Editing 1828

{{more citations needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Year dab|1828}}
{{Year nav|1828}}
[[File:January Suchodolski - Akhaltsikhe siege.jpg|thumb|250px|April 21 to 28: The [[Battle of Akhaltsikhe]] is won by Russia over the Ottomans.]]
[[File:Turkmanchay.jpg|thumb|250px|February 22: The [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]] is signed as Persia cedes territories to the Russian Empire.]]
{{C19 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1828}}

== Events ==

=== January–March ===

* [[January 4]] – [[Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac]] succeeds the [[Jean-Baptiste de Villèle|Comte de Villèle]], as [[Prime Minister of France]].
* [[January 8]] – The [[Democratic Party of the United States]] is organized.
* [[January 22]] – [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] succeeds [[F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich|Lord Goderich]] as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].
* [[February 10]] – "[[Black War]]": In the [[Cape Grim massacre]] – About 30 [[Aboriginal Tasmanians]] gathering food at a beach are probably ambushed, shot with muskets and killed by four indentured "servants" (or convicts) employed as shepherds for the [[Van Diemen's Land Company]] as part of a series of reprisal attacks, with the bodies of some of the men thrown from a 60 metre (200 ft) cliff.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clements|first=Nicholas|title=The Black War|publisher=University of Queensland Press|year=2014|location=Brisbane|isbn=978-0-70225-006-4}}</ref>
* [[February 19]] – The [[Boston Society for Medical Improvement]] is established in the United States.
* [[February 21]] – The first American-Indian newspaper in the United States, the ''[[Cherokee Phoenix]]'', is published.
* [[February 22]] – [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]]: By this Russian-Persian peace treaty signed on February 10 at [[Torkamanchay]], Persia (Iran), the latter country is forced irrevocably to cede the territories of the [[Erivan Khanate]] (most of modern-day central [[Armenia]] and the northern [[Iğdır Province]] of Turkey), the [[Nakhichevan Khanate]] (most of the modern-day [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]] of [[Azerbaijan]]), the remainder of the [[Talysh Khanate]] (southeastern Azerbaijan), and the [[Ordubad District|Ordubad]] and Mughan regions (also part of modern-day Azerbaijan) to Imperial Russia. By this and the [[Treaty of Gulistan]] (1813) it has now lost all its territories north of the [[Aras (river)|Aras]] River, comprising modern-day [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Dagestan]], Azerbaijan and Armenia to Russia. [[Armenians]] from [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Persian Azerbaijan]] are to be resettled in the [[Caucasus]].
* [[March 3]] – [[Pedro I of Brazil|Dom Pedro I]], [[Emperor of Brazil]] and former [[King of Portugal]], signs a document "to complete my abdication of the Portuguese crown" (made in 1826), to renounce all claims in favor of his daughter [[Maria II of Portugal|Queen Maria II]], and to declare "indubitable proof" that he wishes Portugal to be "perpetually separated from the Brazilian nation....in such a manner as may render even the idea of reunion impracticable."<ref>{{cite book|author="A Well-Wisher" ([[William Walton (writer)|William Walton]])|title=Portugal; or, Who is the lawful Successor to the Throne?|location=London|publisher=John Richardson|year=1828|page=126}}</ref>
* [[March 18]] – [[Simón Bolívar]], [[President of Colombia]] (and former President of [[Venezuela]], [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]]), departs from the capital at [[Bogotá]] in order to help his ally, General [[José Antonio Páez]], suppress an uprising near the Venezuelan border, but is sidetracked by another rebellion in [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]].<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Lynch|title=Simón Bolívar: A Life|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|page=233}}</ref>

