemistry==
* [[Lactose]] is identified as a [[sugar]] by [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]].<ref>Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1780). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9N84AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA116 "Om Mjölk och dess syra"] (About milk and its acid), ''Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar'' (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science), '''1''' :  116-124.  From page 116:  ''"Det år bekant, at Ko-mjölk innehåller Smör, Ost, Mjölk-såcker, … "'' (It is known, that cow's milk contains butter, cheese, milk-sugar, … ); [https://books.google.com/books?id=9N84AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA269 "Om Mjölk-Såcker-Syra"] (On milk-sugar acid), ''Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar'' (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science), '''1''' :  269-275.  From pages 269–270:  ''"Mjölk-Såcker år et sal essentiale, som uti Mjölken finnes uplöst, och som, för dess sötaktiga smak skull, fått namn af såcker."''  (Milk sugar is an essential salt, which is found dissolved in milk, and which, on account of its sweet taste, has the name of "sugar".)</ref>

==Physics==
* [[Jean-Paul Marat]] publishes ''Recherches physiques sur le feu'' (''Research into the Physics of Fire'') and ''Découvertes de M. Marat sur la lumière'' (''Mr Marat's Discoveries on Light'').

==History of science==
* Dr [[John Aikin]] publishes his ''Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great Britain'', the first [[English language]] historical dictionary of [[physician]]s.

==Technology==
* [[Aimé Argand]] invents the [[Argand lamp]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wolfe|first=John J.|title=Brandy, Balloons, & Lamps: Ami Argand, 1750-1803|location=Carbondale|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-8093-2278-1}}</ref>
* [[Thomas Earnshaw]] devises the spring detent [[escapement]] for [[marine chronometer]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earnshaw's Chronometer Escapement |url=http://www.antique-watch.com/ref/e_earn.html |work=Antique Pocket Watches on the Internet |publisher=Pieces of Time |location=London |accessdate=2012-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042644/http://www.antique-watch.com/ref/e_earn.html |archivedate=2012-02-04 }}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Samuel Vince]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=21 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Births==
* January 13 – [[Pierre Jean Robiquet]], French chemist (died [[1840 in science|1840]]).
* March 10 – [[William Charles Ellis]], [[English people|English]] psychiatric physician (died [[1839 in science|1839]]).
* April 13 – [[Alexander Mitchell (engineer)|Alexander Mitchell]], [[Irish people|Irish]] engineer and [[inventor]] of the [[screw-pile lighthouse]] (died [[1868 in science|1868]]).
* September 5 - [[Clarke Abel]], British surgeon and [[natural history|naturalist]] (died [[1826 in science|1826]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Abel, Clarke (1789-1826) |url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10230696n |website=catalogue.bnf.fr |publisher=Bibliothèque Nationale de France |access-date=6 February 2021 |language=fr}}</ref>
* December 26 – [[Mary Somerville]], [[British people|British]] scientific writer (died [[1872 in science|1872]]).
* [[Elizabeth Philpot]], English [[paleontologist]] (died [[1857 in science|1857]]).

==Deaths==
* January 22 – [[André Levret]], [[French people|French]] [[obstetrician]] (born [[1703 in science|1703]]).
* February 20 – [[Johannes Burman]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[botanist]] (born [[1707 in science|1707]]).
* October 17 – [[William Cookworthy]], [[English people|English]] [[chemist]] (born [[1705 in science|1705]]).

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1780 in science| ]]
[[Category:18th century in science]]
[[Category:1780s in science]]