Editing 1821

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Year dab|1821}}
{{Year nav|1821}}
[[File:Epanastasi.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[April 6|March 25]] (April 6 in the Julian calendar): Germanos of Patras declares the independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire to start the [[Greek War of Independence]].]]

{{C19 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1821}}

== Events ==

=== January–March ===
* [[January 21]] – [[Peter I Island]] in the [[Antarctic]] is first sighted, by [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].
* [[January 26]] – [[Congress of Laibach]] convenes to deal with outstanding international issues, particularly the outbreak of a revolution in southern Italy.
* [[January 28]] – [[Alexander Island]], the largest in [[Antarctica]], is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
* [[February 9]] – [[Columbian College]] in the District of Columbia is chartered by President James Monroe (it becomes [[George Washington University]]).
* [[February 10]] – In [[Mexico]], the [[Embrace of Acatempan]] takes place between [[Agustín de Iturbide]] and [[Vicente Guerrero]], which seals the peace between the viceroyalty troops and the insurgents.
* [[February 28]] – Congress of Laibach formally comes to an end. However the leading participants remain as fresh uprisings break out in Northern Italy and Greece.<ref>Palmer, Alan. ''Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace''. Faber and Faber, 2011 p.416-17</ref>
* [[March 7]] – The [[Battle of Rieti]] is fought in [[Italy]] between intervening [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] forces and [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|Neapolitan]] rebels.<ref>Roberts, Warren. ''Rossini and Post-Napoleonic Europe''. Boydell & Brewer, 2015. p.111</ref>
* [[March 21]]  – Austrian forces under [[Johann Maria Philipp Frimont|Johann Frimont]] enter [[Naples]] and restore the authority of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand I]].

=== April–June ===
* [[March 25]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[April 6]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Metropolitan bishop]] [[Germanos of Patras]] raises the [[:File:Greek Revolution flag.svg|revolutionary flag of Greece]] at the Monastery of [[Agia Lavra]] (according to oral tradition), symbolically marking the beginning of the [[Greek War of Independence]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]]; later celebrated as Greece's traditional [[Celebration of the Greek Revolution|Independence Day]].
* [[April 10]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[April 22]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Ecumenical Patriarch]] [[Gregory V of Constantinople]] is blamed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government for being unable to suppress [[Greek War of Independence|Greek independence]], and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.
* [[May 5]]
** Emperor [[Napoleon]] dies in exile on [[Saint Helena]] of stomach cancer.
** The first edition of the ''Manchester Guardian'' newspaper (from 1959 simply ''[[The Guardian]]'') is published in England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/06/1|title=History of the Guardian|date=December 11, 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=June 19, 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* [[May 8]] – Greek War of Independence: At the [[Battle of Gravia Inn]], a 120-man Greek force led by [[Odysseas Androutsos]] repulses an Ottoman army of 8,000.
* [[May 12]] – Congress of Laibach finally ends having overseen the successful Austrian intervention in Italy. A planned [[Congress of Verona]] in 1822 is agreed as the next meeting. 
* [[June 14]] – [[Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)]]: King [[Badi VII]] of [[Sennar (sultanate)|Sennar]] surrenders his throne and realm without a fight to Ismail Pasha, general of the [[Ottoman Empire]], ending the existence of the [[Funj Sultanate]] in Sudan.
* [[June 7]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[June 19]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Battle of Drăgășani]], Wallachia: The [[Filiki Eteria]] are decisively defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].
[[File:BatallaCarabobo01.JPG|200px|thumb|right|June 24: [[Battle of Carabobo]]]]
* [[June 24]] – [[Battle of Carabobo]]: [[Simón Bolívar]] wins Venezuela's [[History of Venezuela#19th century: independence|independence from Spain]].

