Editing 1827 in science

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The year '''1827 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Chemistry==
* April 7 – [[John Walker (inventor)|John Walker]] begins selling his invention, the "Lucifer" friction [[match]], in England.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[Aluminium]] isolated by [[Friedrich Wöhler]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ueber das Aluminium|first=Friedrich|last=Wöhler|journal=Annalen der Physik und Chemie|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k150967/f158.table| accessdate=9 July 2010 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref>
* [[William Prout]] classifies the components of food into the three main divisions of [[carbohydrate]]s, [[fat]]s and [[protein]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Richard|last=Ahrens|title=William Prout (1785–1850): a Biographical Sketch|journal=Journal of Nutrition|year=1977|volume=107|issue=1|pages=15–23|url = http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/107/1/15|accessdate=2008-03-06|pmid=319206|doi=10.1093/jn/107.1.15|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* [[Zeise's salt]] is the first [[platinum]]/[[olefin]] complex, an early example of [[organometallic chemistry]].

==Exploration==
* [[William Edward Parry]] reaches 82°45'N, which will remain for 49 years the highest [[latitude]] attained.<ref>''Narrative of the Attempt to reach the North Pole, &c.''. 1827.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Berton|first=Pierre|title=The Arctic Grail: the Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole, 1818-1909|year=1988|publisher=Random House of Canada|location=Toronto|isbn=1-58574-116-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/arcticgrailquest00bert_0/page/100 100]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/arcticgrailquest00bert_0/page/100}}</ref>

==Geology==
* [[Gideon Mantell]] publishes his ''Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex'', including the first use of the binomial ''[[Megalosaurus bucklandii]]''.
* [[George Julius Poulett Scrope|G. Poulett Scrope]] publishes his ''Memoir on the Geology of Central France, including the volcanic formations…'', extending by detailed observation his work on [[volcanology]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Burke|first=James|title=The Day the Universe Changed|location=London|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=1985|authorlink=James Burke (science historian)|isbn=0-563-20192-4|page=250}}</ref>

==History of science==
* [[John Farey Jr.|John Farey]] publishes ''A Treatise on the Steam Engine, historical, practical and descriptive'' in London.

==Medicine==
* March 11 – The predecessor of [[Qasr El Eyni Hospital]] and Cairo University School of Medicine is established in [[Egypt]] under the direction of [[Antoine Clot]] as the first medical school in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipka.medicine.cu.edu.eg/joomla/index.php/history|title=History|publisher=IPKA|accessdate=2024-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qasr El Eyni Hospital|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/575/chrncls.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116131355/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/575/chrncls.htm|archive-date=2006-01-16|website=Al Ahram Weekly|year=2002|issue=575|accessdate=2024-01-02}}</ref>
* November 29 – [[Burke and Hare]] sell their first corpse for [[dissection]] by anatomist [[Robert Knox (surgeon)|Robert Knox]] in [[Edinburgh]] (Scotland).<ref>{{cite book|title=West Port Murders|url=https://archive.org/details/westportmurders00mdogoog|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Thomas Ireland|year=1829}}</ref>
* Irish physician [[Robert Adams (physician)|Robert Adams]] first describes the cardiac condition which will become known as [[Adams-Stokes syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Robert|last=Adams|title=Cases of Diseases of the Heart|journal=Dublin Hospital Reports|volume=4|year=1827|pages=353–453}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=J. O.|last=Leibowitz|title=The History of Coronary Heart Disease|location=London|publisher=[[Wellcome Institute]]|year=1970|isbn=0-85484-005-2|pages=110–111}}</ref>
* English physician [[Richard Bright (physician)|Richard Bright]] first describes the renal condition which will become known as [[Bright's disease]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bright|first=Richard|title=Reports of Medical Cases, Selected with a View of Illustrating the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy|volume=1|publisher=Longmans|year=1827|location=London}}</ref>

==Physics==
* May 1 – [[Georg Ohm]] publishes ''Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet'' (tr., ''The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically'') in which [[Ohm's law]] makes its first appearance.
* Scottish botanist [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] observes the phenomenon of [[Brownian motion]].<ref>{{cite book|title= The Hutchinson Factfinder|publisher=Helicon|year=1999|isbn=1-85986-000-1}}</ref>
* [[Joseph Fourier]] first proposes existence of the [[greenhouse effect]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fourier|first=Joseph|title=Mémoire sur la température du globe terrestre et des espaces planétaires|journal=[[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences|Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences]]|volume=7|year=1827|location=Paris|pages=569–604}}</ref>

