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1800 in science
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Year nav topic5|1800|science}} {{Science year nav|1800}} The year '''1800 in [[science]] and [[technology]]''' included many significant events. <!-- formerly (18apr07): ''See also:'' [[1799 in science]], [[1800|other events of 1800]], [[1801 in science]] and the [[list of years in science]]. --> ==Events== * [[January 13]] – [[Royal Institution|Royal Institution of Great Britain]] granted a [[royal charter]].<ref name="People's Chronology">{{cite book|chapter=1800|title=The People's Chronology|editor=Everett, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006|url=http://www.enotes.com/peoples-chronology|accessdate=2007-06-01|archive-date=2007-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822205439/http://www.enotes.com/peoples-chronology/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Astronomy== * The central star of the [[Ring Nebula]] is discovered by [[Friedrich von Hahn]]: the central star is a [[white dwarf]] star with a temperature of between 100,000 and 120,000 K. ==Chemistry== * [[Beryllium]] is discovered by [[Johann Bartholomäus Trommsdorff]] in beryl from [[Saxony]], a new earth; he calls it Agusterde ("August Earth"). * [[Fulminate]]s are discovered by [[Edward Charles Howard|Edward Howard]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=On a New Fulminating Mercury|first=Edward|last=Howard|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]]|year=1800|volume=90|issue=1|pages=204–238|doi=10.1098/rstl.1800.0012|doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Life and Work of Edward Charles Howard|first=F.|last=Kurzer|journal=Annals of Science|year=1999|volume=56|pages=113–141|doi=10.1080/000337999296445}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Edward Charles Howard (1774-1816), Scientist and sugar refiner|publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London]]|date=2005-01-05|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp02292|accessdate=2006-08-30|archive-date=2006-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925001812/http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp02292|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy]], begins publication in [[Paris]] of the comprehensive chemistry textbook ''Système des connaissances chimiques et de leurs applications aux phénomènes de la nature et de l'art''. ==Earth sciences== * October – [[Volcanic eruption]] of [[Mount Guntur]] in [[West Java]]. ==Exploration== * The [[Antipodes Islands]], at this time the home of large herds of fur seals, are discovered by the crew of the British ship [[HMS Reliance (1793)|HMS ''Reliance'']]. * [[Jacques Labillardière]] publishes ''[[Relation du Voyage à la Recherche de la Pérouse]]'' in [[Paris]]. ==Medicine== * [[March 22]] – Company of Surgeons granted a [[royal charter]] to become the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|Royal College of Surgeons in London]].<ref name="People's Chronology"/> * September – [[Philippe Pinel]] publishes ''Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale ou la manie'' (Medical and philosophical Treatise on insanity or mania) which marks the beginning of an in-depth change in the approaches and methods of work with "lunatics".<ref name="Pinel1809">{{cite book |last=Pinel |first=Philippe |title=Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdTGDYyqSoC&pg=PA333|year=1809|publisher=Chez J. Ant. Brosson}}</ref> * [[Xavier Bichat]] publishes ''Traité sur les membranes'' and ''Recherches physiologiques sur la vie et la mort'', pioneering texts in [[histology]] and [[pathology]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Elaut|first=L.|title=The theory of membranes of F. X. Bichat and his predecessors|journal=Sudhoffs Archiv|volume=53|issue=1|pages=68–76|location=West Germany|issn=0039-4564|pmid=4241888|date=July 1969}}</ref> * [[Andrea Vaccà Berlinghieri]] publishes ''Traité des maladies vénériennes'' (Treatise on venereal diseases).<ref name="BerlinghieriAlyon1800">{{cite book|author1=Andrea Vacca Berlinghieri|author2=Pierre Philippe Alyon|title=Traité des maladies vénériennes|url=https://archive.org/details/b22281575|year=1800|publisher=Moutardier}}</ref> * [[Georges Cuvier]] begins publishing his ''Leçons d'anatomie comparée'' (5 volumes, 1800-1805).<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6850 Georges Cuvier, ''Leçons d'anatomie comparée'']</ref> ==Paleontology== * Cuvier publishes a brief description of the [[Pterodactylus|pterodactyl]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.02.002|last1=Taquet|first1=P.|last2=Padian|first2=K.|year=2004|title=The earliest known restoration of a pterosaur and the philosophical origins of Cuvier's ''Ossemens Fossiles''|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|volume=3|issue=2|pages=157–175}}</ref> ==Physics== * [[Alessandro Volta]] devises the first [[Voltaic pile|chemical battery]], thereby founding the discipline of [[electrochemistry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Inventor Alessandro Volta Biography |work=The Great Idea Finder |publisher=The Great Idea Finder |year=2005 |url=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/volta.htm |accessdate=2007-02-23}}</ref> * [[Infrared]] rays are discovered by [[William Herschel]], an English astronomer of German origin.