=== July–September ===
[[File:Coronation of George IV.jpg|200px|thumb|right|July 19: Coronation of [[George IV of the United Kingdom]]]]
[[File:La Independencia del Perú.jpg|200px|thumb|right|July 28: Proclamation of the [[Independence of Peru]]]]
[[File:Firma del Acta de Independencia de Centroamérica.jpg|200px|thumb|right|September 15: Declaration of [[Independence of Central America]]]]
[[File:Entrada del Generalisimo Don Agustin de Iturbide a Mexico.jpg|200px|thumb|right|September 27: Entrance of the [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] to Mexico City]]
* [[July 4]] – Return of [[John VI of Portugal|John VI]] from Brazil to Portugal who approves on that day the ''Bases da Constituição''.
* [[July 19]] – [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] is crowned King of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. His estranged wife, [[Caroline of Brunswick]], is turned away from the ceremony.
* [[July 28]] – Argentine general [[José de San Martín]] [[Independence of Peru|declares the independence]] of [[Peru]] from the [[Spanish Empire]].
* [[August 10]] – [[Missouri]] is admitted as the 24th U.S. state.
* [[August 7]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[August 19]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Navarino massacre]]: Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino.
* [[August 21]] – [[Jarvis Island]] is discovered in the Pacific by the crew of the ''Eliza Frances''.
* [[August 24]] – The [[Treaty of Córdoba]] is signed in [[Córdoba, Veracruz]], Mexico, ratifying the [[Plan of Iguala]] of February 24 for Mexico's independence from Spain and, although not recognised by the latter, effectively concludes the [[Mexican War of Independence]].
* [[August 30]] – At the [[Congress of Cúcuta]], the [[Republic of Gran Colombia]] (a federation covering much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with [[Simón Bolívar]] as the founding [[President (government title)|President]], and [[Francisco de Paula Santander]] as vice president.
* [[September 4]] – Chilean general [[José Miguel Carrera]] is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal, in the city of [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]].
* [[September 15]] – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain [[Independence of Central America|independence from Spain]] by the [[Act of Independence of Central America]]. On October 29, the newly independent [[First Mexican Empire]] proposes that Guatemala should be annexed with it.
* [[September 4]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[September 16]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Ukase of 1821]]: Russia proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, modern-day Alaska.
* [[September 18]] – [[Amherst College]] is founded in [[Massachusetts]].
* [[September 27]] – The [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] enters [[Mexico City]], and the following day the [[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire]] from Spain is proclaimed, following the [[Mexican War of Independence]].

=== October–December ===
[[File:Η πολιορκία της Τριπολιτσάς.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[October 5]] (September 23 [[Julian calendar|Greek calendar]]): The [[Siege of Tripolitsa]] by Greek rebels is followed by a massacre.]]
* [[September 23]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[October 5]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – The [[Siege of Tripolitsa]] ends when Greek rebels capture the city of [[Tripoli, Greece]]; the massacre of 8,000 civilians follows. (Greek forces under the command of General [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] have besieged the city for several months during the [[Greek War of Independence]] from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.)<ref>{{Cite book|first=Benjamin|last=Lieberman|year=2013|title=Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Tucker, Spencer C.|year=2009|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=1139}}</ref>
* [[October 8]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[October 20]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] issues an imperial [[ukase]] guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from [[Persia]].<ref>"Commerce between Russia and Persia— Proposed Union of the Black Sea with the Atlantic". ''The Oriental Herald'' (November 1826) p. 285.</ref>
* [[November 16]] – [[American Old West]]: The [[Santa Fe Trail]] is first used by [[William Becknell]].
* [[November 28]] – Panama [[Independence Act of Panama|declares independence]] from Spain, joining [[Gran Colombia]].
* [[December 1]] – [[History of the Dominican Republic]]: On the Caribbean island of [[Hispaniola]], General [[José Núñez de Cáceres]] ends the ''[[España Boba]]'' era of Spanish rule in the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo by establishing the [[Republic of Spanish Haiti]]. It will last for three months before being invaded by Haiti.
* [[December 6]] – The [[South Orkney Islands]] are discovered by seal hunters [[George Powell (sealer)|George Powell]] and [[Nathaniel Palmer]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Headland | first = Robert K. |title= Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 1989|isbn=978-0-521-30903-5|oclc= 185311468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title= South Orkney Islands|url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556316/South-Orkney-Islands|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | edition = Online Academic}}</ref>
* [[December 15]] – The world's first geographical society, the ''[[Société de géographie]]'', is established in Paris.
* [[December 19]] – The [[Eyjafjallajökull]] volcano in Iceland begins to erupt.

