Editing 1828 in science

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1828|science}}
{{Science year nav|1828}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}

The year '''1828 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Astronomy==
* [[Félix Savary]] computes the first [[orbit]] of a visual [[double star]] when he calculates the orbit of the double star [[Xi Ursae Majoris]].

==Biology==
* April 18 – Ornithologist [[Carl Julian (von) Graba]] lands in the little-studied [[Faroe Islands]] for a 3-month visit to research the bird life.
* April 27 – [[London Zoo]] opens in [[Regent's Park]] for members of the [[Zoological Society of London]], the first scientific zoo in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayinsci.com/4/4_27.htm|title=April 27|work=Today in Science History|accessdate=December 20, 2011}}</ref>
* October 26 – English [[naturalist]] and explorer [[William John Burchell]] collects the only known specimen of ''[[Parabouchetia]] brasiliensis'', an exceptionally rare member of the nightshade family [[Solanaceae]], in central Brazil.
* [[Karl Ernst von Baer]] lays the foundations of the science of comparative [[embryology]] with his book ''Über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere''. He publishes [[von Baer's laws (embryology)|von Baer's laws]].
* [[Martin Lichtenstein]] publishes a monograph on the ''[[Dipodidae]]'', ''Über die Springmäuse'', in [[Berlin]].
* [[Belfast Botanic Gardens]] open.

==Chemistry==
* Swedish chemist [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]] produces a table of atomic weights and discovers [[thorium]].
* [[Urea]] becomes the first organic compound to be artificially synthesised, by [[Friedrich Wöhler]], establishing that organic compounds could be produced from inorganic starting materials and potentially disproving a cornerstone of [[vitalism]], the belief that life is not subject to the laws of science in the way inanimate objects are.<ref name="CHF">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/justus-von-liebig-and-friedrich-w%C3%B6hler|title=Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler|publisher=Science History Institute}}</ref><ref name=Bowden>{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical achievers: the human face of the chemical sciences|url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd|url-access=registration|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780941901123|chapter=Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/83 83-87]}}</ref>
* The van Houten family of the Netherlands invent a press to remove about 50% of the [[cocoa butter]] from [[chocolate]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/|title=The Sweet Lure of Chocolate|first=Jim|last=Spadaccini|access-date=March 3, 2014|journal=[[Exploratorium]]}}</ref>

==Medicine==
* February 19 – The [[Boston Society for Medical Improvement]] is established in the United States.
* April 17 – [[Royal Free Hospital]], established as the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Care of Malignant Diseases by surgeon [[William Marsden (surgeon)|William Marsden]], opens.
* December 20 – The U.S. State of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] legislature charters the Medical Academy of Georgia, which becomes the [[Medical College of Georgia]], and authorizes it to award a Bachelor of Medicine degree, making it the 13th oldest U.S. medical school and the 6th public medical school to be established.
* December 24 – [[Burke and Hare murders]]: William Burke is sentenced to [[Hanging|hang]] for his part in the murder of 17 victims to provide bodies for [[dissection]] by [[Edinburgh]] [[anatomist]] [[Robert Knox (surgeon)|Robert Knox]].
* F. Maury publishes ''Traité Complet de l'Art du Dentiste'', the first handbook of [[dentistry]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Puschmann|first=Theodor|title=Handbuch der Geschichte der Medizin|location=Jena|volume=3|page=384}}</ref>

==Paleontology==
* January 7 – Rev. [[Henry Duncan (minister)|Henry Duncan]] describes his discovery of the fossil footmarks of quadrupeds (''[[Chelichnus|Chelichnus duncani]]'') in [[Permian]] red sandstone in south west [[Scotland]], the first scientific report of a fossil track.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Henry|last=Duncan|title=An Account of the Tracks and Footmarks of Animals found impressed on Sandstone in the Quarry of Cornockle Muir in Dumfriesshire|journal= Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|volume=11|issue=1|date=January 1828|pages=194–209|doi=10.1017/S0080456800021906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKNbAAAAcAAJ&q=Transactions+%22Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh%22+1828+duncan+tracks&pg=PA194|accessdate=April 17, 2016}} Published 1831.</ref>
* December – [[Mary Anning]] discovers Britain's first [[pterosaur]] fossil at [[Lyme Regis]] on the [[Jurassic Coast]] of England.
* [[Adolphe Theodore Brongniart]] publishes ''Prodrome d'une histoire des Végétaux Fossils'', a study of [[fossil]] plants.

==Physics==
* Self-taught [[English people|English]] [[mathematician]] [[George Green (mathematician)|George Green]] publishes ''[[An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism]]''<ref>{{cite book|first=George|last=Green|title=An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism|location=Nottingham|publisher=T. Wheelhouse|year=1828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwYXAAAAYAAJ&q=An+Essay+on+the+Application+of+Mathematical+Analysis+to+the+Theories|accessdate=November 12, 2013}}</ref> in [[Nottingham]], the first mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism, introducing a form of [[divergence theorem]] (a version of [[Green's theorem]]), the idea of [[potential theory]], and the concept of what will come to be called [[Green's function]]s.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AAN8197.0001.001|title=Mathematical papers of the late George Green|editor=Ferrers, N. M.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Cannell|first=D. M.|year=1999|title=George Green: An Enigmatic Mathematician|journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]]|volume=106|issue=2|pages=136–151|doi=10.2307/2589050|jstor=2589050}}</ref>
* [[Irish people|Irish]] [[astronomer]] [[William Rowan Hamilton]] publishes ''Theory of Systems of Rays''.

