Editing 1835 in science

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1835|science}}
{{Science year nav|1835}}

The year '''1835 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Astronomy==
* August 5 – First sighting of the return of [[Comet Halley]] by Father [[Dominique Dumouchel]], director of the [[Collegio Romano]] at the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]. It is next seen on August 21 by [[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve]] at the [[Dorpat Observatory]]. [[John Herschel]] had been expected to find the comet first, as he was at the time in [[South Africa]] with his 20&nbsp;ft focal length reflector – at this time the world's largest telescope. He finally observes it in October and watches until it reaches [[perihelion]] November 16. It reappears in January 1836, and Herschel will be the last person to observe it in May.
* August 25 – The first of six articles on discoveries of living creatures on the Moon supposedly made by Herschel and a fictitious companion named Dr. Andrew Grant is published in the ''[[New York Sun (historical)|New York Sun]]''. This incident is now known as the [[Great Moon Hoax]].
* [[Berlin Observatory]] opened.
* [[Caroline Herschel]] and [[Mary Somerville]] become the first women members of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]].

==Biology==
* January – [[J. C. Loudon]] begins publication of ''Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum''.
* [[Cell division]] is first observed under the [[microscope]] by German botanist [[Hugo von Mohl]] as he works over [[green algae]] ''Cladophora glomerata''.<ref>{{NDB|17|690|691|Mohl, Hugo von|Karl Mägdefrau|118830538}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
* [[Vinyl chloride]] first produced by [[Justus von Liebig]] and his student [[Henri Victor Regnault]].

==Geology==
* [[British Geological Survey|Ordnance Geological Survey]] founded in [[Great Britain|Britain]], under [[Henry De la Beche]], the world's first national [[Geological Survey|geological survey]].
* [[Roderick Murchison]] names the [[Silurian]] period,<ref>{{cite journal|first=R. I.|last=Murchison|title=On the Silurian System of rocks|journal=The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|volume=7|year=1835|pages=46–52}}</ref> and [[Adam Sedgwick]] the [[Cambrian]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=R. I.|last1=Murchison|first2=A.|last2=Sedgwick|title=On the Silurian and Cambrian Systems|journal=Report of the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science|year=1835|pages=59–61}}</ref>

==Mathematics==
* [[Adolphe Quetelet]] publishes ''Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de physique sociale'' (translated as ''Treatise on Man''), outlining his theory of "social physics" and describing his concept of the "average man" (''l'homme moyen'') who is characterized by the [[mean value]]s of measured variables that follow a [[normal distribution]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Crilly|title=50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84724-008-8|page=141}}</ref>

==Physics==
* [[George Biddell Airy]] provides the first full explanation of the [[Airy disk]] phenomenon.<ref>Airy, G. B. (1835) "On the Diffraction of an Object-glass with Circular Aperture". [https://archive.org/details/transactionsofca05camb ''Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society''] '''5''': 283–291.</ref>
* [[Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis]] examines motion on a spinning surface and deduces the [[Coriolis effect]].
* [[William Rowan Hamilton]] states [[Hamilton's equations of motion]].

==Physiology and medicine==
* [[Irish people|Irish]] [[physician]] [[Robert James Graves]] first describes symptoms of [[Graves' disease]].<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|doctor|695|Mathew Graves}}</ref><ref>Graves, R. J. (1835). "New observed affection of the thyroid gland in females" (Clinical lectures). ''London Medical and Surgical Journal'' (Renshaw) '''7''': 516–517. Repr. in ''Medical Classics'' (1940) '''5''': 33–36.</ref>
* [[French people|French]] physician [[Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis]] publishes his book ''Recherches sur les effets de la saignée dans quelques maladies inflammatoires et sur l'action de l'émétique et des vésicatoires dans la pneumonie'' in [[Paris]], in which he analyzes case studies to demonstrate that [[bloodletting]] is largely ineffective as a treatment.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis and the evaluation of bloodletting|first=Alfredo|last=Morabia|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]]|volume=99|issue=3|pages=158–160|pmc=1383766|pmid=16508057|url=|doi=10.1177/014107680609900322|date=March 2006}}</ref>
* [[Belgians|Belgian]] statistician [[Adolphe Quetelet]] publishes his books ''Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de physique sociale'', in which he presents his theory of human [[variance]] around the [[average]], with human traits being distributed according to  a [[Normal distribution|normal curve]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Eiseley|first=Loren|title=Darwin's Century|url=https://archive.org/details/darwinscenturye000eise|url-access=registration|year=1961|publisher=Anchor Books (Doubleday)|page=[https://archive.org/details/darwinscenturye000eise/page/227 227]}}</ref>

==Technology==
* August – [[William Fox Talbot|H. Fox Talbot]] exposes the world's first known [[Negative (photography)|photographic negatives]] at [[Lacock Abbey]] in [[Wiltshire]], [[England]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury Press|year=1974|isbn=0-7181-1279-2|pages=127–8}}</ref>
* September 12 – A [[Prussia]]n [[patent]] is granted to [[Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht]] and Carl Moritz<ref>[http://vsl.co.at/en/70/3139/3153/3154/5493.vsl Vienna Symphonic Library > Vienna Academy > Brass > Tubas > Bass tuba > History.]</ref> for a valved bass [[tuba]].
* [[Samuel Colt]] invents the [[revolver]].
* [[Joseph Henry]] invents the electric [[relay]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The electromechanical relay of Joseph Henry|publisher=Georgi Dalakov|url=http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/relay.html|accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref>
* [[Samuel Morse]] develops the [[Morse code]].

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[William Snow Harris]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=22 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wollaston Medal]]: [[Gideon Mantell]]

==Births==
* March 12 – [[Simon Newcomb]] (died [[1909 in science|1909]]), [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[mathematician]] and [[astronomer]].
* March 14 – [[Giovanni Schiaparelli]] (died [[1910 in science|1910]]), [[Italian people|Italian]] astronomer.
* March 24 – [[Joseph Stefan]] (died [[1893 in science|1893]]), [[Austrian Empire|Austro]]-[[Slovenes|Slovene]] [[physicist]] and mathematician.
* March 29 – [[Gustav Zander]] (died 1920), [[Swedes|Swedish]] [[physician]].
* August 2 – [[Elisha Gray]] (died [[1901 in science|1901]]), [[United States|American]] [[electrical engineer]].
* October 1 – [[Ádám Politzer]] (died [[1920 in science|1920]]), [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] [[otologist]].
* November 6 – [[Cesare Lombroso]] (died 1909), Italian [[forensic psychiatrist]].

==Deaths==
* August 18 – [[Friedrich Stromeyer]] (born [[1776 in science|1776]]), [[Germans|German]] [[chemist]].
* September 14 – [[John Brinkley (astronomer)|John Brinkley]] (born [[1763 in science|1763]]), [[British people|British]] astronomer.
* September 23 – [[Antide Janvier]] (born [[1751 in science|1751]]), [[French people|French]] precision clockmaker.
* November 21 – [[Hanaoka Seishū]] (born [[1760 in science|1760]]), [[Japan]]ese [[surgeon]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1835 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1830s in science]]