Editing 1843 in science

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{{Year nav topic5|1843|science}}
{{Science year nav|1843}}

The year '''1843 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.
[[File:Ada Lovelace portrait.jpg|thumb|[[Ada Lovelace]], computing pioneer]]
[[Image:William Rowan Hamilton Plaque - geograph.org.uk - 347941.jpg|right|thumb|Plaque on Broom Bridge, [[Cabra, Dublin]] commemorating where [[William Rowan Hamilton]] inscribed his formula for [[quaternions]]]]
[[File:Anna Atkins algae cyanotype.jpg|thumb|[[Cyanotype]] [[photogram]] by [[Anna Atkins]]]]

==Astronomy==
* March 11–14 – [[Eta Carinae]] flares to become the [[List of brightest stars|second brightest star]].
* February 5–April 19 – "[[Great Comet of 1843|Great March Comet]]" observed.
* December 21 – The first total solar eclipse of [[Solar Saros 139|Saros 139]] occurs over southern Asia.
* [[Heinrich Schwabe]] reports a periodic change in the number of [[sunspot]]s: they wax and wane in number according to a ten-year cycle.

==Chemistry==
* [[Jean-Baptiste Dumas]] names [[lactose]].<ref>Dumas (1843). ''Traité de Chimie, Appliquée aux Arts''. '''6''' Paris: Bechet Jeune. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zQTyoAqqQzYC&pg=PA293 p. 293.]</ref>
* [[Carl Mosander]] discovers the [[chemical element|chemical elements]] [[Terbium]] and [[Erbium]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Carl Gustav Mosander - Oxford Reference |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100211520 |website=www.oxfordreference.com |access-date=16 February 2020 |language=en }}</ref>
* [[John James Waterston|John J. Waterston]] produces an account of the [[kinetic theory of gases]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Thoughts on the Mental Functions; being an attempt to treat metaphysics as a branch of the physiology of the nervous system|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Oliver & Boyd|year=1843}}</ref>
* [[Alfred Bird]] produces single-acting [[baking powder]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Cannon|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/incoming/alfred-bird-egg-free-custard-inventor-8040314|title=Alfred Bird: Egg-free custard inventor and chemist|work=Birmingham Mail|date=2014-11-03|accessdate=2018-02-25}}</ref>

==Mathematics==
* September – [[Ada Lovelace]] translates and expands [[Luigi Federico Menabrea|Menabrea]]’s notes on [[Charles Babbage]]'s [[analytical engine]], including an [[algorithm]] for calculating a sequence of [[Bernoulli numbers]], regarded as the world's first [[computer program]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=John|last1=Fuegi|first2=Jo|last2=Francis|s2cid=40077111|title=Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'|journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]]|volume=25|issue=4|pages=16–26|doi=10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887|date=October–December 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cs-www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/ada-bio.html|title=Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace|access-date=2010-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013509/http://cs-www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/ada-bio.html|archive-date=21 July 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Menabrea|first=L. F.|author-link=Luigi Federico Menabrea|year=1843|title=Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage|journal=[[Scientific Memoirs]]|volume=3|url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html|access-date=2010-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913042032/http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html|archive-date=13 September 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
* October 16 – [[William Rowan Hamilton]] discovers the calculus of [[quaternions]] and deduces that they are non-commutative.<ref>{{cite web|title=William Rowan Hamilton Plaque|url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/347941|work=Geograph|year=2007|access-date=2011-03-08}}</ref>
* [[Arthur Cayley]] and [[James Joseph Sylvester]] found the algebraic [[invariant theory]].
* [[John T. Graves]] discovers the [[octonion]]s.
* [[Pierre-Alphonse Laurent]] discovers and presents the Laurent expansion theorem.

==Physics==
* [[James Prescott Joule]] experimentally finds the [[mechanical equivalent of heat]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat|last=Joule|first=J. P.|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society|Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London]]|year=1843|volume=5|page=839|doi=10.1098/rspl.1843.0196|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Ohm's acoustic law]] is proposed by German physicist [[Georg Ohm]].

==Physiology and medicine==
* April–May – English surgeon [[Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet|Benjamin Brodie]] extracts a coin lodged in the [[bronchus]] of engineer [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] using novel methods.<ref>Brodie, Benjamin. "An account of a case in which a foreign body was lodged in the right bronchus." Paper to Royal Medical & Chirurgical Society 27 June 1843.</ref>
* British surgeon [[James Braid (surgeon)|James Braid]] publishes ''Neurypnology: or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep'', a key text in the history of [[hypnotism]].
* [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.]], argues that [[puerperal fever]] is spread by lack of hygiene in physicians.<ref>"The Contagiousness of puerperal fever". ''New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery''.</ref>