==Technology==
* October 1 – [[James Beaumont Neilson]] of [[Scotland]] [[patent]]s the [[hot blast]] process for [[iron]]making.<ref>{{cite book|first=W.K.V.|last=Gale|title=Ironmaking|location=Princes Risborough|publisher=Shire Publications|year=1981|isbn=0-85263-546-X|page=22}}</ref>
* [[Ányos Jedlik]] creates the world's first [[electric motor]].
* The brothers [[John Deane (inventor)|John]] and [[Charles Anthony Deane|Charles Deane]] produce the first [[diving helmet]] by adaptation of a smoke helmet produced for them by [[Augustus Siebe]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Infernal Diver: the lives of John and Charles Deane, their invention of the diving helmet and its first application...|first=John|last=Bevan|year=1996|location=London|publisher=Submex|isbn=0-9508242-1-6|pages=28–33}}</ref>
* [[Scottish people|Scottish]] architect [[Peter Nicholson (architect)|Peter Nicholson]] sets out a method of preparing stones for construction of a [[helicoid]]al [[skew arch]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Popular and Practical Treatise on Masonry and Stone-cutting|first=Peter|last=Nicholson|publisher=Thomas Hurst, Edward Chance & Company|location=London|year=1828|pages=[https://archive.org/details/apopularandprac00nichgoog/page/n93 39]–60|url=https://archive.org/details/apopularandprac00nichgoog}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=On the Construction of Oblique Arches|first=Henry|last=Welch|journal=Architectural Magazine|editor=Loudon, John Claudius|publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman|location=London|year=1837|volume=IV|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4IAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA90|quote=The stones were cut, or dressed, previously to the erection of the centre}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Benjamin Outram, 1764–1805: An Engineering Biography|first=Reginald B.|last=Schofield|publisher=Merton Priory Press|location=Cardiff|year=2000|pages=149–154|isbn=1-898937-42-7}}</ref>
* [[John Deats]] obtains his first United States patent for an improved [[plow]].

==Institutions==
* [[Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology|Imperial Petersburg Institute of Technology]] established in the [[Russian Empire]].

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: not awarded<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=July 22, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Births==
* April 17
** [[Sampson Gamgee]] (died [[1886 in science|1886]]), [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscan]]-born [[English people|English]] [[surgeon]].
** [[Johanna Mestorf]] (died [[1909 in science|1909]]), [[Germany|German]] [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] [[archaeologist]]. 
* March 24 – [[Jules Verne]] (died [[1905 in science|1905]]), [[French people|French]] [[science fiction]] author.
* April 29 – [[Étienne Stéphane Tarnier]] (died [[1897 in science|1897]]), French [[obstetrician]].
* May 8 – [[Jean Henri Dunant]] (died [[1910 in science|1910]]), [[Swiss people|Swiss]] founder of the [[Red Cross]].
* June 21 – [[Ferdinand André Fouqué]] (died [[1904 in science|1904]]), French [[geologist]] and [[petrologist]].
* July 23 – [[Jonathan Hutchinson]] (died [[1913 in science|1913]]), English [[physician]].
* August 6 – [[Andrew Taylor Still]] (died [[1917 in science|1917]]), [[Americans|American]] "father of [[osteopathy]]".
* August 28 – [[William A. Hammond]] (died [[1900 in science|1900]]),  American military physician and neurologist.
* September 15 – [[Aleksandr Butlerov]] (died [[1886 in science|1886]]), [[Russians|Russian]] [[chemist]].
* October 31 – [[Joseph Swan]] (died [[1914 in science|1914]]), English surgeon.
* November 22 – [[Lydia Shackleton]] (died 1914), [[Irish people|Irish]] botanical artist.

==Deaths==
* March 17 – [[James Edward Smith (botanist)|James Edward Smith]] (born [[1759 in science|1759]]), English [[botanist]].
* March 23 – [[David Friesenhausen]] (born [[1756 in science|1756]]), German-Hungarian-Jewish rabbi, mathematician and astronomer.
* July 5 – [[Andrew Duncan (doctor)|Andrew Duncan]] (born [[1744 in science|1744]]), [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[physician]].
* August 8 – [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] (born [[1743 in science|1743]]), [[Sweden|Swedish]] botanist.
* August 22 – [[Franz Joseph Gall]] (born [[1758 in science|1758]]), [[Germany|German]]-born [[neuroanatomist]].
* September 3 - [[Jean Boniface Textoris]] (born [[1773 in science|1773]]), French military surgeon.<ref>{{Base Léonore|LH&#x2F;/2582/41|id=355243}}</ref>
* December 22 – [[William Hyde Wollaston]] (born [[1766 in science|1766]]), English chemist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1828 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1820s in science]]