Editing 1831

{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Year dab|1831}}
{{Year nav|1831}}
[[File:Nat Turner woodcut.jpg|thumb|250px|[[August 21]]: [[Nat Turner]] leads two-month rebellion of slaves in the U.S. state of Virginia.]]
[[File:Prestation de serment du roi Léopold Ier.JPG|thumb|250px|[[July 21]]: [[Leopold I of Belgium|King Leopold I]] takes constitutional oath rather than holding a coronation to become the first [[King of Belgium]].]]

{{C19 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1831}}

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[William Lloyd Garrison]] begins [[publishing]] ''[[The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)|The Liberator]]'', an anti-[[slavery]] [[newspaper]], in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Japan]]ese [[department store]], [[Takashimaya]] in [[Kyoto]] established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Takashimaya Archives 1831-1908|url=http://www.takashimaya.co.jp/archives/history/index.html|publisher=Takashimaya|access-date=2021-01-11|language=ja|archive-date=April 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407161950/http://www.takashimaya.co.jp/archives/history/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[February]]&ndash;March &ndash; Revolts in [[Modena]], [[Parma]] and the [[Papal States]] are put down by [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] [[troops]].
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Pope Gregory XVI]] succeeds [[Pope Pius VIII]], as the 254th pope.
* [[February 5]] &ndash; Dutch naval lieutenant [[Jan van Speyk]] blows up his own gunboat in [[Antwerp]] rather than strike his colours on the demand of supporters of the [[Belgian Revolution]].
* [[February 7]] &ndash; The Belgian [[Constitution of Belgium|Constitution of 1831]] is approved by the [[National Congress of Belgium|National Congress]].
*[[February 8]] &ndash; French-born botanical explorer [[Aimé Bonpland]] leaves [[Paraguay]] for [[Argentina]]. 
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Battle of Debre Abbay]]: [[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles|Ras]] [[Marye of Yejju]] marches into [[Tigray Province|Tigray]], and defeats and kills the warlord [[Sabagadis]].
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Battle of Olszynka Grochowska|Battle of Olszynka Grochowska (Grochów)]]: Polish rebel forces divide a Russian army.
* [[March 10]] &ndash; The [[French Foreign Legion]] is founded.
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Victor Hugo]]'s historical romantic Gothic novel ''Notre-Dame de Paris'', known in English as ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]'', is published in Paris.
* [[March 29]] &ndash; The [[Bosnian uprising (1831–32)]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]] begins.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]] abdicates as [[Emperor of Brazil]] in favor of his 5-year-old son [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], who will reign for almost 59 years.
* [[April 18]]
** The [[University of Alabama]] is founded.
** ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' newspaper is first published, as the ''Sydney Herald''.
* [[April 27]]
** [[Charles Albert of Sardinia|Charles Albert]] becomes king of Sardinia after the death of King [[Charles Felix of Sardinia|Charles Felix]].
** Ending of the [[Anglo-Ashanti wars#First Anglo-Ashanti War, 1823–1831|First Anglo-Ashanti War (1823–1831)]].
* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ostrołęka (1831)|Battle of Ostrołęka]]: The [[Polish people|Poles]] fight another indecisive battle.
* [[May 31]] &ndash; Auxiliary [[paddle steamer]] ''[[Sophia Jane]]'' arrives at [[Sydney]] from London, becoming the first [[steamboat]] to operate in the coastal waters of [[New South Wales]].
* [[May]]&ndash;June &ndash; [[Merthyr Rising]]: Coal miners and others riot in [[Merthyr Tydfil]], [[Wales]], for improved working conditions.
* [[June 1]] &ndash; British Royal Navy officer [[James Clark Ross]] locates the position of the [[North Magnetic Pole]], at this time on the [[Boothia Peninsula]].
* [[June 21]] &ndash; The [[North Carolina State House]] and [[Antonio Canova|Canova]]'s ''[[George Washington (Canova)|George Washington]]'' are destroyed by fire in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Miskimon |first1=Scott A. |title=The Fires of 1831: Fayetteville and Raleigh in Flames |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/history/1776-1860/1831-fires |publisher=[[State Library of North Carolina]] |date=2010}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Russian Empire|Russian imperial]] officials in [[Wallachia]] adopt ''[[Regulamentul Organic]]'', introducing a period of unprecedented reforms that provide for Westernization of this region of Romania.
* [[July 15]] &ndash; The volcanic [[Graham Island (Mediterranean Sea)|Graham Island]] briefly emerges in the [[Mediterranean]].
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]] is inaugurated as the first King of the [[Belgium|Belgians]], in [[Brussels]].
