Editing 1845

{{Year dab|1845}}
{{Year nav|1845}}
[[File: An Irish Peasant Family Discovering the Blight of their Store by Daniel MacDonald.jpg|thumb|200px|[[September 9]]: Potato crops ruined in Ireland, starting the Great Famine.]]
[[File:Wpdms republic of texas.svg|thumb|200px|[[March 1]]: U.S. annexes territory of the Republic of Texas.]]
{{C19 year in topic}}{{Year article header|1845}}

== Events ==

=== January–March ===
* [[January 1]] – The [[Philippines]] began reckoning Asian dates by hopping the [[International Date Line]] through skipping Tuesday, December 31, 1844. That time zone shift was a reform made by Governor–General [[Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa|Narciso Claveria]] on August 16, 1844, in order to align the local calendars in the country with the rest of Asia as trade interests with [[Qing Dynasty|Imperial China]], [[Dutch East Indies]] and neighboring countries increased, after [[Mexico]] became independent in 1821. The reform also applied to [[Caroline Islands]], [[Guam]], [[Marianas Islands]], [[Marshall Islands]], and [[Palau]] as part of the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pvinta/photos/a.1924058474508083/2862176590696262/|title=CURRENT PH CALENDAR BEGINS|publisher=Project Vinta|date=January 1, 2021|language=EN|website=Facebook|access-date=April 19, 2023}}</ref>
* [[January 10]] – [[Elizabeth Barrett]] receives a love letter from the younger poet [[Robert Browning]];<ref>{{cite book|editor=Jones, Neal T.|title=A Book of Days for the Literary Year|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofdaysforlit0jone|url-access=registration|location=New York; London|publisher=Thames and Hudson|year=1984|isbn=0-500-01332-2}}</ref> on [[May 20]], they meet for the first time in London. She begins writing her ''[[Sonnets from the Portuguese]]''.
* [[January 23]] – The [[United States Congress]] establishes a uniform date for federal elections, which will henceforth be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
* [[January 29]] – ''[[The Raven]]'' by [[Edgar Allan Poe]] is published for the first time, in the ''[[New York Evening Mirror]]''.
* [[February 1]] – [[Anson Jones]], President of the [[Republic of Texas]], signs the charter officially creating [[Baylor University]] (the oldest university in the U.S. state of [[Texas]] that still operates under its original name).
* [[February 7]] – In the [[British Museum]], a drunken visitor smashes the [[Portland Vase]], which takes months to repair.
* [[February 28]] – The [[United States Congress]] approves the [[Texas annexation|annexation of Texas]].
* [[March 1]] – President [[John Tyler]] signs a bill authorizing the United States to annex the [[Republic of Texas]], subject to approval by the voters in the Republic. The territory claimed includes all of the future U.S. state of Texas, as well as portions of New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado and Wyoming.
* [[March 3]]
** [[Florida]] is admitted as the 27th [[U.S. state]].
** For the first time, both houses of the [[United States Congress]] vote, by a two-thirds majority, to override a presidential [[veto]] in order to pass legislation.<ref>[http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1800-1850/The-first-congressional-override-of-a-presidential-veto/ Congress overrides presidential veto for first time]. history.house.gov</ref>
* [[March 11]] – The [[New Zealand Wars]] open with the [[Flagstaff War]]. Chiefs [[Kawiti]] and [[Hōne Heke]] lead 700 [[Māori people|Maori]]s in the burning of the British colonial settlement of Kororareka (modern-day [[Russell, New Zealand]]).
* [[March 13]] – The ''[[Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)|Violin Concerto]]'' by [[Felix Mendelssohn]] premieres in [[Leipzig]], with [[Ferdinand David (musician)|Ferdinand David]] as soloist.
* [[March 17]] – [[Stephen Perry (inventor)|Stephen Perry]] [[patent]]s the [[rubber band]], in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
<!-- *[[March 30]] – Due to different transition dates to the [[Gregorian calendar]], Finland (then part of the [[Russian Empire]]) is the only place in the world to have [[Easter]] day on this particular [[Sunday]]. (What's the source of this? Was it just Finland, or was it other places like the rest of the Russian Empire and Greece?  Is this March 30 on the Julian calendar or March 30 on the Gregorian calendar?)-->

