Editing 1813 in science

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The year '''1813 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Biology==
* April – [[William Charles Wells]] reads a paper to the [[Royal Society]] of [[London]] making the first clear statement about [[natural selection]].<ref>Published posthumously in 1818 in his ''[https://archive.org/details/anessayondewand00stragoog <!-- quote=William Charles Wells. --> Two Essays]''.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Green|first=J. H. S.|year=1957|title=William Charles Wells FRS (1757–1817)|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=179|issue=4568|pages=997–99|doi=10.1038/179997a0|pmid=13430768|bibcode=1957Natur.179..997G}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Charles Darwin|quote=[Wells] distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection, and this is the first recognition which has been indicated.|last=Darwin|first=Charles|year=1866|title=On the Origin of Species by means of natural selection|publisher=Murray|location=London|edition=4th & subsequent|chapter=Historical Sketch|title-link=On the Origin of Species}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Forerunners of Darwin, 1745-1859|url=https://archive.org/details/forerunnersofdar0000glas|url-access=registration|editor=Glass, Bentley|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|year=1959|page=[https://archive.org/details/forerunnersofdar0000glas/page/369 369]|display-editors=etal}}</ref>
* [[Charles Waterton]] begins the process of turning his estate at [[Walton Hall, West Yorkshire]], [[England]], into what is, in effect, the world's first [[nature reserve]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Julia|last=Blackburn|authorlink=Julia Blackburn|title=Charles Waterton, 1782-1865: traveller and conservationist|location=London|publisher=The Bodley Head|year=1989|isbn=978-0-370-31248-4|pages=52–9}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
* [[Mathieu Orfila]] publishes his groundbreaking ''Traité des poisons'', formalizing the field of [[toxicology]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Bertomeu-Sánchez, José Ramón |editor2=Nieto-Galan, Agustí |title=Chemistry, Medicine and Crime: Mateu J. B. Orfila (1787–1853) and his times|publisher=Science History Publications|year=2006|location=Sagamore Beach, MA|isbn=978-0-88135-275-7}}</ref>
* [[Louis Jacques Thénard]] commences publication of his textbook ''Traité de chimie élémentaire, théorique et pratique'' in [[Paris]].
* [[Edward Charles Howard|Edward Howard]] invents the enclosed vacuum pan for [[refining]] [[sugar]].

==Exploration==
* May 11 – [[Gregory Blaxland]], [[William Lawson (explorer)|William Lawson]] and [[William Wentworth]] leave on an expedition to cross the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)]].

==Mathematics==
* [[Siméon Denis Poisson|S. D. Poisson]] publishes [[Poisson's equation]], his correction of [[Laplace]]'s second order [[partial differential equation]] for potential.<ref>''Bulletin de la société philomatique''.</ref>

==Medicine==
* English physician [[Thomas Sutton (physician)|Thomas Tutton]] publishes ''[https://archive.org/details/tractsondelirium00sutt/page/n7/mode/2up Tracts on Delirium Tremens, on Peritonitis, and on Some other Internal Inflammatory Affections, and on the Gout]'' in London, providing case studies of [[delirium tremens]].

==Physics==
* British engineer [[Peter Ewart]] supports the idea of the [[conservation of energy]] in his paper "On the measure of moving force".

==Sociology==
* [[Henri de Saint-Simon]] publishes ''Physiologie sociale''.

==Technology==
* ''Probable date'' – [[George E. Clymer]] invents the [[Columbian press]].

==Institutions==
* March 1 – Sir [[Humphry Davy]] employs [[Michael Faraday]] as "chemical assistant" at the [[Royal Institution]] of Great Britain in London.

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[William Thomas Brande]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=21 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Births==
* January 19 – [[Henry Bessemer]], [[English people|English]] inventor (died [[1898 in science|1898]])
* February 18 – [[Karl Weltzien]], [[Russia]]n-born [[Germans|German]] [[inorganic chemist]], an organizer of the [[Karlsruhe Congress]] (died [[1870 in science|1870]])
* March 19 – [[David Livingstone]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]] missionary and explorer (died [[1873 in science|1873]])
* April 16 - [[Justin Benoît]], [[French people|French]] [[surgeon]] and [[anatomist]] (died [[1893 in science|1893]])<ref name="Léonore">{{Base Léonore|LH/181/49}}</ref>
* July 12 – [[Claude Bernard]], [[French people|French]] [[physiologist]] (died [[1878 in science|1878]])
* October 17 – [[Georg Büchner]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hessian]]-born writer and anatomist (died [[1837 in science|1837]])
* December 19 – [[Thomas Andrews (scientist)|Thomas Andrews]], [[Irish people|Irish]] chemist (died [[1885 in science|1885]])
* December 29 – [[Alexander Parkes]], English chemist (died [[1890 in science|1890]])
* [[William Bullock (inventor)|William Bullock]], American inventor (died [[1867 in science|1867]])

==Deaths==
* April 10 – [[Joseph Louis Lagrange]], [[Piedmont]]-born [[mathematician]] (born [[1736 in science|1736]])
* April 19 – [[Benjamin Rush]], [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Father of the United States]], [[chemist]] and [[physician]] (born [[1746 in science|1746]])
* April 27 – General [[Zebulon Pike]], American [[List of explorers|explorer]] (born [[1779 in science|1779]])
* May – [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger]], German [[zoologist]] (born [[1775 in science|1775]])
* July 22 – [[George Shaw (biologist)|George Shaw]], English [[naturalist]] (born [[1751 in science|1751]])
* August 23 – [[Alexander Wilson (ornithologist)|Alexander Wilson]], [[Scottish American]] [[ornithologist]] (born [[1766 in science|1766]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1813 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1810s in science]]