* [[August 2]] &ndash; The [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Ten Days' Campaign]] against Belgium is halted by a [[July Monarchy|French]] army.
* [[August 7]] &ndash; American [[Baptist]] minister [[William Miller (preacher)|William Miller]] preaches his first sermon on the Second Advent of Christ in Dresden, New York, launching the Advent Movement in the United States.
* [[August 21]] &ndash; [[Nat Turner's slave rebellion]] in the [[United States]] breaks out in [[Southampton County, Virginia]].
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Michael Faraday]] demonstrates [[electromagnetic induction]] at the [[Royal Society]] of London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840|title=Icons, a portrait of England 1820–1840|access-date=2007-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922055840/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840|archive-date=2007-09-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Joseph Henry]] recognises it at about the same time.
* [[September 8]]&ndash; [[Battle of Warsaw (1831)|Battle of Warsaw]]: The Army of [[Russia]] takes the [[Warsaw|Polish capital]] after a two-day battle to crush the Polish uprising.
* [[September 8]] &ndash; Coronation of King [[William IV of the United Kingdom]] (he will reign until [[1837]]).
* [[September 22]] &ndash; The [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] passes the [[Great Reform Bill]] to expand the franchise, but this is later defeated in the [[House of Lords]].
* [[September 28]]&ndash; The first national [[president (government title)|president]]ial nominating convention in the [[United States]] concludes after three days as the [[Anti-Masonic Party]] selects its nominee for President in [[Baltimore, Maryland]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]], Greek head of [[Sovereign state|state]] and founder of [[Greece|Greek]] [[independence]], is assassinated in [[Nafplion]].
* [[October 21]] &ndash; The [[November Uprising]] ends in the defeat of Polish forces.
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Michael Faraday]] constructs an early form of [[dynamo]].<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[October 29]] &ndash; The [[1831 Bristol riots]] ("Queen Square riots") in [[Bristol]] (England) begin, in connection with the [[Great Reform Bill]] controversy. Quelled by the authorities and the military on October 31, 100 city centre properties are destroyed, at least 120 are estimated to have been killed, 31 of the rioters will be sentenced to death and a colonel facing court-martial for failure to control the riot commits suicide.
* [[October 30]] &ndash; In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave [[Nat Turner]] is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave rebellion in United States history.
* [[November 7]] &ndash; Slave trading is forbidden in [[Brazil]].
* [[November 8]] &ndash; [[The King's School, Parramatta|The Kings School (Parramatta)]] was approved to be established. 
* [[November 17]] &ndash; [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]] are separated from [[Gran Colombia]].
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[First Canut Revolt]]: After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 deaths, rebellious silk workers seize [[Lyon]], France.
* [[December 26]] &ndash; Global [[financial services]] business [[Assicurazioni Generali]] is founded in [[Trieste]] (at this time in the [[Austrian Empire]]) as ''Imperial Regia Privilegiata Compagnia di Assicurazioni Generali Austro-Italiche''.<ref>{{cite web|title=1831|url=https://www.generali.com/who-we-are/history/interactive-timeline/1st-period/1831|publisher=Generali Group}}</ref>
* [[December 27]]
** The [[Baptist War]] (Christmas Rebellion) begins in [[Jamaica]], with the setting afire of the Kensington House in [[Saint James Parish, Jamaica|St James Parish]], inspiring thousands of black slaves to revolt against their British masters. At its peak, more than 20,000 people will be involved, and more than 500 killed.<ref>{{cite book|first=Andre C.|last=Drainville|title=A History of World Order and Resistance: The Making and Unmaking of Global Subjects|publisher=Routledge|year=2013}}</ref>
** [[Charles Darwin]] embarks from [[Plymouth]] on the [[Second voyage of HMS Beagle|second voyage of HMS ''Beagle'']] which will be the foundation for his life of scientific study. 
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Gramercy Park]] is deeded to New York City.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)]]: [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]]'s French-trained forces occupy [[Ottoman Syria]].
* Scholar [[Rifa'a at-Tahtawi]] returns from study in Paris to [[Egypt]], where he will participate in the [[Nahda]].
* Founding of educational establishments:
** [[Denison University]] in [[Granville, Ohio]]
** [[New York University]] in New York City
** [[Wesleyan University]] in [[Middletown, Connecticut]]
** [[Xavier University]] in [[Cincinnati]] (as "The Athenaeum")
** [[Wallinska skolan]], the first secondary school for girls in the Swedish capital of Stockholm.