=== April–June ===
* [[April 7]] – An earthquake destroys part of [[Mexico City]], along with the nearby towns of [[Tlalpan]] and [[Xochimilco]].
* [[April 10]] – The [[Great Fire of Pittsburgh]] destroys much of the American city of [[Pittsburgh]].
* [[April 20]] – [[Ramón Castilla]] becomes president of [[Peru]].
* [[May 2]] – [[Yarmouth suspension bridge]] in [[Great Yarmouth]], England, collapses leaving around 80 dead, mostly children.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Great Yarmouth Suspension Bridge Disaster – May 2nd 1845|url=http://www.broadlandmemories.co.uk/documents/news/news_pre1900/gy_suspensionbridge_1845.pdf|work=Broadland Memories|access-date=2010-10-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718231354/http://www.broadlandmemories.co.uk/documents/news/news_pre1900/gy_suspensionbridge_1845.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-18}}</ref>
* [[May 19]] – [[HMS Erebus (1826)|HMS ''Erebus'']] and [[HMS Terror (1813)|HMS ''Terror'']], with 134 men, comprising Sir [[John Franklin]]'s [[Franklin's lost expedition|expedition]] to find the [[Northwest Passage]], sail from [[Greenhithe, Kent|Greenhithe]] on the [[River Thames|Thames]]. They will last be seen in the summer, entering [[Baffin Bay]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Hutchinson Factfinder|publisher=Helicon|year=1999|isbn=1-85986-000-1|page=549}}</ref>
* [[May 25]] – A theater fire in [[Guangzhou|Canton]], China, kills 1,670.
* [[May 30]] – ''[[Fatel Razack]]'' ({{lang|ar-Latn|Fath Al Razack}}, 'Victory of Allah the Provider', {{Langx|ar|قتح الرزاق}}) is the first ship to bring indentured labourers from [[British Raj|India]] to [[Trinidad and Tobago]], landing in the [[Gulf of Paria]] with 227 immigrants.<ref>When the British decided they were going to bring Indians to Trinidad this year, most of the traditional British ship owners did not wish to be involved. The ship was originally named ''Cecrops'', but upon delivery was renamed to ''Fath Al Razack''. The ship left [[Calcutta]] on [[February 16]].</ref>
* [[May]] – [[Frederick Douglass]]'s autobiographical ''[[Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave]]'' is published by the [[Boston]] Anti-Slavery Society.
* [[June 8]] – Former U.S. President [[Andrew Jackson]], 78, dies at [[The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)]].

=== July–September ===
* [[July 26]]–[[August 10]] – [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]'s iron [[steamship]] ''[[SS Great Britain|Great Britain]]'' makes the [[transatlantic crossing]] from [[Liverpool]] to New York, the first [[Propeller|screw propelled]] vessel to make the passage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Stephen|year=2003|title=Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel, and the Great Atlantic Steamships|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-019595-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/transatlanticsam00foxs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Great Britain'' |url=http://www.theshipslist.com/pictures/Greatbritain.htm |work=The Ships List |access-date=2010-10-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528131641/http://www.theshipslist.com/pictures/Greatbritain.htm |archive-date=May 28, 2010 }}</ref>
* [[July 28]] – HMS ''Terror'' and HMS ''Erebus'' of the [[Franklin Expedition]] go missing in the [[Davis Strait]] west of [[Greenland]], while searching for the [[Northwest Passage]].
* [[August 4]] – British emigrant [[barque]] ''[[Cataraqui (ship)|Cataraqui]]'' is wrecked on [[King Island (Tasmania)]] with 400 people killed and only 9 survivors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dreadful Shipwreck! Wreck of the Cataraqui Emigrant Ship, 800 tons|newspaper=Launceston Examiner|page=5|date=1845-09-17|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article36241486|accessdate=2011-08-21}}</ref>
* [[August 9]] – The [[Aberdeen Act]] is passed by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], empowering the British [[Royal Navy]] to search Brazilian ships, as part of the abolition of the [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]] from Africa.
* [[August 19]] – [[List of European tornadoes and tornado outbreaks|A tornado kills 200 people]] in [[France]] at [[Montville, Seine-Maritime|Montville]] while destroying two large factories.
[[File:1845 08 28 Scientific American - Cover page Scientific American, first edition.jpg|150px|thumb|The first issue of ''Scientific American'']]
* [[August 28]] – The journal ''[[Scientific American]]'' begins publication.
* [[September 9]] – [[Potato blight]] breaks out in Ireland,<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=267–268|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Phytophthora infestans''|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro182.shtml|publisher=[[BBC]]|work=A Short History of Ireland|access-date=2012-08-05}}</ref> beginning the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]].
* [[September 18]] – The [[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata]] is formally declared.
* [[September 25]] – The [[Phi Alpha Literary Society]] is founded, in [[Jacksonville, Illinois]].