=== April–June ===
* [[April 11]] – The city of [[Bahía Blanca]] in modern-day [[Argentina]] is founded.
* [[April 18]] – Ornithologist [[Carl Julian (von) Graba]] lands in the little-studied [[Faroe Islands]] for a three-month visit to research the bird life.
* [[April 20]] – French explorer [[René Caillié]] becomes the first non-Muslim to enter [[Timbuktu]] and later return alive.
* [[April 26]] –
**Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, beginning the [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)|Russo-Turkish War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Özavcı |first1= Hilmi Ozan |year= 2021|chapter= A New Era? The Vienna Order and the Ottoman World |title= Dangerous Gifts: Imperialism, Security, and Civil Wars in the Levant, 1798-1864|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Lbo0EAAAQBAJ |publisher= Oxford University Press |pages= 128–129 |doi= 10.1093/oso/9780198852964.001.0001 |isbn= 9780198852964 |access-date= 31 July 2024}}</ref> 
**The Treaty of Commerce and Navigation is signed between [[Brazil]] and [[Denmark]], establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZsAAAAAYAAJ&q=%22denmark+and+brazil%22&pg=PA717|title=British and Foreign State Papers|year=1829}}</ref>
* [[April 27]] – The [[London Zoo]] opens for members of the [[Zoological Society of London]] as the first scientific zoo in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayinsci.com/4/4_27.htm|title=April 27|work=Today in Science History|accessdate=2011-12-20}}</ref>
* [[May 9]] – The [[Sacramental Test Act 1828|Sacramental Test Act]] in the United Kingdom removes most prohibitions on [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]]s and [[Catholics]] holding public office.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Richard A.|last=Gaunt|title=Peel's Other Repeal: The Test and Corporation Acts, 1828|journal=Parliamentary History|year=2014|volume=33|pages=243–262|doi=10.1111/1750-0206.12096 |url=http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31450/ }}</ref>
* [[May 21]] – [[Antonio José de Sucre]] tries to invade [[Paraguay]], reaching the northern city of [[Fuerte Olimpo]], but the planned invasion is immediately cancelled. 
* [[May 26]] – The supposed [[feral child]] [[Kaspar Hauser]] is discovered in [[Nuremberg]], Germany.
* [[June 3]] – [[Gran Colombia–Peru War]]: Gran Colombia's President [[Simón Bolívar]] declares war on Peru.
* [[June 23]] – King [[Miguel I of Portugal]] overthrows his niece, Queen [[Maria II of Portugal|Maria II]], beginning the [[Liberal Wars]].

=== July–September ===
* [[July 4]] – [[Lord William Bentinck]] arrives at [[Calcutta]] (modern-day Kolkata) to begin his administration as the new [[Governor-General of India]], on behalf of King [[George IV of the United Kingdom]].<ref>John Clark Marshman, ''History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government'' (William Blackwood and Sons, 1876)  p357; reprinted by Cambridge University Press, 2010)</ref>
* [[July 5]] – The British weekly ''[[The Spectator]]'' is founded by [[Robert Rintoul]] as a radical magazine.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Blake|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Blake, Baron Blake|date=1978-09-23|title=From Wellington to Thatcher|work=The Spectator}}</ref>
* [[August 11]] – William Corder is hanged at [[Bury St Edmunds]], England, for [[Red Barn Murder|the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn]] a year earlier.
* [[August 27]] – In South America, the [[Empire of Brazil]] and [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] (modern-day [[Argentina]]) recognize the [[History of Uruguay#Struggle for independence, 1811–1828|independence of Uruguay]], causing the end of the [[Cisplatine War]]. [[Simón Bolívar]] declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia.
* [[August 28]] – Russian forces succeed in the [[Battle of Akhaltsikhe]] against the Ottomans, capturing the fortress after an 8-day siege. 
* [[September 17]] – [[1828 Siebold typhoon]]: A [[typhoon]] kills approximately 10,000 people in [[Kyūshū]], Japan.<ref>"Japan", in ''Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones'', by David Longshore (Infobase Publishing, 2010) p272</ref>
* [[September 29]] – [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)]]: [[Siege of Varna (1828)|Varna is taken]] by the Russian army.

