Editing 1806

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Year dab|1806}}
{{Year nav|1806}}
[[File:Charles Meynier - Entrée de Napoléon à Berlin. 27 octobre 1806.jpg|thumb|250px|[[October 27]]. [[Entry of Napoleon into Berlin]]. French troops enter Berlin following Jena.]]
{{C19 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1806}}[[File:Storming the Cape 1806.jpg|thumb|right|[[January 8]]: [[Battle of Blaauwberg]]]][[File:E.Jean.Horace.Vernet.Battleof.Jena1836.jpg|thumb|[[October 14]]: [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt]]]]

== Events ==

=== January–March ===
*[[January 1]]
** The [[French Republican Calendar]] is abolished.
** The [[Kingdom of Bavaria]] is established by [[Napoleon]].
*[[January 5]] – The body of British naval leader [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson]], lies in state in the Painted Hall of [[Greenwich Hospital, London|Greenwich Hospital]], London, prior to his funeral.
*[[January 8]] – [[Battle of Blaauwberg]]: British infantry force troops of the [[Batavian Republic]] in the [[Dutch Cape Colony]] to withdraw.
*[[January 9]]
** The Dutch commandant of [[Cape Town]] surrenders to British forces. On January 10, formal capitulation is signed under the [[Treaty Tree]] in  Papendorp (modern-day [[Woodstock, Cape Town|Woodstock]]).
** [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Lord Nelson]] is given a [[state funeral]] and interment at [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in London, attended by [[George IV of the United Kingdom|the Prince of Wales]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hibbert|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Hibbert|title=Nelson: A Personal History|year=1994|page=382}}</ref>
*[[January 18]] – The [[Dutch Cape Colony]] capitulates to British forces, the origin of its status as a colony within the [[British Empire]].
*[[January 23]]
** Following the death of [[William Pitt the Younger]], his cousin [[William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville|Lord Grenville]] succeeds him as wartime [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].
** [[Invasion of Naples (1806)|Invasion of Naples]]: [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]] flees to the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] under British protection.<ref>{{cite book|last=Davis|first=John|title=Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions, 1780–1860|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198207559|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWuH77qlSWEC}}</ref>
*[[February 6]] – [[Battle of San Domingo]]: The British [[Royal Navy]] gains a victory over the French off [[Santo Domingo]].
*[[February 15]] – [[Invasion of Naples (1806)|Invasion of Naples]]: [[Joseph Bonaparte]] enters [[Naples]].<ref name=Abbott>{{cite book|first=John S. C.|last=Abbott|title=A History of Joseph, King of Naples|location=New York|publisher=Harper|year=1869}}</ref>
*[[March 23]] – Explorers [[Lewis and Clark]] and their ''[[Corps of Discovery]]'', having reached the Pacific Ocean after traveling through the [[Louisiana Purchase]], begin their journey home.
*[[March 28]] – Washington College (modern-day [[Washington & Jefferson College]]) is chartered by the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Coleman| first =Helen Turnbull Waite| title = Banners in the Wilderness: The Early Years of Washington and Jefferson College| publisher = [[University of Pittsburgh Press]]| year= 1956| url = https://archive.org/details/bannersinthewild012852mbp| oclc = 2191890|page=[https://archive.org/details/bannersinthewild012852mbp/page/n262 210]}}</ref>
*[[March 29]] – Construction is authorized of the ''[[National Road]]'', the first United States federal highway.
*[[March 30]] – The [[Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples]] is proclaimed.<ref name=Abbott/>