=== October–December ===
* [[October 9]] – The eminent and controversial [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], [[John Henry Newman]], is received into the [[Roman Catholic Church]].
* [[October 10]] – In [[Annapolis, Maryland]], the Naval School (later renamed the [[United States Naval Academy]]) opens with 50 midshipmen and seven professors.
* [[October 13]] – A majority of voters in the [[Republic of Texas]] approve a proposed constitution that, if accepted by the [[United States Congress]], will make [[Texas]] a [[U.S. state]].
* [[October 19]] – [[Richard Wagner]]'s opera ''[[Tannhäuser (opera)|Tannhäuser]]'' debuts at the [[Dresden]] Royal Court Theater.
* [[October 21]] – The ''[[New York Herald]]'' becomes the first newspaper to mention the game of baseball.
* [[November 20]] – [[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata]] – [[Battle of Vuelta de Obligado]]: The [[Argentine Confederation]] is narrowly defeated by an Anglo–French fleet on the waters of the [[Paraná River]], but the victors suffer serious damage to their ships, and Argentina attracts political support in South America.
* [[December 2]] – [[Manifest destiny]]: U.S. President [[James K. Polk]] announces to Congress that the [[Monroe Doctrine]] should be strictly enforced, and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.
* [[December 11]] – [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]: Sikh army crosses the [[Sutlej]] in the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]].
* [[December 22]]–[[December 23|23]] – [[Battle of Ferozeshah]] (Anglo-Sikh War): [[East India Company]] forces are victorious over those of the Sikh Empire.
* [[December 27]]
** [[Anesthesia]] is used for childbirth for the first time, by Dr. [[Crawford Long]] in [[Jefferson, Georgia]].
** American newspaper editor [[John L. O'Sullivan]] claims (in connection with the annexation of the [[Oregon Country]]) in ''[[The United States Magazine and Democratic Review]]'' that the United States should be allowed "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions". It is the second time he uses the term ''[[manifest destiny]]'' (first in connection with the [[Republic of Texas]] in July – August), and it will have a huge influence on [[American imperialism]] in the following century.
* [[December 29]] – [[Texas]] is admitted as the 28th [[U.S. state]].
* [[December 30]] – [[Queen's University of Ireland|Queen's Colleges]] of [[Queen's University Belfast|Belfast]], [[University College Cork|Cork]], and [[National University of Ireland, Galway|Galway]] are incorporated in Ireland.

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Republic of Yucatán]] separates from [[Centralist Republic of Mexico|Mexico]] for a second time.
* [[Ephraim Bee]] reveals that the [[Emperor of China]] has given him a special dispensation: that he has entrusted him with certain sacred and mysterious rituals through [[Caleb Cushing]], the U.S. Commissioner to China, to "extend the work and influence of the Ancient and Honorable Order of [[E Clampus Vitus]]" in the New World.<ref>{{cite web|title=E. Clampus Vitus|url=http://www.chamberbyphone.mobi/mobi_about_us.php?mid=45841787|year=2010|access-date=2010-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722220507/http://www.chamberbyphone.mobi/mobi_about_us.php?mid=45841787|archive-date=July 22, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* [[Friedrich Engels]]' treatise ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]]'' is published in [[Leipzig]] as {{lang|de|Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England}}.
* [[Heinrich Hoffmann (author)|Heinrich Hoffmann]] publishes a book ({{lang|de|Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder}}), introducing his character, [[Struwwelpeter]], in Germany.
* The [[Ancient and Accepted Rite for England and Wales and its Districts and Chapters Overseas]] is founded{{Vague|date=July 2013}} in Freemasonry.
* [[Eugénie Luce]] founds the Luce Ben Aben School in [[Algiers]].<ref name="WDL">{{cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8800/|title=Luce Ben Aben School of Arab Embroidery I, Algiers, Algeria|website=[[World Digital Library]]|year=1899|access-date=2013-09-26}}</ref>