=== Date unknown ===
* The town of [[Al-Ubayyid]], Sudan is established.
* [[Widener University]] is founded in [[Wilmington, Delaware]], as The Bullock School for Boys.

== Births ==

=== January–March ===
[[File:James Longstreet.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[James Longstreet]]]]
* [[January 1]] – [[Francisco de Paula Milán]] Mexican officier of the [[Mexican Armed Forces|Mexican Army]] (d. 1883)
* [[January 2]] – [[Catherine Huggins]], British actor, singer, director and manager (d. 1887)
* [[January 8]]
** [[James Longstreet]], American Confederate general (d. 1904)
** [[W. H. L. Wallace]], American Civil War general (d. 1862)
* [[February 3]] – [[Elizabeth Blackwell]], first American female physician (d. 1910)
* [[February 11]] – [[Auguste Mariette|Auguste Edouard Mariette]], French Egyptologist (d. 1881)
* [[February 17]] – [[Lola Montez]], Irish-Spanish dancer, royal mistress (d. 1861)
* [[February 19]]
** [[Francis Preston Blair Jr.]], American politician, American Civil War officer (d. 1875)
** [[August Schleicher]], German linguist (d. 1868)
* [[March 1]] – [[Joseph Hubert Reinkens]], German [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic]] bishop (d. 1896)
* [[March 9]] – [[John Watts de Peyster]], American author, philanthropist, and soldier (d. 1907)
* [[March 12]] – Sir [[John Abbott]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. 1893)
* [[March 31]] – [[Henry Dunning Macleod]], Scottish economist (d. 1902)

=== April–June ===
* [[April 1]] – [[Princess Anka Obrenović]], Serbian princess (d. 1868)
* [[April 3]] – [[T. Pelham Dale|Fr. Thomas Pelham Dale]], English mystic (d. 1892)
* [[April 9]] – [[Charles Baudelaire]], French poet, writer (d. 1867)<ref>Charles Baudelaire, Richard Howard. ''Les Fleurs Du Mal''. David R. Godine Publisher, 1983, p.xxv. {{ISBN|0-87923-462-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-87923-462-1}}.</ref> 
* [[April 12]] – [[Beauchamp Seymour, 1st Baron Alcester|Beauchamp Seymour]], British admiral (d. 1895)
* [[May 6]]
** [[Edmund Colhoun]], American admiral (d. 1897)
** [[Emilie Hammarskjöld]], Swedish-American musician (d. 1854)
* [[May 8]] – [[William Henry Vanderbilt]], American entrepreneur (d. 1885)
* [[May 16]] – [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], Russian mathematician (d. 1894)
* [[May 17]] – [[Sebastian Kneipp]], German naturopath (d. 1897)
* [[May 18]] – [[Eduard von Pestel]], Prussian military officer and German general (d. 1908)
* [[May 24]] – [[Juan Bautista Topete]], Spanish admiral and politician (d. 1885)
* [[June 2]] – [[Ion C. Brătianu]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1891)
* [[June 16]] – [[Old Tom Morris]], Scottish golfer (d. 1908)
* [[June 26]] – [[Bartolomé Mitre]], Argentine statesman, military figure, and author, 6th President of Argentina (d. 1906)

