Editing 1805 in science

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{{Year nav topic5|1805|science}}
{{Science year nav|1805}}

Significant events in '''1805 in [[science]] and [[technology]]''' are listed.

==Biology==
* [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] publishes ''Exposition des Familles naturelles et de la Germination des Plantes, contentant la description de 2337 genres et d'environ 4000 espèces, 112 planches dont les figures ont ete dessinées par l'auteur'', popularising the [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussiaean]] classification system.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Gerard and Jaume: Two Neglected Figures in the History of Jussiaean Classification (Part Three)|first=Roger L.|last=Williams|pages=233–271|jstor=1222135|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|volume=37|issue=2|year=1988 |doi=10.2307/1222135}}</ref>
* [[Marie Jules César Savigny]] publishes ''Histoire naturelle et mythologique de l'Ibis'' in [[Paris]], the first illustrated monograph on the [[ibis]].

==Chemistry==
* [[John Dalton]]'s list of [[molecular weight]]s is first published.<ref>{{cite journal|first=John|last=Dalton|title=On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids|url=http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/dalton52.html|journal=Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester |series=2nd Series|volume=1|year=1805|pages=271–87}}</ref>
* [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] discovers that water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen by volume.<ref name="Profile">{{cite web|title=Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/joseph-louis-gay-lussac|website=Science History Institute |accessdate=21 March 2018|date=June 2016}}</ref><ref name=Bowden>{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd|chapter-url-access=registration|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780941901123|chapter=Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/13 13–15,53]|url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/13}}</ref>
* [[Jane Marcet]]'s elementary textbook for young people, ''Conversations on Chemistry'' ("intended more especially for the female sex"), is published anonymously in London. It proves extremely popular on both sides of the Atlantic, running through at least forty editions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jane Marcet|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/jane-marcet|website=Science History Institute|accessdate=21 March 2018|date=June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Elizabeth J.|last=Morse|title=Marcet, Jane Haldimand (1769–1858)|year=2004|edition=Online|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18029|accessdate=2013-10-14|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/18029}} </ref>

==Exploration==
* April 7 – The [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] leaves Fort Mandan, bound for the [[Pacific Ocean]].
* August 9 – [[Zebulon Pike]] leaves [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] to explore the headwaters of the [[Mississippi River]].
* November 16 – The Lewis and Clark expedition reaches the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the [[Columbia River]].

==Mathematics==
* [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] publishes the first clear and concise exposition of the [[least squares]] method for fitting a curve to a given set of observations.<ref>{{Citation |first=Adrien-Marie|last=Legendre|title=Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes|trans-title=New Methods for the Determination of the Orbits of Comets|language=French|publisher=F. Didot|location=Paris|year=1805|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRcOAAAAQAAJ}}</ref>

==Medicine==
* [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]] [[surgeon]] [[Philipp Bozzini|Philipp Bozzini invents]] the {{Lang|de|lichtleiter}}, ancestor of the [[endoscope]], for examination of bodily orifices.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bozzini|first=P.|title=Lichtleiter: eine Erfindung zur Anschauung innerer Theile und Krankheiten nebst der Abbildung|journal=J Practischen Arzneykunde|location=Berlin|volume=24|pages=107–24|year=1806}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bozzini|first=P.|title=Heidelbergische Jahrbücher der Litteratur|volume=3|issue=3|chapter=Lichtleiter, eine Erfindung zur Anschauung innerer Theile und Krankheiten nebst der Abbildung|publisher=Wöhr & Zimmer|location=Heidelberg|year=1810|page=207|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okBBAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Lichtleiter%2C%20eine%20Erfindung%20zur%20Anschauung%20innerer%20Theile%20und%20Krankheiten%20nebst%20der%20Abbildung%22&pg=PA207|accessdate=2010-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bush|first1=Ronnie Beth|last2=Leonhardt|first2=Hanna|last3=Bush|first3=Irving M.|last4=Landes|first4=Ralph R.|title=Dr. Bozzini's Lichtleiter: A translation of his original article (1806)|journal=[[Urology (journal)|Urology]]|volume=3|issue=1|pages=119–23|year=1974|pmid=4591409|doi=10.1016/S0090-4295(74)80080-4}}</ref>
* [[James Parkinson]] publishes ''Observations on the Nature and Cure of the Gout''.
* Japanese physician Udagawa Genshin publishes {{Lang|ja-Latn|Ensai Ihan}} ("Medical precepts of the West").
* First record of a [[water birth]], in France.

==Meteorology==
* The [[Beaufort scale]] of [[wind speed]] is devised by British [[Royal Navy]] officer [[Francis Beaufort]].

==Technology==
* September – [[Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet|William Congreve]] first demonstrates the solid-fuel [[Congreve rocket]] for use as an artillery weapon.
* November 26 – The [[Ellesmere Canal]]'s [[Pontcysyllte Aqueduct]] is opened in [[Wales]]; built by [[Thomas Telford]] and [[William Jessop]], its [[cast iron]] trough is {{convert|1007|ft|m|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|126|ft|m|abbr=on}} above the [[River Dee (Wales)|River Dee]] beneath.<ref>{{cite book|first=L. T. C.|last=Rolt|authorlink=L. T. C. Rolt|title=Thomas Telford|url=https://archive.org/details/thomastelford00rolt|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1958}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Humphry Davy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=21 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Births==
* February 13 – [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]], [[mathematician]] (died [[1859 in science|1859]])
* May 12 – [[William Rowan Hamilton]], mathematician, [[physicist]] and [[astronomer]] (died [[1865 in science|1865]])
* July 5 – [[Robert FitzRoy]], admiral and [[meteorologist]] (suicide [[1865 in science|1865]])
* August 13 - [[Antoine Constant Saucerotte]], [[French people|French]] [[physician]] (died [[1884 in science|1884]])<ref name="Léonore">{{Base Léonore|LH/2463/9}}</ref>
* December 16 – [[Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]], [[zoologist]] (died [[1861 in science|1861]])
* December 20 – [[Thomas Graham (chemist)|Thomas Graham]], [[chemist]] (died [[1869 in science|1869]])
* December 22 – [[John Obadiah Westwood]], [[entomologist]] (died [[1893 in science|1893]])
* [[Mary Seacole|Mary Seacole (née Grant)]], [[nurse]] (died [[1881 in science|1881]])

==Deaths==
* January 23 – [[Claude Chappe]], [[French people|French]] inventor of the mechanical [[semaphore line|semaphore system]] (born [[1763 in science|1763]])
* February 17 – [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti]], [[Vienna|Viennese]] [[herpetologist]] (born [[1735 in science|1735]])
* May 16 – [[Christiaan Brunings]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[hydraulic engineer]] (born [[1736 in science|1736]])
* July 2 – [[Patrick Russell (herpetologist)|Patrick Russell]], Scottish-born surgeon and herpetologist (born [[1726 in science|1726]])
* December 23
** [[Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville]], French novelist, translator and chemist (born [[1720 in science|1720]])
** [[Pehr Osbeck]], Swedish botanist and explorer, pupil of [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] (born [[1723 in science|1723]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1805 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1800s in science]]