== Births ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:George Reid cph.3c31684.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[George Reid]]]]
[[File:Georg Cantor2.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Georg Cantor]]]]
[[File:Alexander III of Russia.JPG|thumb|right|110px|[[Alexander III of Russia]]]]
[[File:Roentgen2.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]]]]
[[File:Gustaf de Laval 1875.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Gustaf de Laval]]]]
* [[January 7]] – King [[Ludwig III of Bavaria]] (d. [[1921]])
* [[January 29]] – [[Pyotr Bezobrazov]], Russian admiral (d. [[1906]])
* [[February 2]] – [[Ivan Puluj]], Ukrainian physicist, inventor (d. [[1918]])
* [[February 14]] – [[Quintin Hogg (merchant)|Quintin Hogg]], British [[philanthropist]] (d. [[1903]])
* [[February 15]] – [[Elihu Root]], American [[Diplomat|statesman]], [[diplomat]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1937]])
* [[February 25]] – [[George Reid|Sir George Reid]], 4th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (d. [[1918]])
* [[March 3]] – [[Georg Cantor]], German mathematician (d. [[1918]])
* [[March 4]] – [[Henry Clay Taylor]], American [[admiral]] (d. [[1904]])
* [[March 5]] – [[Gerard Noel (Royal Navy officer)|Gerard Noel]], British admiral (d. [[1918]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admirals.org.uk/admirals/individual.php?RecNo=172|title=Admiral of the Fleet Sir Gerard Henry Uctred Noel GCB, KCMG|publisher=Admirals.org.uk|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[March 10]] – Emperor [[Alexander III of Russia]] (d. [[1894]])
* [[March 20]] – [[Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey]], 18th [[Governors of New South Wales|Governor of New South Wales]] (d. [[1915]])
* [[March 27]] – [[Wilhelm Röntgen]], German [[physicist]], [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1923]])
* [[April 4]] – [[František Plesnivý]], Austro-Hungarian architect (d. [[1918]])
* [[April 5]] – [[Jules Cambon]], French diplomat (d. [[1935]])
* [[April 22]] – [[Carlo Caneva]], Italian general (d. [[1922]])
* [[April 24]] – [[Carl Spitteler]], Swiss writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1924]])
* [[May 4]] – [[William Kingdon Clifford]], English mathematician, philosopher (d. [[1879]])
* [[May 9]] – [[Gustaf de Laval]], Swedish engineer, inventor (d. [[1913]])
* [[May 12]] – [[Gabriel Fauré]], French composer (d. [[1924]])
* [[May 14]] – [[Charles J. Train]], American admiral (d. [[1906]])
* [[May 15]] – [[Élie Metchnikoff]], Russian [[microbiologist]], recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1916]])
* [[May 17]] – [[Jacint Verdaguer]], [[Catalans|Catalan]] poet (d. [[1902]])
* [[May 25]] – [[Eugène Grasset]], Swiss-born artist (d. [[1917]])
* [[May 30]] – King [[Amadeo I of Spain]] (d. [[1890]])
* [[May 31]] – [[R. E. B. Crompton]], British electrical engineer, industrialist and inventor (d. [[1940]])
* [[June 7]] – [[Leopold Auer]], Hungarian [[violin]]ist, composer (d. [[1930]])
* [[June 18]] – [[Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]], French physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1922]])
* [[June 22]] – [[Richard Seddon]], 15th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (d. [[1906]])

=== July–December ===
[[File:Misia Jacinta.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jacinta Parejo]]]]
* [[July 4]] – [[Thomas John Barnardo]], Irish philanthropist (d. [[1905]])
* [[July 19]] – [[Horatio Nelson Young]], American naval hero (d. [[1913]])
* [[August 9]] – [[André Bessette]], Canadian religious leader and saint (d. [[1937]])
* [[August 10]] – [[Abai Qunanbaiuly]], Kazakh poet (d. [[1904]])
* [[August 16]]
** [[Gabriel Lippmann]], Luxembourger-French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1921]])
** [[Jacinta Parejo]], First Lady of Venezuela (d. [[1914]])
* [[August 19]] – [[Edmond James de Rothschild]], French [[philanthropy|philanthropist]] (d. [[1934]])
* [[August 20]] – [[Albert Chmielowski]], Polish painter, [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and saint (d. [[1916]])
* [[August 21]] – [[William Healey Dall]], American naturalist, biologist and explorer (d. [[1927]])
* [[August 25]] – King [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]] (d. [[1886]])
* [[September 1]] – [[Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen]], British field marshal (d. [[1932]])
* [[September 9]] – [[Warner B. Bayley]], United States Navy rear admiral (d. [[1928]])
* [[September 11]] – [[Emile Baudot]], French telegraph engineer and inventor (d. [[1903]])
* [[October 13]] – [[Charles Stockton]], American admiral (d. [[1924]])
* [[October 21]] – [[William McKendree Carleton]], American poet (d. [[1912]])
* [[November 3]] – [[Inoue Yoshika]], Japanese admiral (d. [[1929]])
* [[November 4]] – [[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]], Indian revolutionary (d. [[1883]])
* [[November 10]] – [[John Sparrow David Thompson|Sir John Thompson]], 4th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. [[1894]])
* [[November 13]] – [[Marta Abreu]], Cuban philanthropist (d. [[1909]])
* [[November 25]] – [[José Maria de Eça de Queirós]], Portuguese writer (d. [[1900]])
* [[December 9]] – [[Joel Chandler Harris]], American writer (d. [[1908]])
* [[December 24]] – [[George I of Greece]] (d. [[1913]])

