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1849 in science
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Year nav topic5|1849|science}} The year '''1849 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below. ==Biology== * [[Arnold Adolph Berthold]] pioneers [[endocrinology]] with his observations on the operation of the [[testicle]]s in [[rooster]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Berthold|first=A. A.|year=1849|title=Transplantation der Hoden|journal=Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wiss. Med.|volume=16|pages=42–6}}</ref> * Nikolai Annenkov begins publication of ''Flora Mosquensis Exsiccata'', the first [[Russia]]n [[Flora]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Alexander|last=Petrunkevitch|title=Russia's Contribution to Science|journal=Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences|volume=23|year=1920|page=232}}</ref> * [[Ephraim Wales Bull]] cultivates the [[Concord grape]] in Massachusetts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History|url=http://www.concordgrape.org/bodyhistory.html|access-date=2025-04-21|publisher=Concord Grape Association}}</ref> * [[Richard Owen]] publishes ''On the Nature of Limbs'' and begins publication of ''A History of British Fossil Reptiles''. * [[William Thompson (naturalist)|William Thompson]] begins publication (in London) of ''[[The Natural History of Ireland]]'' with the first volume on birds. ==Chemistry== * [[Charles-Adolphe Wurtz]] obtains [[methylamine]]. * [[Louis Pasteur]] discovers that the [[racemic]] form of [[tartaric acid]] is a mixture of the levorotatory and dextrotatory forms, thus clarifying the nature of [[optical rotation]] and advancing the field of [[stereochemistry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Chirality |publisher=Stheno Corporation |year=2006 |url=http://www.sthenocorp.com/history.htm |accessdate=2007-03-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307222010/http://www.sthenocorp.com/history.htm |archivedate=2007-03-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Mathematics== * [[George Gabriel Stokes]] shows that [[soliton|solitary waves]] can arise from a combination of periodic waves. ==Medicine== * [[January 23]] – English-born [[Elizabeth Blackwell]] is awarded her M.D. by the Medical Institute of [[Geneva, New York]], becoming the first woman to qualify as a doctor in the [[United States]]. * British [[physician]] Dr. [[Thomas Addison]] first describes [[Addison's disease]] in his ''On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules''. * London physician Dr. [[John Snow (physician)|John Snow]] first publishes his theory that [[cholera]] is a [[contagious disease]] of the [[human gastrointestinal tract]] in his pamphlet ''On the Mode of Communication of Cholera''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Medical Detective: John Snow and the mystery of cholera|first=Sandra|last=Hempel|location=London|publisher=Granta Books|year=2006|isbn=9781862078420}}</ref> ==Physics== * [[Hippolyte Fizeau]] measures the [[Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in air|speed of light in air]] ==Technology== * March 10 – [[George Henry Corliss]] is granted a [[United States]] [[patent]] for the [[rotary valve]] [[Corliss steam engine]]. * April 10 – [[Walter Hunt (inventor)|Walter Hunt]] is granted a United States patent for the modern [[safety pin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Walter Hunt... Dress-Pin: Specification of Letters Patent No. 6,281|publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6281|date=1849-04-10|access-date=2011-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Walter Hunt|publisher=National Inventors Hall of Fame |url=http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/279.html|year=2002|accessdate=2011-12-05|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040456/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/279.html|archivedate=2011-08-05}}</ref> In October he patents the first [[repeating rifle]] to use metallic cartridges (of his own design) and a spring-fed magazine.<ref>{{cite news|date=1949-10-20|title=Sports Afield|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108302921/the-lake-geneva-regional-news/|work=The Lake Geneva Regional News|location=Lake Geneva, Wisconsin|page=10|access-date=2024-11-01|via=Newspapers by Ancestry}}</ref> * May 22 – [[Abraham Lincoln's patent]]: [[Abraham Lincoln]] is granted a United States patent for a buoyancy mechanism to lift boats over river shoals, the only patent ever granted to a [[President of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6469?oq=Abraham+Lincoln+patent|title=Letters Patent No. 6,469|publisher=[[Google Patents]]|access-date=2011-12-29}}</ref> * June 12 – [[Lewis Haslett]] is granted the first United States patent for a form of [[gas mask]].