=== April–June ===
*[[April 8]] – [[Stéphanie de Beauharnais]], adopted daughter of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], marries [[Karl Ludwig Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden|Prince Karl Ludwig Friedrich of Baden]].
*[[April 25]] – [[Rana Bahadur Shah]] is killed by his step-brother [[Sher Bahadur Shah]] in the late night meeting which triggers the two weeks' long [[1806 Bhandarkhal massacre|Bhandarkhal garden massacre]] in Khatmandu.
*[[May 16]] – A [[Orders in Council (1807)#British Order in Council of 16 May 1806|British Order in Council of 16 May 1806]] declares all ports from [[Brest, France|Brest (France)]] to the [[Elbe]] to be under a state of [[blockade]] by the British Royal Navy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Documents upon the Continental System|work=The Napoleon Series / Archive|publisher=The Waterloo Association|url=https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_continental.html|date=2025-04-21}}</ref>
*[[May 30]] – Future President of the United States [[Andrew Jackson]] fights his third [[duel]], killing lawyer [[Charles Dickinson (attorney and duelist)|Charles Dickinson]] following a dispute over payment of a forfeit.
*[[June 5]] – [[Louis Bonaparte]] is appointed as [[Kingdom of Holland|King of Holland]] by his brother, Emperor [[Napoleon]], replacing the [[Batavian Republic]].

=== July–September ===
*[[July 4]] – [[Invasion of Naples (1806)|Invasion of Naples]] ([[War of the Third Coalition]]): [[Battle of Maida]] – [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] defeats the [[First French Empire|French]] in Calabria.
<!--*July 4 – Legendary ship ''[[The Irish Rover]]'' sets sail from the [[Cobh|Cove]] of [[Cork (city)|Cork, Ireland]] for New York. (This episode may be entirely ficticious; if so, it should be removed here) -->
*[[July 10]] – [[Vellore Mutiny]]: [[Company rule in India|Indian]] [[sepoy]]s mutiny against the [[East India Company]], for the first time.
*[[July 12]] – Sixteen German [[Imperial State]]s leave the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and form the [[Confederation of the Rhine]], leading to the collapse of the Empire. [[Liechtenstein]] is given full sovereignty.
*[[July 15]] – [[Pike Expedition]]: Near [[St. Louis, Missouri]], United States Army Lieutenant [[Zebulon Pike]] leads an expedition from [[Fort Bellefontaine]], to explore the American West.
*[[July 18]] – [[1806 Birgu polverista explosion]]: A gunpowder magazine explosion in [[Birgu]], [[Malta Protectorate|Malta]] kills around 200 people.
*[[July 23]] – [[British invasions of the River Plate]]: A British expeditionary force of 1,700 men lands on the left bank of the [[Río de la Plata]] and invades [[Buenos Aires]].
*[[August 6]] – [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], the last [[Holy Roman Emperor]], abdicates, thus ending the [[Holy Roman Empire]] after 844 years. 
*[[August 18]] – English [[Seal hunting|seal hunter]] [[Abraham Bristow]] discovers the [[Auckland Islands]].<ref>"Auckland Islands", in ''Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia'', ed. by William J. Mills (ABC-CLIO, 2003) p39</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=A. G. E.|last=Jones|title=Captain Abraham Bristow and the Auckland Islands|journal=[[Notes and Queries]]|year=1970|volume=17|issue=10|pages=369–371|doi= 10.1093/nq/17-10-369}}</ref>
*[[September 23]] – The [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] reaches [[St. Louis, Missouri]], ending a successful exploration of the [[Louisiana Territory]] and the [[Pacific Northwest]]. Their arrival comes "much to the amazement of residents, who had given the travelers up for dead" according to one historian.<ref>{{cite book|first=Lee Ann|last=Sandweiss|title=Seeking St. Louis: Voices from a River City, 1670–2000|publisher=Missouri History Museum|year=2000|page=41}}</ref>
*[[September 25]] – [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] issues an ultimatum to Paris, threatening war if France does not halt marching its troops through Prussian territory to reach Austria; the message does not reach Napoleon Bonaparte until October 7, and he responds by attacking Prussia.<ref name= Petre>{{cite book|first=F. Loraine|last=Petre|title=Napoleon's Conquest of Prussia – 1806|publisher=John Lane Company|year=1907|page=xv}}</ref>