== Deaths ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:78yo Andrew Jackson.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Andrew Jackson]]]]
* [[January 11]] – [[Etheldred Benett]], British geologist (b. [[1776]])
* [[January 24]] – [[Emiliano Madriz]], acting [[President of Nicaragua|Supreme Director]] of Nicaragua (b. [[1800]])
* [[January 28]] – [[Mary Ann Browne]], British poet and writer of musical scores (b. [[1812]])
* [[February 13]] – [[Henrik Steffens]], Norwegian philosopher (b. [[1773]])
* [[February 22]] – [[William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington]], British politician (b. [[1763]])
* March – [[Nicolás Espinoza]], Head of State of El Salvador (b. [[1795]])
* [[March 13]] – [[Charles-Guillaume Étienne]], French playwright (b. [[1778]])
* [[March 18]] – [[Johnny Appleseed]], American [[Settler|pioneer]] (b. [[1774]])
* [[April 10]] – Dr. [[Thomas Sewall]], American anatomist (b. [[1786]])
* [[April 20]] – [[Seku Amadu]], founder of the Fula Massina Empire (b. [[1773]])
* [[May 12]]
** [[János Batsányi]], Hungarian poet (b. [[1763]])
** [[August Wilhelm Schlegel]], German poet, translator and critic (b. [[1767]])
* [[May 15]] – [[Braulio Carrillo Colina]], Costa Rican Head of State (b. [[1800]])
* [[June 4]] – [[Lasse-Maja]], notorious Swedish criminal (b. [[1785]])
* [[June 8]] – [[Andrew Jackson]], 7th President of the United States (b. [[1767]])

=== July–December ===
[[File:Charlotte Ann Fillebrown Jerauld.png|thumb|right|110px|[[Charlotte Ann Fillebrown Jerauld]]]]
* [[July 12]]
** [[Friedrich Ludwig Persius]], German architect (b. [[1803]])
** [[Henrik Wergeland]], Norwegian writer (b. [[1808]])
* [[July 17]] – [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1764]])
* [[July 22]] – [[Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde]], Austrian field marshal, statesman (b. [[1756]])
* [[August 3]] – [[Charlotte Ann Fillebrown Jerauld]], American poet and story writer (b. [[1820]])
* [[August 23]] – [[Rafael Urdaneta]], hero of the Latin American War of Independence (b. [[1788]])
* [[October 12]] – [[Elizabeth Fry]], British humanitarian (b. [[1780]])
* [[October 18]] – [[Dominique, comte de Cassini|Jacques Dominique, comte de Cassini]], French astronomer (b. [[1748]])
* [[October 26]] – [[Carolina Nairne|Lady Nairne]], Scottish songwriter (b. [[1766]])
* [[November 17]] – [[Salusbury Pryce Humphreys|Sir Salusbury Pryce Humphreys]], British admiral (b. [[1778]])
* [[November 18]] – King [[Aleamotuʻa]] of Tonga (b. [[1738]])

=== Date unknown ===
*  [[Wazir Akbar Khan]], [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] [[prince]] and general (b. [[1816]])
*  [[Hadji Trendafila]], Bulgarian educator (b. [[1785]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Historical Reference Book |author=Louis Heilprin |author-link=Louis Heilprin |location=New York |publisher= D. Appleton and Company |year=1885 |chapter= Chronological Table of Universal History |hdl=2027/wu.89097349187?urlappend=%3Bseq=167 |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89097349187?urlappend=%3Bseq=167 |quote=1845 |via=Hathi Trust }}

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