Editing 1842 in science

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{{Year nav topic5|1842|science}}
{{Science year nav|1842}}

The year '''1842 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Biochemistry==
* October 5 – [[Josef Groll]] brews the first [[pilsner]] [[light lager]] beer in the city of [[Plzeň|Pilsen]], [[Bohemia]] (modern-day Czech Republic).

==Botany==
* [[Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward]] publishes ''On the Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases'' in London, promoting his concept of the [[Wardian case]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=David|last=Hershey|title=Doctor Ward's Accidental Terrarium|journal=The American Biology Teacher|volume=58|issue=5|pages=276–281|year=1996|doi=10.2307/4450151|jstor=4450151}}</ref>

==Exploration==
* [[Antarctic]] explorer [[James Clark Ross]] charts the eastern side of [[James Ross Island]] and on January 23 reaches a [[Farthest South]] of 78°09'30"S.<ref>{{cite book|last=Coleman|first=E. C.|title=The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration, from Frobisher to Ross|publisher=Tempus Publishing|location=Stroud|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7524-3660-9|page=335}}</ref>

==Medicine==
* January – [[Americans|American]] medical student William E. Clarke of [[Berkshire Medical College]] becomes the first person to administer an inhaled [[anesthetic]] to facilitate a surgical procedure. After Clarke uses a towel and ether to anesthetize a patient identified as "Miss Hobbie", Dr. Elijah Pope carries out a [[dental extraction]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Artificial anaesthesia and anaesthetics|chapter=History of anaesthesia|page=6|author=Lyman, H. M.|year=1881|publisher=William Wood and Company|location=New York|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNEIAQAAIAAJ&q=Artificial%20anaesthesia%20and%20anaesthetics&pg=PA68|accessdate=2010-09-13}}</ref>
* March 30 – American physician and pharmacist [[Crawford Long]] administers an inhaled anesthetic ([[diethyl ether]]) to facilitate a surgical procedure (removal of a neck tumor).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Long|first=C. W.|title=An account of the first use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anæsthetic in Surgical Operations|journal=Southern Medical and Surgical Journal|volume=5|pages=705–13|year=1849|url=http://journals.lww.com/surveyanesthesiology/Citation/1991/12000/An_Account_of_the_First_Use_of_Sulphuric_Ether_by.49.aspx|accessdate=2012-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/03/dayintech_0330|title=March 30, 1842: It's Lights Out, Thanks to Ether|magazine=Wired|last=Long|first=Tony|date=2007-03-30|accessdate=2007-12-29<!--DASHBot-->}}</ref>
* [[English people|English]] surgeon [[Sir William Bowman, 1st Baronet|William Bowman]] publishes ''On the Structure and Use of the Malpighian Bodies of the Kidney'',<ref>Presented to the [[Royal Society]] of London.</ref> identifying [[Bowman's capsule]], a key component of the [[nephron]].
* [[Edwin Chadwick]]'s critical ''Report on an inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain'' is published by the [[Poor Law Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1840-1860 |title=Icons, a portrait of England 1840–1860 |accessdate=2007-09-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817165102/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1840-1860 |archivedate=2007-08-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Paleontology==
* British [[Palaeontology|palaeontologist]] [[Richard Owen]] coins the name ''Dinosauria'', hence the [[Anglicization|Anglicized]] ''[[dinosaur]]''.<ref>Owen, R. (1842). "Report on British Fossil Reptiles." Part II. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Plymouth, England.</ref>

==Physics==
* [[Christian Doppler]] proposes the [[Doppler effect]].<ref>"[[Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels]] – Versuch einer das Bradley'sche Theorem als integrirenden Theil in sich schliessenden allgemeineren Theorie" ("On the coloured light of the binary refracted stars and other celestial bodies – Attempt of a more general theory including Bradley's theorem as an integral part"). ''Abhandlungen der kaiserlichen bõhm. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Prag'' (Prague) V Folge '''2'''. 25 May 1842.</ref>
* [[Julius Robert von Mayer]] proposes that [[Work (thermodynamics)|work]] and [[heat]] are equivalent.<ref>{{cite journal|last=von Mayer|first=J. R.|year=1842|title=Bemerkungen über die Kräfte der unbelebten Nature ("Remarks on the forces of inorganic nature")|journal=[[Liebigs Annalen|Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie]]|volume=43|issue=2|pages=233–40|doi=10.1002/jlac.18420420212|hdl=2027/umn.319510020751527|hdl-access=free}}</ref> This is independently discovered in [[1843 in science|1843]] by [[James Prescott Joule]], who names it "[[mechanical equivalent of heat]]".