=== October–December ===
*[[October 8]] – Napoleon responds to the September 25 ultimatum from [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], and begins the [[War of the Fourth Coalition]]; Prussia is joined by [[History of Saxony|Saxony]] and other minor [[List of historic states of Germany|German states]].<ref name= Petre/>
*[[October 9]] – [[Battle of Schleiz]]: French and Prussian forces fight for the first time since the war began. The Prussian army is easily defeated by a more numerous French force.  
*[[October 14]] – [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt]]: At [[Jena]], [[Napoleon]] defeats the Prussian army of [[Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen|Prince Hohenlohe]], while at [[Auerstedt]], [[Louis-Nicolas Davout|Marshal Davout]] defeats the main Prussian army under [[Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick]] (who is fatally wounded).
*[[October 17]] – Emperor Jacques I of Haiti ([[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]]) is assassinated at the Pont-Rouge, [[Haiti]], and [[Alexandre Pétion]] becomes first President of the Republic of Haiti.
*[[October 20]] – British [[ship of the line]] {{HMS|Athenienne|1800}} is wrecked in the [[Strait of Sicily]] with the loss of 347 of the 488 on board.
*[[October 24]] – [[Fall of Berlin (1806)|French forces enter Berlin]].
*[[October 30]] –  [[Capitulation of Stettin]]: Believing themselves massively outnumbered, the 5,300-man garrison at [[Szczecin|Stettin]] in Prussia surrenders to a much smaller French force without a fight.
*[[November 15]] – [[Pike Expedition]]: During his second exploratory expedition, Lieutenant [[Zebulon Pike]] sees a distant mountain peak while near the [[Colorado]] foothills of the [[Rocky Mountains]] (later named [[Pikes Peak]] in his honor).
*[[November 21]] – [[Napoleon]]'s [[Berlin Decree]] initiates the [[Continental System]], blocking the import of British manufactured goods to the rest of Europe.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Napoleon's Continental Blockade – An Effective Substitute to Naval Weakness?|first=Silvia|last=Marzagali|title=Naval Blockades and Seapower: Strategies and Counter-Strategies, 1805–2005|editor1-first=Bruce A.|editor1-last=Elleman|editor2-first=S. C. M.|editor2-last=Paine|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=9786611158309|page=25}}</ref>
*[[November 24]] – The last major Prussian field force, under [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher]], surrenders to the French near [[Lübeck]]. [[Frederick William III of Prussia|Frederick William III]] has by this time fled to [[Klaipėda|Memel]] in East Prussia.
*[[November 28]] – French troops enter [[Warsaw]].
*[[December 23]] – [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] premieres his [[Violin Concerto (Beethoven)|violin concerto]] at the [[Theater an der Wien]].
*[[December 26]] – [[War of the Fourth Coalition]]:
** [[Battle of Pułtusk]] – [[Russian Empire|Russian]] forces under [[Levin August, Count von Bennigsen|General Bennigsen]] narrowly escape from a direct confrontation with [[Napoleon]], who goes into winter quarters.
** [[Battle of Golymin]] – [[Russian Empire|Russian]] forces under [[Dmitry Golitsyn|General Golitsyn]] fight a successful rearguard action against [[First French Empire|French]] forces, under [[Joachim Murat|Marshal Murat]].

=== Date unknown ===
* [[East India Company College]] established in [[Hertfordshire]], England, to train colonial administrators.
* [[Noah Webster]] publishes his first dictionary, ''[[Webster's Dictionary#Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language|A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language]]'', recording distinctive [[American spelling]]s.
* [[Colgate-Palmolive]] is originated as [[William Colgate]]'s soap and candle manufactory in New York City, United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.colgatepalmolive.com/en-us/about/history|publisher=Colgate-Palmolive|access-date=December 5, 2020}}</ref>
* Annual British iron production reaches 260,000 tons.