== Births ==
=== January&ndash;June ===
[[File:Myra Bradwell 1870.png|right|thumb|110px|[[Myra Bradwell]]]]
[[File:James Clerk Maxwell.png|right|thumb|110px|[[James Clerk Maxwell]]]]
* [[January 3]] &ndash; [[Savitribai Phule|Savitribai Jyotirao Phule]], Indian social reformer, poet (d. [[1897]])
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Heinrich von Stephan]], German postal union organizer (d. [[1897]])
* [[January 11]] &ndash; [[Pope Cyril V of Alexandria]] (d. [[1927]])
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Heinrich Anton de Bary]], German botanist, mycologist (d. [[1888]])
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Myra Bradwell]], American lawyer, political activist (d. [[1894]])
* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Leo von Caprivi]], [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (d. [[1899]])
* [[March 3]]
** [[Gioacchino La Lomia]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest and venerable (d. [[1905]])
** [[George Pullman]], American inventor and industrialist (d. [[1897]])
* [[March 6]] &ndash; [[Philip Sheridan]], American general (d. [[1888]])
* [[March 12]] &ndash; [[Clement Studebaker]], American automobile pioneer (d. [[1901]])
* March 15 – [[Mariano Álvarez]], Filipino general (d. 1924)
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Elise Hwasser]], Swedish actress (d. [[1894]])
* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg]], [[Queen consort of Portugal]] (d. [[1909]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Denmark|title=Kongelig dansk hof- og statskalender|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivExAQAAMAAJ|year=1902|publisher=J.H. Schultz Universitetsbogtrykkeri|page=13|language=da}}</ref>
* [[April 6]] &ndash; [[Nire Kagenori]], Japanese admiral (d. [[1900]])
* [[April 19]] &ndash; [[Mary Louise Booth]], American writer, editor and translator (d. [[1889]])
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Richard Norman Shaw]], British architect (d. [[1912]])
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[John Bell Hood]], American Confederate general (d. [[1879]])
* [[June 2]] &ndash; [[Jan Gerard Palm]], Curaçao-born composer (d. [[1906]])
* [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Amelia Edwards]], English journalist and author (d. [[1892]])<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Benjamin F. Fisher IV |title=Amelia B. Edwards |editor-first=E. F. |editor-last=Bleiler |encyclopedia=Supernatural Fiction Writers |location=New York |publisher=Scribner's |year=1985 |page=255 |isbn=0-684-17808-7}}</ref>
* [[June 13]] &ndash; [[James Clerk Maxwell]], Scottish physicist (d. [[1879]])
* [[June 28]] &ndash; [[Joseph Joachim]], Austrian violinist (d. [[1907]])

=== July&ndash;December ===
[[File:John Pemberton.jpg|thumb|110px|[[John Pemberton]]]]
[[File:《咸丰皇帝朝服像》.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Xianfeng Emperor]]]]
[[File:The Emperor Komei.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emperor Kōmei]]]]
[[File:Lucy Webb Hayes I.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lucy Hayes]]]]
* [[July 8]] &ndash; [[John Pemberton]], American inventor of [[Coca-Cola]] (d. [[1888]])
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Wilhelm His Sr.]], Swiss anatomist (d. [[1904]])
* [[July 17]] &ndash; [[Xianfeng Emperor]] of China (d. [[1861]])
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Emperor Kōmei]] of Japan (d. [[1867]])
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Helena Blavatsky]], Russian-born author, theosophist (d. [[1891]])
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Ebenezer Cobb Morley]], English sportsman and the [[List of persons considered father or mother of a field|father]] of modern [[Association football|football]] (d. [[1924]])
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[Eduard Suess]], Austrian geologist (d. [[1914]])
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Lucy Webb Hayes]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1889]])
* [[September 3]] &ndash; [[States Rights Gist]], [[Confederate States|Confederate]] [[Brigadier General]] in the [[American Civil War]] (d. [[1864]])
* [[September 8]] &ndash; [[Wilhelm Raabe]], German novelist (d. [[1910]])
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Siegfried Marcus]], German-born automobile pioneer (d. [[1898]])
* [[September 20]] &ndash; [[Kate Harrington (poet)|Kate Harrington]], American teacher, writer and poet (d. [[1917]])
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[John Schofield]], American general (d. [[1906]])
* [[October 6]] &ndash; [[Richard Dedekind]], German mathematician (d. [[1916]])
* [[October 14]] &ndash; [[Samuel Waite Johnson|Samuel W. Johnson]], English railway mechanical engineer (d. [[1912]])
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Lucy Stanton (abolitionist)|Lucy Stanton]], American abolitionist (d. [[1910]])
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Frederick III, German Emperor]] (d. [[1888]])
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Othniel Charles Marsh]], American paleontologist (d. [[1899]])
* [[October 31]]
**[[Paolo Mantegazza]], Italian neurologist, physiologist, anthropologist and fiction writer (d. [[1910]])
**[[Romualdo Pacheco]], Governor of California (d. [[1899]])
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Harry Atkinson]], 10th [[Premier of New Zealand]] (d. [[1892]])
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Anna Leonowens]], Anglo-Indian educator (Anna of ''[[The King and I]]'') (d. [[1915]])
* [[November 7]] &ndash; [[Mélanie Calvat]], French [[Roman Catholic]] nun, Marian Visionary, canonized (d. [[1904]])
* [[November 19]] &ndash; [[James A. Garfield]], 20th [[President of the United States]] (d. [[1881]])
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil]], daughter of Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil]] (d. [[1853]])
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Arsenio Martínez Campos]], Spanish general, revolutionary and prime minister (d. [[1900]])
* [[December 19]] &ndash; [[Bernice Pauahi Bishop]], Hawaiian [[aliʻi]] (d. [[1884]])

