Editing 1825 in science

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{{Year nav topic5|1825|science}}
{{Science year nav|1825}}

The year '''1825  [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Astronomy==
* [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] completes his study of [[gravitation]], the stability of the Solar System, tides, the precession of the equinoxes, the [[libration]] of the Moon, and [[Saturn]]'s rings in publishing the fifth and final volume of ''Mécanique Céleste'' (Celestial Mechanics).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1829|title=Art. III.&mdash;''Traité de Mecanique Celeste, par'' M. Le Marquis De Laplace, ''Pair de France; &c. &c.  Tome Cinquime.''  Paris, Bachelier: 1825. 4to. pp. 420.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNYRAAAAYAAJ|journal=American Quarterly Review|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Carey, Lea & Carey|volume=V|issue=X|pages=310|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Biology==
* [[Richard Harlan]] publishes ''Fauna Americana''.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 1826|title=Harlan's Fauna Americana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daNKAAAAcAAJ|journal=The North American Review|publisher=Frederick T. Gray|volume=XXII|issue=L|pages=120&ndash;136|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* [[Charles Waterton]] publishes ''Wanderings in South America, the North-west of the United States, and the Antilles, in the years 1812, 1816, 1820, and 1824; with original instructions for the perfect preservation of birds, &c. for cabinets of natural history''.
* [[Cox's Orange Pippin]] [[apple]] [[cultivar]] first grown, at [[Colnbrook]] in [[Buckinghamshire]], [[England]], by [[Horticulture|horticulturist]] and retired [[Brewing|brewer]] [[Richard Cox (horticulturist)|Richard Cox]].

==Chemistry==
* [[Michael Faraday]] isolates [[benzene]] as ''Bicarburet of Hydrogen''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Faraday|first=M.|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k559209/f473.image|title=On New Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen, and on Certain Other Products Obtained during the Decomposition of Oil by Heat|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]]|volume=115|date=1825-06-16|pages=440–466|doi=10.1098/rstl.1825.0022|jstor=107752|access-date=2012-09-25|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=R.|last=Kaiser|title='Bicarburet of Hydrogen': Reappraisal of the Discovery of Benzene in 1825 with the Analytical Methods of 1968|journal=[[Angewandte Chemie]]|edition=International|volume=7|issue=5|year=1968|pages=345–350|doi=10.1002/anie.196803451}}</ref>
* [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] reduces [[aluminium chloride]] to produce metallic [[aluminium]] in an impure form.
* [[Friedrich Wöhler]] and [[Justus von Liebig]] perform the first confirmed discovery and explanation of [[isomers]], earlier named by Berzelius. Working with cyanic acid and fulminic acid, they correctly deduce that isomerism is caused by differing arrangements of atoms within a molecular structure.<ref name="CHF">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/justus-von-liebig-and-friedrich-w%C3%B6hler|title=Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler|work=Science History Institute|date=June 2016}}</ref><ref name=Bowden>{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences|url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd|url-access=registration|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780941901123|chapter=Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/83 83–87]}}</ref>

==Earth sciences==
* July – [[Volcanic eruption]] of [[Mount Guntur]] in [[West Java]].
* [[George Julius Poulett Scrope|G. Poulett Scrope]] publishes ''Considerations on Volcanoes'', the first systematic work on [[volcanology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Julius-Poulett-Scrope|title=Scrope, George Julius Poulett|work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|year=2009|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>

==Mathematics==
* [[Augustin-Louis Cauchy]] presents the [[Cauchy integral theorem]] for general integration paths—he assumes the function being integrated has a continuous derivative.
* Augustin-Louis Cauchy introduces the theory of residues in [[complex analysis]].
* [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]] and [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] prove [[Fermat's Last Theorem]] for ''n = 5''.
* [[André-Marie Ampère]] discovers [[Stokes' theorem]].
* [[Benjamin Gompertz]] formulates the [[Gompertz function]].