==Technology==
* April 26–May 24 – The [[Royal Netherlands Navy]]'s British-built [[paddle steamer]] ''[[Steamboat#Ocean-going steamships|Curaçao]]'' makes the first [[Transatlantic Crossing]] by steam, from [[Hellevoetsluis]] to [[Paramaribo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Steamship Curaçao|url=http://www.vrcurassow.com/2dvrc/sscuracao/sscuracao.html|accessdate=2011-02-02| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224202256/http://vrcurassow.com/2dvrc/sscuracao/sscuracao.html|archivedate=2010-12-24|url-status=live}}</ref>
* May 25 – Romanian inventor [[Petrache Poenaru]] is granted a French [[patent]] for a [[fountain pen]].
* June 4 – French inventor [[Joseph Niépce]] sends a package to [[Louis Daguerre]] revealing the existence of his invention, "heliography", where an image can be reproduced onto a pewter plate and then reprinted.<ref>"A Photo-engraving of 1826". ''The Process Photogram and Illustrator'' (January 1905). p. 82.</ref>
* c. July – [[Robert Wilson (engineer)|Robert Wilson]] of [[Dunbar]] in Scotland demonstrates a [[screw propeller]].
* Scottish farmer's son Rev. [[Patrick Bell]] produces a model [[reaping machine]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Reverend Patrick Bell|url=http://iainthepict.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/reverend-patrick-bell.html|work=On this day in Scotland|date=2011-04-22|access-date=2016-03-10}}</ref>
* Completion of [[Ozimek Suspension Bridge]] in Poland, designed by Karl Schottelius, possibly the oldest surviving [[wrought iron]] [[suspension bridge]] in [[continental Europe]].
* [[Jacob Perkins]] introduces the [[uniflow steam engine]] to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|first=H. W.|last=Dickinson|title=A Short History of the Steam Engine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1938}}</ref>

==Zoology==
* [[John James Audubon]] begins publication of ''[[Birds of America (book)|The Birds of America]]'' in the [[United Kingdom]].
* Three [[giraffe]]s, the first to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, are presented by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Viceroy of [[Egypt]], [[Mehmet Ali Pasha]]. [[Giraffe given to Charles X of France by Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Zarafa]] is presented to King [[Charles X of France]] in Paris on 9 July having walked from [[Marseille]] (landed 31 October 1826). The others are presented to King [[George IV of the United Kingdom]] in London and the [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Austrian Emperor Francis I]] in [[Vienna]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Allin|first=Michael|title=Zarafa: A Giraffe's True Story, from Deep in Africa to the Heart of Paris|year=1999|publisher=Delta Books|isbn=0-385-33411-7}}</ref>

==Institutions==
* [[Royal Institute of Technology]] (originally named 'Technological Institute') founded in [[Stockholm]], Sweden.

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[William Prout]]; [[Henry Foster (scientist)|Henry Foster]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=22 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Births==
* January 13 (O.S. January 1) – [[Nikolay Beketov]] (died [[1911 in science|1911]]), Russian [[chemist]].
* January 7 – [[Sandford Fleming]] (died [[1915 in science|1915]]), [[Scotland|Scottish]]-born [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[engineer]] and [[Surveyor (surveying)|surveyor]] known as the "father of [[time zone]]s".
* April 5 – [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]] (died [[1912 in science|1912]]), British inventor of [[antiseptic]].
* May 31 – [[Kusumoto Ine]] (born Shiimoto Ine, died [[1903 in science|1903]]), pioneering Japanese woman [[physician]].
* August 27 – [[Henry Edwards (entomologist)|Henry Edwards]] (died [[1891 in science|1891]]), English-born [[entomologist]] and actor.
* November 30 – [[George Jackson Mivart]] (died [[1900 in science|1900]]), English [[biologist]].
* December 29 – [[Bernhard Sigmund Schultze]] (died [[1919 in science|1919]]), German [[obstetrician]].
* [[Henry Gray]] (died [[1861 in science|1861]]), English [[anatomist]].

==Deaths==
* March 5
** [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] (born [[1749 in science|1749]]), French [[mathematician]].
** [[Alessandro Volta]] (born [[1745 in science|1745]]), Italian [[physicist]].
* April 3 – [[Ernst Chladni]] (born [[1756 in science|1756]]), German physicist.
* April 12 – [[Michele Troja]] (born [[1747 in science|1747]]), Italian [[physician]]<ref name = "Schoenberg">{{in lang|fr}} A. von Schoenberg, Biographie de Michel Troja, Dr et professeur in {{cite book|title=Bulletin universel des sciences et de l'industrie: Bulletin des sciences médicales|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletinunivers33unkngoog |accessdate=13 February 2021 |year=1831 |publisher=Bureau du Bulletin |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bulletinunivers33unkngoog/page/n237 226]–}}</ref>
* July 14 – [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]] (born [[1788 in science|1788]]), French physicist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1827 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1820s in science]]