=== July–September ===
[[File:Portrait-Louis-Vuitton.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Louis Vuitton (designer)|Louis Vuitton]]]]
* [[July 1]] – [[Anatole Jean-Baptiste Antoine de Barthélemy]], French archaeologist (d. [[1904]])
* [[July 2]] – [[Charles Tupper|Sir Charles Tupper]], 6th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. [[1915]])
* [[July 6]] – [[Edmund Pettus]], American politician (d. [[1907]])
* [[July 9]]
** [[George Cavendish-Bentinck]], British Conservative politician (d. [[1891]])
** [[Adolphus Frederick Alexander Woodford]], British parson (d. [[1887]])
* [[July 13]] – [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]], American Confederate Civil War General, first [[Grand Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (d. [[1877]])
* [[July 16]] – [[Mary Baker Eddy]], American founder of Christian Science (d. [[1910]])
* [[July 17]] – [[Friedrich Engelhorn]], German industrialist and founder of BASF (d. [[1902]])
* [[July 18]]
** [[Lucy Smith Millikin]], early [[Latter Day Saint]] and sister of [[Joseph Smith]] (d. [[1882]])
** [[Pauline Viardot]], French mezzo-soprano, composer (d. [[1910]])
* [[July 24]] – [[William Poole]], infamous member of New York City's [[Bowery Boys (gang)|Bowery Boys]] gang (d. [[1855]])
* [[July 27]] – [[George H. Cooper]], United States Navy admiral (d. [[1891]])
* [[August 10]] – [[Jay Cooke]], American financier (d. [[1905]])
* [[August 16]] – [[Arthur Cayley]], English mathematician (d. [[1895]])
* [[August 21]] – [[Louis Vuitton (designer)|Louis Vuitton]], French fashion designer (d. [[1892]])
* [[August 31]] – [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], German physician and physicist  (d. [[1894]])
* [[September 21]] – [[Andrei Alexandrovich Popov]], Russian admiral (d. [[1898]])
* [[September 28]] – [[Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs]], African-American minister, politician (d. [[1874]])

=== October–December ===
[[File:Rudolf Virchow NLM3.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Rudolf Virchow]]]]
[[File:Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]]]
* [[October 13]] – [[Rudolf Virchow]], German physician, pathologist, biologist, and politician (d. [[1902]])
* [[October 17]] – [[Alexander Gardner (photographer)|Alexander Gardner]], Scottish photographer (d. [[1882]])
* [[November 7]] – [[Andrea Debono]], Maltese trader and explorer (d. [[1871]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominent Sengleans |url=http://www.islalocalcouncil.com/promseng.htm |website=Senglea Local Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216070552/http://www.islalocalcouncil.com/promseng.htm |archive-date=February 16, 2020}}</ref>
* [[November 11]] – [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]], Russian writer (d. [[1881]])<ref>{{cite web |author=Morson, Gary Saul |date=7 November 2023 |title= Fyodor Dostoyevsky |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://britannica.com/biography/Fyodor-Dostoyevsky |access-date= 12 September 2015 }}</ref>
* [[November 24]] – [[Henry Thomas Buckle]], English historian sometimes called "the father of scientific history" (d. [[1862]])
* [[November 30]] – [[Frederick Temple]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d. [[1902]])
* [[December 1]] – [[John M. B. Clitz]], American admiral (d. [[1897]])
* [[December 12]] – [[Gustave Flaubert]], French writer (d. [[1880]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Gustave Flaubert|title=The Letters of Gustave Flaubert: 1830-1857|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980|page=1}}</ref>
* [[December 22]] – [[Junius Brutus Booth Jr.]], American actor, theatre manager (d. [[1883]])
* [[December 24]] – [[Gabriel García Moreno]], former [[President of Ecuador]] (d. [[1875]])
* [[December 25]] – [[Clara Barton]], first president of American Red Cross (d. [[1912]])

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Giuseppe Bonavia]], Maltese architect (d. 1885)
* [[Mazhar Nanautawi]], Indian freedom struggle activist (d. 1885)