==Medicine==
* [[Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière]]'s ''Mémoires sur L'Électro-Puncture'' introduces Western medicine to [[electroacupuncture]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Lu|last1=Gwei-Djen|first2=Joseph|last2=Needham|title=Celestial Lancets: A History and Rationale of Acupuncture and Moxa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0-521-21513-8|pages=295–7}}</ref>

==Paleontology==
* [[Georges Cuvier]] proposes his [[catastrophism|catastrophe theory]] as the cause of [[extinction]]s of large groups of animals.
* [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] identifies Cuvier's fossil '[[crocodile]]' as a [[teleosaurus]].

==Technology==
* August – The [[wire]]-[[Wire rope|cable]] [[suspension bridge]] between [[Tournon-sur-Rhône]] and [[Tain-l'Hermitage]], designed by [[Marc Seguin]], opens.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/amemoirsuspensi01drewgoog|title=A Memoir of Suspension Bridges, Comprising the History of their Origin and Progress|last=Drewry|first=Charles Stewart|year=1832|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/amemoirsuspensi01drewgoog/page/n128 110]–114|access-date=2011-04-18}}</ref>
* September 27 – The world's longest railway to be worked by [[steam locomotive]]s at this date, the [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]], opens in [[northern England]].
* October 26 – The [[Erie Canal]] officially opens over {{convert|363|mi|km}} from [[Albany, New York]], to [[Lake Erie]].<ref>{{citation|title=The Story of the New York State Canals|first=Roy G.|last=Finch|year=1925|access-date=2012-09-25|publisher=New York State Canal Corporation|url=http://www.canals.ny.gov/history/finch_history.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>
* [[English people|English]] inventor [[William Sturgeon]] describes the first [[electromagnet]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=William|last1=Gee|first2=Frank A. J. L.|last2=James|title=Sturgeon, William (1783–1850)|journal=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26748|access-date=2012-01-05|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/26748|url-access=subscription}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>

==Institutions==
* December 19 – First of the annual [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures]] in London, which will continue for two centuries.

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[François Arago]]; [[Peter Barlow (mathematician)|Peter Barlow]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=22 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Births==
* January 18 – [[Edward Frankland]] (died [[1899 in science|1899]]), [[English people|English]] [[chemist]].
* March 25 – [[Max Schultze]] (died [[1874 in science|1874]]), [[Germans|German]] [[physiologist]].
* March 30 – [[Theodor Kjerulf]] (died [[1888 in science|1888]]), [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] [[geologist]].
* May 1 – [[Johann Jakob Balmer|Johann Balmer]] (died [[1898 in science|1898]]), [[Swiss people|Swiss]] [[mathematician]].
* May 4 – [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] (died [[1895 in science|1895]]), English [[biologist]].
* May 9 – [[George Davidson (geographer)|George Davidson]] (died [[1911 in science|1911]]), English-born [[geodesist]], [[astronomer]], [[geographer]], surveyor and engineer in the United States.
* June 6 – [[Friedrich Bayer]] (died [[1880 in science|1880]]), German manufacturing chemist.
* September 4 – [[Richard Maack]] (died [[1886 in science|1886]]), Russian naturalist, geographer, and anthropologist.
* November 29 – [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] (died [[1893 in science|1893]]), [[French people|French]] [[Neurology|neurologist]].
* December 26 – [[Felix Hoppe-Seyler]] (died 1895), German physiologist.

==Deaths==
* April 19 – [[Marc-Auguste Pictet]] (born [[1752 in science|1752]]), Swiss [[scientific journalist]] and [[Natural philosophy|natural philosopher]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|title=Biographical Index, Part Two|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|series=Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783&ndash;2002|pages=736|access-date=2019-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* June – [[William Higgins (chemist)|William Higgins]] (born [[1763 in science|1763]]), Irish [[chemist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/William_Higgins.aspx|title=William Higgins|website=Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>
* July 25 – [[John Gough (natural philosopher)|John Gough]] (born [[1757 in science|1757]]), blind English [[natural philosopher]].
* October 6 – [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Bernard Germain Étienne]] (born [[1756 in science|1756]]), French [[natural history|naturalist]].
* [[Maria Angela Ardinghelli]] (born [[1730 in science|1730]]), Italian mathematician and physicist.
* [[John Templeton (botanist)|John Templeton]] (born [[1766 in science|1766]]), "father of Irish botany".

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1825 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1820s in science]]