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Richard Hawksworth Barnes]], English coffee grower, naturalist and meteorologist (d. [[1904]])
* [[Jacob W. Davis]], (b. Jacob Youphes), Latvian-born American tailor, inventor of jeans (d. [[1908]])
* [[Sotirios Sotiropoulos]], Greek economist, politician (d. [[1898]])
* [[Eugenia Kisimova]], Bulgarian feminist, philanthropist, women's rights activist (d. [[1885]])

== Deaths ==
=== January&ndash;June ===
[[File:Ludwig Achim von Arnim.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ludwig Achim von Arnim]]]]
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Franz Krommer]], Czech composer (b. [[1759]])
* [[January 21]] &ndash; [[Ludwig Achim von Arnim]], German poet (b. [[1781]])
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Vincenzo Dimech]], Maltese sculptor (b. [[1768]])
* [[February 14]]
** [[Vicente Guerrero]], 2nd [[President of Mexico]], Independence War hero (b. [[1782]])
** [[Marye of Yejju]], Ethiopian Ras
** [[Sabagadis]], [[Ethiopia]]n warlord (b. c. [[1770]])
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]] (b. [[1785]])
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Friedrich Maximilian Klinger]], German writer (b. [[1752]])
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Dmitry Senyavin]], Russian admiral (b. [[1763]])
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[John Abernethy (surgeon)|John Abernethy]], English surgeon (b. [[1764]])
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Thursday October Christian I]], Pitcairn Islander and son of [[Fletcher Christian]] (b. [[1790]])
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Charles Felix of Sardinia]], King of Sardinia (b. [[1765]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Collet Barker]], British military officer, explorer (b. [[1784]])
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Nathaniel Rochester]], American politician (b. [[1752]])
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Tarenorerer]], indigenous Australian Tasman freedom fighter (b. [[1800]])
[[File:Robert Fullerton, by George Chinnery.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Robert Fullerton]]]]
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Robert Fullerton]], governor of Penang, first governor of British Straits Settlements (b. [[1773]])
* [[June 8]] &ndash; [[Sarah Siddons]], English actress (b. [[1755]])
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Sophie Germain]], French mathematician (b. [[1776]])
* [[June 30]] &ndash; [[William Roscoe]], English abolitionist and writer (b. [[1753]])

=== July&ndash;December ===
[[File:Hegel portrait by Schlesinger 1831.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg Hegel]]]]
[[File:Hannah Adams portrait.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Hannah Adams]]]]
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[James Monroe]], 73, 5th President of the United States (b. [[1758]])
* [[July 16]] &ndash; [[Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron]], Russian general (b. [[1763]])
* [[July 20]] &ndash; [[Jacques Defermon des Chapelières]], French politician (b. [[1752]])
* [[August 5]] &ndash; [[Sébastien Érard]], German-born French instrument maker (b. [[1752]])
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[August von Gneisenau]], Prussian field marshal (b. [[1760]])
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Philippine Engelhard]], German writer, scholar (b. [[1756]]) 
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Hilchen Sommerschild]], Norwegian educator (b. [[1756]])
* [[November 11]] &ndash; [[Nat Turner]], American slave rebel (b. [[1800]])
* [[November 14]] &ndash; [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg Hegel]], German philosopher (b. [[1770]])
* [[November 16]] &ndash; [[Carl von Clausewitz]], German military strategist (b. [[1780]])
* [[November 19]] &ndash; [[Titumir]], Bengali revolutionary (b. [[1782]])<ref name="titu">{{cite Banglapedia|author=Khan, Muazzam Hussain|article=Titu Mir}}</ref>
* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[Marie Anne Simonis]], Belgian textile industrialist (b. [[1758]])
* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Hannah Adams]], American author (b. [[1755]])
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Willem Bilderdijk]], Dutch author (b. [[1756]])
* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Emilia Plater]], Polish heroine (b. [[1806]]) 
* [[December 26]] 
** [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]], Indian poet (b. [[1809]])
** [[Stephen Girard]], French-American banker (b. [[1750]])

===Date unknown===
* [[Marengo (horse)|Marengo]], Napoleon's mount in several battles (b. [[1793]])
* [[Charlotta Richardy]], Swedish industrialist (b. [[1751]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1831}}
[[Category:1831| ]]