==Technology==
* January 8 – [[Delft University of Technology]] established by [[William II of the Netherlands]] as a 'Royal Academy for the education of civilian engineers'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=300c4edd-74f6-4f4d-a5cd-42a70682cb98&lang=en |title=History of the university |publisher=TU Delft |accessdate=2012-07-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228094426/http://www.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=300c4edd-74f6-4f4d-a5cd-42a70682cb98&lang=en |archivedate=2008-02-28 }}</ref>
* February 21 – [[John Greenough]] is granted the first [[United States patent law|U.S. patent]] for the [[sewing machine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vdta.com/hof-list.html|title=Vacuum & Sewing Hall of Fame|accessdate=2007-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212185533/http://www.vdta.com/hof-list.html|archivedate=12 December 2007|url-status=live}} ''See'' section: "Contributors to the invention of the sewing machine".</ref>
* June – [[James Nasmyth]] patents his design of [[steam hammer]] in England and introduces an improved [[Planer (metalworking)|planing machine]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Smiles|first=Samuel|authorlink=Samuel Smiles|title=James Nasmyth Engineer: an Autobiography|publisher=John Murray|year=1912|url=https://archive.org/details/jamesnasmythengi00nasmiala|accessdate=2009-11-14}}</ref>
* [[John Herschel]] discovers the [[cyanotype]] ([[blueprint]]) photographic process in England.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Cyanotype|last=Rosenthal|first=Richard T.|work=Vernacular Photography|year=2000|access-date=2021-11-23|url=http://vernacularphotography.com/vpm/v1n1/the_cyanotype.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330080304/http://vernacularphotography.com/vpm/v1n1/the_cyanotype.htm|archive-date=2013-03-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Events==
* September 14–17 – English naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] and his family settle at [[Down House]] in [[Kent]].

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[James MacCullagh]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=22 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wollaston Medal]]: [[Leopold von Buch]]

==Births==
* February 2 – [[Julian Sochocki]] (died [[1927 in science|1927]]), Polish [[mathematician]].
* February 10 – [[Agnes Mary Clerke]] (died [[1927 in science|1907]]) Irish astronomer and author.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Catharine M C|last1=Haines|first2=Helen M|last2=Stevens|title=International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950|location=Santa Barbara|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|page=66|isbn=978-1-57607-090-1}}</ref>
* February 22 – [[Camille Flammarion]] (died [[1925 in science|1925]]), French [[astronomer]].
* March 17 – [[Rosina Heikel]] (died [[1929 in science|1929]]), Finnish [[physician]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Arvid|last=Bernce|title=Efter 1809 en Krönika i ord och bild om Finlandssvenskarna|location=Helsingfors|publisher=Bernces förlag|year=1981|page=2003|isbn=978-9-15000-408-3|lang=SV}}</ref>
* March 23 – [[Susan Jane Cunningham]] (died [[1921 in science|1921]]), American mathematician.
* April 4 – [[Édouard Lucas]] (died [[1891 in science|1891]], French mathematician.
* May 7 – [[Isala Van Diest]] (died [[1916]]), Belgian physician.
* May 8 – [[Emil Christian Hansen]] (died [[1909 in science|1909]]), Danish [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] [[physiologist]].
* June 11 – [[Carl von Linde]] (died [[1934 in science|1934]]), German refrigeration engineer.
* August 23 – [[Osborne Reynolds]] (died [[1912 in science|1912]]), Irish-born [[physicist]].
* September 9 – [[Elliott Coues]] (died [[1899 in science|1899]]), American [[ornithologist]].
* September 20
** [[James Dewar]] (died [[1923 in science|1923]]), Scottish-born [[chemist]].
** [[Charles Lapworth]] (died [[1920 in science|1920]]), English [[geologist]].
* October 17 – [[Gustaf Retzius]] (died [[1919 in science|1919]]), Swedish [[anatomist]].
* October 24 (O.S. October 12) – [[Nikolai Menshutkin]] (died [[1907 in science|1907]]), Russian chemist.
* November 12 – [[John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh]] (died [[1919 in science|1919]]), English [[Nobel Prize]]-winning [[physicist]].
* December 3 – [[Ellen Swallow Richards]] (d. [[1911]]), American chemist.
* December 17 – [[Sophus Lie]] (died [[1899 in science|1899]]), Norwegian mathematician.

==Deaths==
* February 15 – [[Archibald Menzies]] (born [[1754 in science|1754]]), Scottish-born [[botanist]].
* April 28 – [[Charles Bell]] (born [[1774 in science|1774]]), Scottish-born [[anatomist]].
* May 8 – [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] (born [[1790 in science|1790]]), French [[List of explorers|explorer]].
* June 9 - [[Maria Dalle Donne]] (born [[1778 in science|1778]]), [[Bologna|Bolognese]] [[physician]] 
* June 30 – [[Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (seventh creation)|Thomas Coke, Earl of Leicester]] (born [[1754 in science|1754]]), English [[agriculturalist]] and [[geneticist]].
* July 19 – [[Pierre Joseph Pelletier]] (born [[1788 in science|1788]]), French chemist.
* July 25 – [[Dominique Jean Larrey]] (born [[1766 in science|1766]]), French military [[surgeon]], pioneer of [[battlefield medicine]].

==References==
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[[Category:1842 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1840s in science]]