=== October–December ===
* [[October 26]]
** English [[naturalist]] and explorer [[William John Burchell]] collects the only known specimen of ''[[Parabouchetia]] brasiliensis'', an exceptionally rare member of the nightshade family [[Solanaceae]], in central Brazil.
** The [[Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria]] is established in Russia to maintain the charitable institutions previously under the patronage of the late Empress.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Nicholas I of Russia]]|title=О принятии Государем Императором под своё покровительство всех заведений, состоявших в ведении покойной Государыни Императрицы Марии Федоровны|trans-title=On the acceptance by the Sovereign Emperor under his patronage of all institutions run by the late Empress Maria Feodorovna|url=http://www.nlr.ru/e-res/law_r/search.php?part=281&regim=3|edition=2nd|work=Полное собрание законов Российской империи|publisher=Printing House of Section II, His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery|year=1830|volume=III|orig-year=1828|issue=2379|pages=948–949}}</ref>
* [[November 11]] – [[Greek War of Independence]]: the [[London Protocol (1828)|London Protocol]] entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty encompassing the [[Morea]] and the [[Cyclades]].
* [[November 12]] – [[Anouvong]], ruler of the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]], is deposed and the kingdom is annexed by Siam. During the war, the city of Vientiane is obliterated by Siamese forces.
* [[December 1]] – [[Decembrist revolution (Argentina)]]: [[Juan Lavalle]], returning to [[Buenos Aires]] with troops that fought in the [[Cisplatine War]], deposes the provincial governor [[Manuel Dorrego]], reigniting the [[Argentine Civil Wars]].
* [[December 3]] – [[1828 United States presidential election]]: [[Andrew Jackson]] is elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent John Quincy Adams in a landslide.
* [[December 9]] – An attempt to assassinate Gran Colombia's President [[Simon Bolívar]] fails while he is visiting Jamaica. Bolivar accepts a last-minute invitation to be elsewhere and his servant, hired by the Spanish royal government to kill Bolivar, kills Bolivar's paymaster by mistake.<ref>{{cite book|last=Masur|first=Gerhard|title=Simón Bolívar|year=1948|publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press]]|isbn=978-0-8263-0131-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/simonbolivar0000masu_a4j3}}</ref>
* [[December 20]] – The U.S. State of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] legislature charters the Medical Academy of Georgia, which becomes the [[Medical College of Georgia]], and authorizes it to award a Bachelor of Medicine degree, making it the 13th oldest U.S. medical school and the sixth public medical school to be established.
* [[December 28]] – The province of [[Echigo]], Japan, is hit by a 6.8 magnitude earthquake, killing more than 1,500 people.
* [[December 30]] – Publication (begun on January 14) of [[Franz Schubert]]'s [[song cycle]] ''[[Winterreise]]'' is concluded posthumously.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Friedrich Wöhler]] synthesizes [[urea]], possibly discrediting a cornerstone of [[vitalism]].
* [[Ányos Jedlik]] creates the world's first [[electric motor]].
* 32,000 Angolans are sold in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil.
* In November the [[1828 New South Wales census]] was conducted.
* The Cornwall Bank, earliest constituent of [[ANZ (bank)|ANZ bank]] in Australasia, is formed in [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston, Van Diemens Land]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Born Here|url= http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51945316|newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)|The Examiner]]|location=Launceston, Tasmania|date=13 July 1935|access-date=12 July 2014|page=8|edition=Daily|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

== Births ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Jules Verne by Étienne Carjat.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Jules Verne]]]]
[[File:Henry Dunant-young.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jean Henri Dunant]]]]
* [[January 17]] – [[Alexandru Cernat]], Moldavian-born Romanian general and politician (d. 1893)
* [[January 22]] – [[Dora d'Istria]], Romanian-Albanian writer (d. 1888)
* [[January 23]] – [[Saigō Takamori]], Japanese ''[[samurai]]'' (d. 1877)
* [[February 8]] – [[Jules Verne]], French science fiction author (d. 1905)
* [[March 13]] – [[Sébastien Lespès]], French admiral (d. 1897)
* [[March 17]] – [[Patrick Cleburne]], Irish soldier, Confederate general (d. 1864)
* [[March 18]] – [[Randal Cremer|Sir Randal Cremer]], English politician, pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. 1908)
* [[March 20]] – [[Henrik Ibsen]], Norwegian playwright (d. 1906)
* [[March 24]] – [[Horace Gray]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] (d. 1902)
* [[March 25]] – [[George Montgomery White]], American politician (d. 1860)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/wilmington-journal-george-m-white-death/92171489|title=George Montgomery White's death notice|newspaper=The Wilmington Journal|publication-place=[[Wilmington, North Carolina]]|date=July 19, 1860}}</ref>
* [[April 17]] – [[Johanna Mestorf]], German [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] [[archaeologist]] (d. 1909)
* [[April 20]] – [[Josephine Butler]], British social reformer (d. 1906)
* [[April 26]] – [[Martha Finley]], American teacher, author (d. 1909)
* [[April 29]] – [[Étienne Stéphane Tarnier]], French obstetrician, inventor (d. 1897)
* [[May 8]]
** [[Henry Dunant]], Swiss founder of the Red Cross, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. 1910)
** [[Charbel Makhluf]], Lebanese monk canonized in 1977 by Pope Paul VI (d. 1898)
* [[May 12]] – [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]], English poet, painter (d. 1882)
* [[June 21]] – [[Ferdinand André Fouqué]], French geologist, petrologist (d. 1904)
* [[June 28]] – [[Alexandre Franquet]], French admiral (d. 1907)