== Births ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Robert Howlett (Isambard Kingdom Brunel Standing Before the Launching Chains of the Great Eastern), The Metropolitan Museum of Art (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]]]
[[File:Henry Inman - Emma Embury - NPG.2016.23 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Emma Catherine Embury]]]]
[[File:JV Snellman.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[J. V. Snellman]]]]
[[File:John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[John Stuart Mill]]]]
*[[January 1]] – [[Lionel Kieseritzky]], Baltic-German chess player (d. 1853)
*[[January 27]] – [[Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga]], Spanish composer (d. 1826)
*[[February 22]] – [[Józef Kremer]], Polish messianic philosopher (d. 1875)
*[[March 4]]
** [[Ephraim Wales Bull]], American farmer, creator of the [[Concord grape]] (d. 1895)
** [[George Bradburn]], American abolitionist, women's rights advocate (d. 1880)
*[[March 6]] – [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]], English poet (d. [[1861]])<ref>[[Fiona Sampson|Sampson, Fiona]] (2021). ''Two Way Mirror: The Life of Elizabeth Barrett Browning''. Profile Books, p 33</ref>
*[[March 11]] – [[Carlo Pellion di Persano]], Italian admiral, politician (d. 1883)
*[[March 12]] – [[Jane Pierce]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. 1863)
*[[March 21]] – [[Benito Juárez]], Mexican statesman, folk hero (d. 1872)
*[[April 3]] – [[Ivan Kireyevsky]], Russian literary critic, philosopher (d. 1856)
*[[April 6]] – [[Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl]], German scholar (d. 1876)
*[[April 9]] – [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]], British civil engineer (d. 1859)
*[[May 2]] – [[Catherine Labouré]], French visionary, saint (d. 1876)
*[[May 4]] – [[William Fothergill Cooke]], English inventor (d. 1879)
*[[May 12]] – [[J. V. Snellman]], Finnish statesman and influential [[Fennoman]] philosopher (d. 1881)<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johan-Vilhelm-Snellman Johan Vilhelm Snellman] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref>
*[[May 20]] – [[John Stuart Mill]], British philosopher (d. 1873)
*[[June 12]] – [[John Augustus Roebling]], German-American engineer (d. 1869)
*[[June 27]] – [[Augustus De Morgan]], British mathematician, logician (d. 1871)

=== July–December ===
[[File:Stirner-kar1900.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Max Stirner]]]]
[[File:Emilia Plater (284384).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Emilia Plater]]]]
*[[July 5]]
** [[James Dawson (activist)|James Dawson]], Scottish-born Australian settler, champion of aboriginal interests (d. 1900)
** [[Blanka Teleki]], Hungarian countess, women's rights activist  (d. 1862)
*[[September 12]] – [[Andrew Hull Foote]], American admiral (d. 1863)
*[[September 22]] – [[Bernardino António Gomes Jr.|Bernardino António Gomes]], Portuguese physician and naturalist (d. 1877)
*[[October 3]] – [[Oliver Cowdery]], American religious leader (d. 1850)
*[[October 25]] – [[Max Stirner]], German philosopher (d. 1856)
*[[November 10]] – [[Sir Alexander Milne, 1st Baronet|Sir Alexander Milne]], British admiral (d. 1896)
*[[November 13]] – [[Emilia Plater]], Polish heroine (d. 1831)
*[[December 11]] – [[Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich]], German geologist (d. 1886)