<ref name="People's Chronology"/> ==Technology== * [[Yeast]] is discovered as a new way to make [[beer]] ferment (beer made before 1800 was [[lambic]]). * [[Robert Fulton]] builds a practical experimental manually-propelled naval submarine ''[[Nautilus (1800 submarine)|Nautilus]]'' in France (first test dive July 29 at [[Rouen]]). * [[Henry Maudslay]] develops the first industrially practical [[screw-cutting lathe]], allowing standardisation of [[screw thread]] sizes for the first time, in [[London]].<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=L. T. C. Rolt|first=L. T. C.|last=Rolt|title=Great Engineers|year=1962|location=London|publisher=Bell}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|authorlink=James Burke (science historian)|first=James|last=Burke|title=Connections|url=https://archive.org/details/connections00burk_351|url-access=limited|location=London|publisher=Macmillan|year=1978|pages=[https://archive.org/details/connections00burk_351/page/n150 145]–6|isbn=0-333-24827-9}}</ref> * The first design for a [[cast iron]] twin leaf [[swing bridge]] is produced by [[Ralph Walker (engineer)|Ralph Walker]] for [[London Docks]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Clarke|title=A Brief History of Movable Bridges|url=http://www.mikeclarke.myzen.co.uk/Movable%20Bridges.html|date=2009-01-05|accessdate=2012-02-09}}</ref> ==Zoology== * [[November 4]] – Major-General [[Thomas Davies (British Army officer)|Thomas Davies]] first describes the [[superb lyrebird]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Thomas|chapter=[[s:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London/Volume 6/Description of Menura superba, a bird of New South Wales|Description of Menura superba, a Bird of New South Wales]]|title=[[Transactions of the Linnean Society of London]]|publication-date=1802|date=1800-11-04|pages=207–10|volume=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lyre-Bird}}</ref> ==Awards== * [[Copley Medal]]: [[Edward Charles Howard]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=21 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ==Births== * January 14 – [[Ludwig von Köchel]], [[Austria]]n [[musicologist]] and [[botanist]] (died [[1877 in science|1877]]) * February 11 – [[Henry Fox Talbot|H. Fox Talbot]], [[English people|English]] pioneer of [[photography]] (died 1877) * February 12 – [[John Edward Gray]], English [[taxonomist]] (died [[1875 in science|1875]]) * February 23 – [[Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet|William Jardine]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[naturalist]] (died [[1874 in science|1874]]) * February 27 – [[Robert Willis (engineer)|Robert Willis]], English mechanical engineer, phonetician and architectural historian (died [[1875 in science|1875]]) * March 3 – [[Heinrich Georg Bronn]], [[Germans|German]] geologist, paleontologist (died [[1862 in science|1862]]) * March 14 – [[James Bogardus]], [[Americans|American]] [[inventor]] (died 1874) * April 15 – [[James Clark Ross]], English explorer of the [[Polar region]]s (died [[1862 in science|1862]]) * May 25 – [[Leonard Jenyns]], English natural historian (died [[1893 in science|1893]]) * July 31 – [[Friedrich Woehler]], German [[chemist]] (died [[1882 in science|1882]]) * August 26 – [[Félix Archimède Pouchet]], [[French people|French]] natural scientist (died [[1872 in science|1872]]) * August 20 – [[Bernhard Heine]], German physician, bone specialist and inventor (died [[1846 in science|1846]]) * September 22 – [[George Bentham]], English botanist (died [[1884 in science|1884]]) * October 23 – [[Henri Milne-Edwards]], French zoologist (died [[1885 in science|1885]]) * December 25 – [[John Phillips (geologist)|John Phillips]], English geologist (died 1874) * December 29 – [[Charles Goodyear]], American inventor of the vulcanization process (died [[1860 in science|1860]]) * [[Anna Volkova]], [[Russia]]n chemist (died [[1876 in science|1876]]) ==Deaths== * January 1 – [[Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton]], French naturalist (born [[1716 in science|1716]]) * January 16 – [[Johann Christian Wiegleb]], German chemist (born [[1732 in science|1732]]) * March 14 – [[Daines Barrington]], English naturalist (born [[1727 in science|1727]]) * March 29 – [[Marc René, marquis de Montalembert]], French military engineer (born [[1714 in science|1714]]) * May 23 – [[Henry Cort]], English ironmaster (born [[1740 in science|1740]]) * June 20 – [[Abraham Gotthelf Kästner]], German mathematician (born [[1719 in science|1719]]) * July 14 – [[Lorenzo Mascheroni]], Italian mathematician (born [[1750 in science|1750]]) * September 10 – [[Johann David Schoepff]], German naturalist and physician (born [[1752 in science|1752]]) * October 4 – [[Johann Hermann]], German physician, naturalist (born [[1738 in science|1738]]) * November 5 – [[Jesse Ramsden]], English [[scientific instrument]] maker (born [[1735 in science|1735]]) * December – [[Jean-Baptiste Audebert]], French natural history painter (born [[1759 in science|1752]]) * December 30 – [[Thomas Dimsdale]], English physician, banker and politician, pioneer of variolation (born [[1712 in science|1712]]) ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1800 in science| ]] [[Category:18th century in science]] [[Category:1800s in science]]
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