Editing 1814 in science

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The year '''1814 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Chemistry==
* [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius|J. Jacob Berzelius]] publishes ''Försök att genom användandet af den electrokemiska theorien och de kemiska proportionerna grundlägga ett rent vettenskapligt system för mineralogien'' ("An attempt to establish a pure scientific system of mineralogy, by the application of the electro-chemical theory and the chemical proportions").

==Mathematics==
* [[Peter Barlow (mathematician)|Peter Barlow]] publishes [https://archive.org/details/barlowstablesofs00barlrich ''New Mathematical Tables''] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-csAAAAYAAJ ''A New Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary'']. 'Barlow's Tables' continue to be reprinted for 150 years.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Day, Lance|editor2=McNeil, Ian|title=Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=0-415-06042-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415060424/page/42 42]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415060424/page/42}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/53519/Peter-Barlow|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|title=Peter Barlow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Peter Barlow|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Barlow.html|publisher=[[University of St Andrews]]|year=2000|accessdate=2011-04-02}}</ref>

==Meteorology==
* August – [[William Charles Wells]] publishes the first correct scientific explanation of [[dew]].

==Medicine==
* April – [[Abraham Colles]] publishes "On the Fracture of the Carpal Extremity of the [[Radius (bone)|Radius]]" in the ''Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal'', describing the injury which continues to be known as [[Colles' fracture]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Boylan|first=Henry|year=1998|title=A Dictionary of Irish Biography|edition=3rd|page=73|location=Dublin|publisher=Gill & Macmillan|isbn=0-7171-2945-4}}</ref>
* October 23 – [[Joseph Constantine Carpue|Joseph Carpue]] performs [[plastic surgery]] on the nose.<ref>Carpue, J. C. "Account of Two Successful Operations for Restoring a Lost Nose from the Integument of the Forehead". 1816.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>

==Physics==
* '[[Laplace's demon]]', an articulation of causal [[determinism]], is published by [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]].<ref>{{citation|first=Pierre-Simon|last=Laplace|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophicaless00lapliala|title=A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawking.org.uk/does-god-play-dice.html|last=Hawking|first=Stephen|authorlink=Stephen Hawking|title=Does God Play Dice?|work=Public Lectures|access-date=2021-04-08|archive-date=2012-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111012413/http://www.hawking.org.uk/does-god-play-dice.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Joseph von Fraunhofer]] discovers the dark absorption lines in the [[spectrum]] of the sun now known as [[Fraunhofer lines]].<ref name="nautilus">{{cite web|title=The Glassmaker Who Sparked Astrophysics|author=Kitty Ferguson & Miko Maciaszek|url=http://nautil.us/issue/11/light/the-glassmaker-who-sparked-astrophysics|date=20 March 2014|access-date=8 April 2018|publisher=[[Nautilus (science magazine)|Nautilus]]|archive-date=23 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323010729/http://nautil.us/issue/11/light/the-glassmaker-who-sparked-astrophysics|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Technology==
* July 25 – [[George Stephenson]] puts his first [[steam locomotive]] in service, the ''[[Blücher (locomotive)|Blücher]]'' for Killingworth [[Coal mining|Colliery]] on [[Tyneside]] in [[England]].
* Late – Completion of the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]]'s integrated cotton weaving mill on the [[Charles River]] at [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], engineered by [[Paul Moody (inventor)|Paul Moody]] for [[Francis Cabot Lowell (businessman)|Francis Cabot Lowell]] and '[[The Boston Associates]]', and inaugurating the [[Waltham-Lowell system]] of manufacturing.<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=James Burke (science historian)|first=James|last=Burke|title=Connections|url=https://archive.org/details/connections00burk_351|url-access=limited|location=London|publisher=Macmillan|year=1978|pages=[https://archive.org/details/connections00burk_351/page/n153 148]–9|isbn=0-333-24827-9}}</ref>
* "The world's first complex machine mass-produced from [[interchangeable parts]]", [[Eli Terry]]'s wooden pillar-and-scroll clock, comes off the production line in [[Plymouth, Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Diana Muir|first=Diana|last=Muir|title=[[Reflections in Bullough's Pond]]: Economy and Ecosystem in New England|location=Lebanon, New Hampshire|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-0-87451-909-9|chapter=Chapter 10}}</ref>
* [[James Fox (engineer)|James Fox]] invents a modern [[Planer (metalworking)|planing machine]] in England at about this date, but the priority between Fox, [[Matthew Murray]] of [[Leeds]] and [[Richard Roberts (engineer)|Richard Roberts]] of [[Manchester]] cannot be certainly established.<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Joseph Wickham Roe|first=Joseph Wickham|last=Roe|year=1916|title=English and American Tool Builders|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA50|chapter=Chapter V: Inventors of the Planer|pages=50–62}}</ref>
* [[Heinrich Stölzel]] invents a form of [[piston valve]] for [[brass instrument]]s.
* [[Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel]] invents a form of [[metronome]] in [[Amsterdam]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=J. de Vos|last=Willems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HugqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17|title=The Metronome|journal=[[The Harmonicon]]|volume=8|year=1830|accessdate=2011-05-18}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[James Ivory (mathematician)|James Ivory]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=21 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Births==
* February 28 – [[Edmond Frémy]], [[French people|French]] [[chemist]] (died [[1894 in science|1894]]).
* April 20 – [[Filippo de Filippi]], [[Italians|Italian]] [[zoologist]] (died [[1867 in science|1867]]).
* May 19 – [[Henry William Ravenel]], [[Americans|American]] [[botanist]] (died [[1887 in science|1887]]).
* May 22 – [[Joseph-Louis Lambot]], French inventor of [[ferrocement]] (died 1887).
* May 26
** [[Wilhelm Engerth]], [[Austrians|Austrian]] [[architect]] and [[engineer]] (died [[1884 in science|1884]]).
** [[Heinrich Geißler]], [[Germans|German]] scientific instrument maker (died [[1879 in science|1879]]).
* July 19 – [[Samuel Colt]], [[Americans|American]] gunmaker (died [[1862 in science|1862]]).
* September 3 – [[James Joseph Sylvester]], [[English people|English]] [[mathematician]] (died [[1897 in science|1897]]).
* November 6 – [[Adolphe Sax]], [[Belgians|Belgian]] musical instrument maker and inventor (died [[1894 in science|1894]]).
* December 9 – [[Golding Bird]], English physician (died [[1854 in science|1854]])
* December 13 – [[Ana Néri]], [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]] nurse (died [[1880 in science|1880]]).
* December 28 – [[John Bennet Lawes]], English agricultural scientist (died [[1900 in science|1900]]).

==Deaths==
* July 19 – Captain [[Matthew Flinders]], English explorer of the coasts of Australia (born [[1774 in science|1774]])
* August 21 – Sir [[Benjamin Thompson]], Count Rumford, Anglo-American physicist (born [[1753 in science|1753]]).
* November 18 – [[William Jessop]], English [[civil engineer]] (born [[1745 in science|1745]]).
* December 9 – [[Joseph Bramah]], English inventor (born [[1748 in science|1748]]).

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1814 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1810s in science]]