=== July–December ===
[[File:L.N.Tolstoy Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Leo Tolstoy]]]]
* [[July 9]] – [[Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano]], Italian Catholic churchman (d. 1913)
* [[July 23]] – [[Jonathan Hutchinson|Sir Jonathan Hutchinson]], English physician (d. 1913)
* [[July 28]] – [[Iosif Gurko]], Russian field marshal (d. 1901)
* [[July 31]] – [[Ignacio de Veintemilla]], 11th President of Ecuador (d. 1908)
* [[August 6]] – [[Andrew Taylor Still]], American father of osteopathy (d. 1917)
* [[August 17]] – [[Maria Deraismes]], French feminist (d. 1894)
* [[August 28]] – [[William A. Hammond]], American military physician, neurologist and 11th Surgeon General of the United States Army (1862–1864) (d. 1900)
* [[September 1]] – [[Anthony Hoskins]], British admiral (d. 1901)
* [[September 8]]
** [[Joshua Chamberlain]], [[Governor of Maine]], President of [[Bowdoin College]] in [[Brunswick, Maine]] (d. 1914)
** [[Clarence Cook]], American art critic, writer (d. 1900)
* [[September 9]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[August 28]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Leo Tolstoy]], Russian writer (d. 1910)
* [[October 2]] – [[Charles Floquet]], Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)
* [[October 20]] – [[Horatio Spafford]], American author of the hymn ''It Is Well with My Soul'' (d. 1888)
* [[October 31]] – [[Joseph Swan|Sir Joseph Swan]], English physicist, chemist (d. 1914)
* [[November 17]] – [[Milton Wright (bishop)|Milton Wright]], American bishop, father of aviation pioneers the [[Wright brothers]] (d. 1917)
* [[November 19]] – [[Rani Lakshmibai]], queen of the [[Maratha]]-ruled princely Indian state of [[Jhansi]] (d. 1858)
* [[November 24]] – [[Henry Lomb]], German-American optician, co-founder of [[Bausch & Lomb]] (d. 1908)
* [[November 26]] – [[René Goblet]], Prime Minister of France (d. 1905)
* [[December 8]] – [[Clinton B. Fisk]], [[American temperance movement]] leader (d. 1890)

=== Date unknown ===
* [[William Robert Woodman]], British co-founder of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (d. 1891)  
* [[Ely S. Parker]], Seneca lieutenant colonel and first Native [[Commissioner of Indian Affairs]]

== Deaths ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Vicente López Portaña - el pintor Francisco de Goya.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Francisco Goya]]]]
* [[January 10]] – [[François de Neufchâteau]], French politician, intellectual (b. 1750)
* [[January 13]] – [[Theodore Foster]], American politician (b. 1752)
* [[February 11]] – [[DeWitt Clinton]], 6th [[Governor of New York]], [[United States Senator]] (b. 1769)
* [[March 12]] – [[Jack Randall (boxer)|Jack Randall]], early English boxing champion
* [[April 16]] – [[Francisco Goya]], Spanish painter (b. 1746)
* [[May 8]] – [[Mauro Giuliani]], Italian composer (b. 1781)
* [[May 16]] – [[Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet|William Congreve]], British rocket pioneer (b. 1772)
* [[May 28]] – [[Daikokuya Kōdayū]], Japanese castaway (b. 1751)
* [[June 1]] – [[Lyncoya Jackson]], second adopted son of American President [[Andrew Jackson]] (b. c. 1811)
* [[June 21]] – [[Leandro Fernández de Moratín]], Spanish dramatist, poet (b. 1760)
* [[June 25]] – [[Richard Worsam Meade I|Richard W. Meade]], American merchant and art collector (b. 1762)