==Technology==
* March 25 – Completion of the [[Thames Tunnel]], the first bored underwater tunnel in the world (engineer: [[Marc Isambard Brunel]]).<ref>{{cite book|first=Denis|last=Smith|title=London and the Thames Valley|page=17|location=London|publisher=Thomas Telford|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7277-2876-0}}</ref>
* July 19 – Launch of {{SS|Great Britain}}, the first iron-hulled, propeller-driven ship to cross the [[Atlantic Ocean]] (designer: [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Royal Visit|work=The Bristol Mirror|pages=1–2|date=20 July 1843}}</ref>
* November 21 – [[Thomas Hancock (inventor)|Thomas Hancock]] [[patent]]s the [[vulcanisation]] of [[rubber]] using [[sulphur]] in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
* The steam powered [[rotary printing press]] is invented by [[Richard March Hoe]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Meggs|first=Philip B.|author-link=Philip B. Meggs|title=A History of Graphic Design|publisher=Wiley|year=1998|edition=3rd|page=147|isbn=978-0-471-29198-5}} It receives {{US Patent|5199}} in [[1847 in science|1847]] and is placed in commercial use the same year.</ref>
* [[Robert Stirling]] and his brother James convert a steam engine at a [[Dundee]] factory to operate as a [[Stirling engine]].
* The first public [[telegraph]] line in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] is laid between [[Paddington]] and [[Slough]].
* Approximate date – [[Euphonium]] invented.

==Publications==
* October – [[Anna Atkins]] begins publication of ''Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions'', a collection of [[contact print]]ed [[cyanotype]] [[photogram]]s of [[algae]] which forms the first book illustrated with [[photograph]]ic images.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parr|first1=Martin|first2=Gerry|last2=Badger|title=The Photobook: a history, Volume I|publisher=Phaidon|year=2004|location=London|isbn=978-0-7148-4285-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=Christopher|title=The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes|edition=2nd|publisher=Delmar Cengage Learning|year=2009|location=Clifton Park, NY|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofalternativ0000jame|isbn=978-1-4180-7372-5|access-date=2009-08-11|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[New York Public Library]]|work=Seeing is Believing: 700 years of scientific and medical illustration|title=Photography. Cyanotype photograph. Anna Atkins (1799-1871)|date=2001|orig-year=1843|url=http://seeing.nypl.org/235bt.html|access-date=2009-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Peres|first=Michael R.|title=The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science|edition=4th|publisher=Elsevier/Focal Press|year=2007|location=Amsterdam; Boston|isbn=978-0-240-80740-9}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Jean-Baptiste Dumas]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=16 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wollaston Medal]] for Geology: [[Jean-Baptiste Elie de Beaumont]]; [[Pierre Armand Dufrenoy]]

==Births==
* January 13 – [[David Ferrier]] (died [[1928 in science|1928]]), [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[neurologist]].<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=33117|title=Ferrier, Sir David (1843–1928), neurologist  | author1= Sherrington, C. S. | author2 = Bevan, Michael|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33117|accessdate=16 February 2020 }}</ref>
* May 6 – [[G. K. Gilbert]] (died [[1918 in science|1918]]), [[Americans|American]] [[geologist]].
* June 12 – [[David Gill (astronomer)|David Gill]] (died [[1914 in science|1914]]), Scottish [[astronomer]].
* June 23 – [[Paul Heinrich von Groth]] (died [[1927 in science|1927]]), [[Germans|German]] [[mineralogist]].
* July 24 – [[William de Wiveleslie Abney]] (died [[1920 in science|1920]]), [[English people|English]] astronomer.
* August 17 – [[Alexandre Lacassagne]] (died [[1924 in science|1924]]), [[French people|French]] [[forensic scientist]].
* November 30 &ndash; [[Martha Ripley]]  (died [[1912]]), American physician.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ogilvie |first1=Marilyn Bailey |last2=Harvey |first2=Joy Dorothy |author-link1=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie |author-link2=Joy Harvey |title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z |date=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-92040-7 |page=1102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTSYePZvSXYC&pg=PA1102 |language=en}}</ref>
* December 11 – [[Robert Koch]] (died [[1910 in science|1910]]), [[Germans|German]] [[physician]], famous for the discovery of the [[tuberculosis|tubercle bacillus]] ([[1882 in science|1882]]) and the [[cholera]] [[bacillus]] ([[1883 in science|1883]]) and for his development of [[Koch's postulates]]; awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in [[1905 in science|1905]]
* [[Adelaida Lukanina]] (died [[1908 in science|1908]]), [[Russians|Russian]] [[chemist]].

==Deaths==
* July 25 – [[Charles Macintosh]] (born [[1766 in science|1766]]), Scottish [[inventor]] of a [[waterproof]] fabric.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Day |first1=Lance |last2=McNeil |first2=Ian |title=Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology |date=11 September 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-65019-4 |page=786 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmoTeX3aGl4C&dq=Charles+Macintosh+29+december+1766&pg=PA786 |language=en}}</ref>
* August 10 – [[Robert Adrain]] (born [[1775 in science|1775]]), [[Irish American]] [[mathematician]].
* September 11 – [[Joseph Nicollet]] (born [[1786 in science|1786]]), French geographer, explorer, mathematician and astronomer.
* September 19 – [[Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis]] (born [[1792 in science|1792]]), French mathematician and discoverer of the [[Coriolis effect]].
* September 30 – [[Richard Harlan]] (born [[1796 in science|1796]]), [[Americans|American]] [[zoologist]].
* November 16 – [[Abraham Colles]] (born [[1773 in science|1773]]), [[Anglo-Irish]] [[surgeon]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1843 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1840s in science]]