<ref>{{patent|US|6529|"Inhaler or Lung Protector"}}. {{cite book|last=Christianson|first=Scott|author-link=Scott Christianson|title=Fatal Airs: The Deadly History and Apocalyptic Future of Lethal Gases that Threaten Our World|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|isbn=9780313385520}}</ref> * June 20 – First [[Tubular bridge|tube]] of [[Robert Stephenson]]'s [[Britannia Bridge]] is floated into position on the [[Menai Strait]] for the [[Chester and Holyhead Railway]]'s [[North Wales Coast Line]] with many leading British railway civil engineers present.<ref>{{cite web|title=Britannia Bridge|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=42|work=Engineering Timelines|accessdate=2014-06-10}}</ref> * Completion of [[Wheeling Suspension Bridge]] over the [[Ohio River]] at [[Wheeling, West Virginia]], designed by [[Charles Ellet, Jr.|Charles Ellet]], with a world record main span (at this date) of 1,010 ft (310 m) tower to tower. * Completion of [[Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct]], a wire suspension bridge carrying the [[Delaware and Hudson Canal]] over the [[Delaware River]] between [[Minisink Ford, New York]], and [[Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania]], designed by Russell F. Lord and [[John A. Roebling]] with a span of 535 ft (175 m). * Eugene Bourdon patents the Bourdon gauge for [[pressure measurement]] in France.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mary|last=Bellis|title=Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbourdon.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140119134620/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbourdon.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 19, 2014|work=Inventors|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2014-01-19}}</ref> * [[David Brewster]] perfects the [[stereoscope]]. * Erastus Biglow first applies power to a [[carpet]] weaving [[loom]], in the United States. * [[James B. Francis]] develops the radial flow [[Francis turbine]]. ==Awards== * [[Copley Medal]]: [[Roderick Murchison]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> * [[Wollaston Medal]] for Geology: [[Joseph Prestwich]] ==Births== * March 7 – [[Luther Burbank]] (died [[1926 in science|1926]]), [[Americans|American]] [[plant breeder]]. * March 17 – [[Cornelia Clapp]] (died [[1934 in science|1934]]), American marine biologist.<ref>{{cite book|first=Moira Davison|last=Reynolds|title=American Women Scientists: 23 Inspiring Biographies, 1900-2000|location=Jefferson NC|publisher=McFarland|year=2004|page=5|isbn=978-0-78642-161-9}}</ref> * April 19 – [[John Uri Lloyd]] (died [[1936 in science|1936]]), American pharmacist and science fiction author. * April 25 – [[Felix Klein]] (died [[1925 in science|1925]]), [[German people|German]] [[mathematician]]. * May 25 – [[Louise Hammarström]] (died [[1917 in science|1917]]), Swedish [[chemist]]. * May 26 – [[Ernst Remak]] (died [[1911 in science|1911]]), German [[neurologist]]. * July 12 – [[William Osler]] (died [[1919 in science|1919]]), [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[physician]]. * July 27 – [[John Hopkinson]] (died [[1898 in science|1898]]), [[English people|English]] [[electrical engineer]]. * September 14 – [[Ivan Pavlov]] (died [[1936 in science|1936]]), [[Russia]]n [[physiologist]]. * October 26 – [[Ferdinand Georg Frobenius]] (died [[1917 in science|1917]]), German mathematician. ==Deaths== * February 28 – [[Regina von Siebold]] (born [[1771 in science|1771]]), German [[obstetrician]]. * March 23 – [[Andrés Manuel del Río]] (born [[1764 in science|1764]]), Spanish-born chemist. * March 24 – [[Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner]] (born [[1780 in science|1780]]), German chemist. * March 27 - [[Mauro Ruscóni]] (born [[1776 in science|1776]]), Italian physician and zoologist<ref>{{cite wikisource |wslanguage=de |editor=Constantin von Wurzbach |title= BLKÖ:Rusconi, Maurus |edition= |volume= |year=1874 |publisher=Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich |location= |language= |scan=BLKÖ:Rusconi, Maurus }}</ref> *December 12 – [[Marc Isambard Brunel]] (born [[1769 in science|1769]]), French-born [[engineer]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1849 in science| ]] [[Category:19th century in science]] [[Category:1840s in science]]
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