=== July–December ===
[[File:Franz Schubert by Wilhelm August Rieder 1875.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Franz Schubert]]]]
[[File:Wollaston William Hyde Jackson color.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[William Hyde Wollaston]]]]
* [[July 9]]
** [[Cathinka Buchwieser]], German operatic singer and actress (b. 1789)
** [[Gilbert Stuart]], American painter from [[Rhode Island]] (b. 1755)
* [[July 15]] – [[Jean-Antoine Houdon]], French sculptor (b. 1741)
* [[July 16]] – [[William Few]], American politician (b. 1748)
* [[July 21]] – [[Charles Manners-Sutton]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. 1755)
* [[July 30]] – [[François Isaac de Rivaz]], French inventor, politician (b. 1752)
* [[August 8]] – [[Carl Peter Thunberg]], Swedish botanist (b. 1743)
* [[August 22]] – [[Franz Joseph Gall]], German phrenologist (b. 1758)
* [[August 23]] – [[John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel]], Irish politician (b. 1740)
* [[September 20]] – [[George Bethune English]], American explorer, writer (b. 1797)
* [[September 22]] – [[Shaka]], most influential leader of the [[Zulu Kingdom]] (b. 1787)
* [[September 25]] – [[Charlotta Seuerling]], Swedish musician (b. 1783)
* [[October 12]] – [[Ioan Nicolidi of Pindus]], Aromanian physician and noble (b. 1737)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvtJAAAAcAAJ|title=Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich: Nabielak – Odelga|first=Constantin von|last=Wurzbach|author-link=Constantin von Wurzbach|series=[[Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich]]|volume=20|page=316|year=1869|language=de}}</ref>
* [[October 26]] – [[Albrecht Thaer]], German agronomist (b. 1752)
* [[October 29]] – [[Luke Hansard]], English printer (b. 1752)
* [[October 31]] – [[John Marsh (composer)|John Marsh]], English music composer (b. 1752)
* [[November 5]] – [[Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)]], Empress of [[Paul I of Russia]] (b. 1759)
* [[November 15]] – [[Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld]], First Queen of Saxony/Duchess of Warsaw (b. 1752)
* [[November 19]] – [[Franz Schubert]], Austrian composer and songwriter (b. 1797)
* [[December 4]] – [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. 1770)
* [[December 22]]
** [[Robert Blair (astronomer)|Robert Blair]],  Scottish astronomer (b. 1748)
** [[Rachel Jackson]], wife of U.S. President [[Andrew Jackson]] (b. 1767)
** [[Karl Mack von Leiberich]], Austrian soldier (b. 1752)
** [[William Hyde Wollaston]], English chemist (b. 1766)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last=Arana|first=Marie|author-link=Marie Arana|title=Bolívar: American Liberator|year=2013|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-1-4391-1020-1|url=https://archive.org/details/bolivaramericanl0000aran|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Lynch|first=John|author-link=John Lynch (historian)|title=Simón Bolívar: A Life|year=2006|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-12604-4|url=https://archive.org/details/simonbolivarlife0000lync_g6t3|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Masur|first=Gerhard|title=Simón Bolívar|year=1969|orig-year=1948|publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press]]|edition=Revised|isbn=978-0-8263-0131-4|url=https://archive.org/details/simonbolivar0000masu_a4j3|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last1=Slatta|first1=Richard W.|last2=de Grummond|first2=Jane Lucas|title=Simón Bolívar's Quest for Glory|year=2003|publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]]|isbn=978-1-58544-239-3}}

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[[Category:1828| ]]
[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]