== Deaths ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:OlderPittThe Younger.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[William Pitt the Younger]]]]
*[[January 8]] – [[Magdalena Dávalos y Maldonado]], Ecuadorian scholar, socialite (b. 1725)
*[[January 23]] – [[William Pitt the Younger]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. 1759)<ref>{{cite web |title=History of William Pitt 'The Younger' - GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/william-pitt |website=www.gov.uk |access-date=1 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[February 2]] – [[Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne]], French writer (b. 1734)<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Restif, Nicolas Edme|volume=23|page=200}}</ref>
*[[February 16]] – [[Franz von Weyrother]], Austrian general (b. 1755)
*[[February 19]] – [[Elizabeth Carter]], English writer (b. 1717)<ref>{{cite web|title=Elizabeth Carter - British author|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Carter|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref>
*[[February 20]] – [[Lachlan McIntosh]], Scottish-born American military and political leader (b. 1725)
*[[March 20]] – [[Salomea Deszner]], Polish actress, singer and theater director (b. 1759)
*[[March 23]] – [[George Pinto (composer)|George Pinto]], English composer (b. 1785)
*[[March 30]] – [[Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire]], English noblewoman, socialite, political organizer, style icon, author and activist (b. 1757)
*[[April 9]] – [[William V, Prince of Orange]], last [[Stadtholder]] of the Dutch Republic (b. 1748)
*[[April 10]] – [[Horatio Gates]], British soldier, served as an American general during the [[American Revolutionary War]] (b. 1727)
*[[April 22]] – [[Pierre-Charles Villeneuve]], French admiral (stabbed) (b. 1763)
*[[May 9]] – [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]], English-born merchant, one of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]], "financier of the [[American Revolution]]" (b. 1734)
*[[May 24]] – [[John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll]], British field marshal (b. 1723)
*[[May 30]] – [[Charles Dickinson (attorney and duelist)|Charles Dickinson]], American attorney and duelist (killed in a duel by [[Andrew Jackson]]) (b. 1780)
*[[June 23]] – [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]], French naturalist (b. 1723)

=== July–December ===
[[File:Charles de Coulomb.png|110px|thumb|right|[[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]]]]
[[File:Benjamin Banneker mural cropped.tif|thumb|right|110px|[[Benjamin Banneker]]]]
*[[July 4]] – [[Charles Henri Sanson]], Royal Executioner of France during the reign of King Louis XVI (b. 1739)
*[[July 10]] – [[George Stubbs]], English animal painter (b. 1724)
*[[July 11]] – [[James Smith (Pennsylvania politician)|James Smith]], Irish-born American lawyer and politician, signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] (b. 1719)
*[[July 16]] – [[Johann Gottfried Arnold]], German cellist (lung infection) (b. 1773)
*[[July 17]] – [[Sir Richard Sullivan, 1st Baronet]], British politician (b. 1752)
*[[August 10]] – [[Michael Haydn]], Austrian composer and brother of [[Joseph Haydn]] (b. 1737) 
*[[August 22]] – [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], French painter (b. 1742)
*[[August 23]] – [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]], French physicist (b. 1736)
*[[September 9]] – [[William Paterson (judge)|William Paterson]], Irish-born American judge, signer of the [[United States Constitution]], [[Governor of New Jersey]] (b. 1745)
*[[September 13]] – [[Charles James Fox]], English politician (b. 1749)
*[[September 30]] – [[William Fortescue, 1st Earl of Clermont]], Irish politician (b. 1722)
*[[October 9]] – [[Benjamin Banneker]], American astronomer and surveyor (b. 1731)
*[[October 10]] – [[Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1772–1806)|Louis Ferdinand of Prussia]], German prince (killed in battle) (b. 1772)
*[[October 23]] – [[Timothy Dexter]], American businessman and eccentric (b. 1748)
*[[October 25]] – [[Henry Knox]], Secretary of War under [[George Washington]] (b. 1750)
*[[October 26]] – [[John Graves Simcoe]], English army officer and colonial administrator, first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada (b. 1752)
*[[November 10]] – [[Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick]], German ruling prince and general (died of wounds) (b. 1735)
*[[November 23]] – [[Roger Newdigate]], English politician (b. 1719)<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Newdigate, Sir Roger}}</ref>
*[[December 9]] – [[Josef Georg Hörl]], Austrian politician (b. 1722)
*[[December 22]] – [[William Vernon]], American merchant (b. 1719)

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Mungo Park (explorer)|Mungo Park]], Scottish explorer (drowned in attack) (b. 1771)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1806}}
[[Category:1806| ]]