== Deaths ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Napoleon Bonaparte]]]]
* [[January 4]] – [[Elizabeth Ann Seton]], American saint (b. 1774)
* [[January 5]] – [[Carlo Porta]], Milanese poet (b. 1775)
* [[January 19]] – [[Alexandru Suţu]], prince of Moldavia (b. 1758)
* [[February 23]] – [[John Keats]], British poet (b. 1795)<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC – History – Historic Figures: John Keats (1795–1821)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/keats_john.shtml|website=bbc.co.uk|access-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref>
* [[February 26]] – [[Joseph de Maistre]], French-Savoyard philosopher (b. 1753)
* [[March 4]] – [[Princess Elizabeth of Clarence]], daughter of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William, Duke of Clarence (later King William IV)]] (b. 1820)
* [[March 13]] – [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]], second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)
* [[April 10]] – [[Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople]] (b. 1746)
* [[April 20]] – [[Franz Karl Achard]], German chemist, physicist and biologist (b. 1753)
* [[April 23]] – [[Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville]], French general (b. 1752)
* [[May 2]] – [[Hester Thrale]], Welsh diarist and friend of Dr Johnson (b. 1741)<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|author2=Joy Dorothy Harvey|author-link=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|author2-link=Joy Harvey|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTSYePZvSXYC&pg=PA1026|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-92040-7|pages=1026}}</ref>
* [[May 5]] – [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], French Emperor and general (b. 1769)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon I {{!}} Biography, Achievements, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=11 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 19]] –  [[Camille Jordan (politician)|Camille Jordan]], French politician (b. 1771)
* [[June 7]] – [[Tudor Vladimirescu]], Wallachian rebel leader (b. c. 1780)
* [[June 17]] – [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]], Argentine military leader (b. 1785)
* [[June 19]] – [[Peter Ochs]], Swiss politician (b. 1752)
* [[June 23]] – [[Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans]], heiress, wife of [[Philippe Égalité]] (b. 1753)
* [[June 30]] – [[José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa]], viceroy of Peru (b. 1743)

=== July–December ===
[[File:John William Polidori by F.G. Gainsford.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[John William Polidori]]]]
* [[July 4]] – [[Richard Cosway]], English artist (b. 1742)
* [[July 14]] – [[Pedro Juan Caballero (politician)|Pedro Juan Caballero]], Paraguayan captain (b. 1786) (suicide)
* [[July 17]] – [[Fulgencio Yegros]], Paraguayan general and politician (b. 1780)
* [[August 7]] – [[Caroline of Brunswick]], Queen of the United Kingdom (b. 1768)
* [[August 20]] – [[Dorothea von Medem]], Latvian diploma, duchess of Courland (b. 1761)
* [[August 24]] – [[John William Polidori]], English physician, writer (b. 1795) (suicide)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Viets|first=Henry R.|date=1961|title="By The Visitation Of God": The Death Of John William Polidori, M.D., In 1821|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=5269|pages=1773–1775|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5269.1773|jstor=20356143|pmid=14037964|pmc=1970869|issn=0007-1447}}</ref>
* [[September 4]] – [[José Miguel Carrera]], Chilean general, founding father (b. 1785)
* [[September 10]] – [[Johann Dominicus Fiorillo]], German painter, art historian (b. 1748)
* [[September 14]] – [[Heinrich Kuhl]], German naturalist, zoologist (b. 1797)
* [[October 4]] – [[Marie-Louise Lachapelle]], French [[obstetrician]] (b. 1769)
* [[October 6]] – [[Anders Jahan Retzius]], Swedish chemist, botanist (b. 1742)
* [[October 8]] – [[Juan O'Donojú]], viceroy of New Spain (b. 1762)
* [[October 11]] – [[John Ross Key]], American judge, lawyer, father of songwriter [[Francis Scott Key]] (b. 1754)
* [[October 21]] – [[Dorothea Ackermann]], German actress (b. 1752)
* [[November 8]] – [[Jean Rapp]], French general (b. 1771)
* [[December 4]] – [[John Henniker-Major, 2nd Baron Henniker]], British politician (b. 1752)
* [[December 7]] – King [[Pōmare II]] of Tahiti (b. 1782)
* [[December 12]] – [[Phoebe Hessel]], British female soldier (b. 1713)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1821}}
[[Category:1821| ]]