Editing 1853 in science

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1853|science}}
{{Science year nav|1853}}

The year '''1853 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Biology==
* March 17 – [[Claude Bernard]] presents his [[doctoral thesis]] describing the [[Glycogenesis|glycogenetic]] function of the [[liver]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Nouvelle fonction du foie, considéré comme organe producteur de matière sucrée chez l'homme et les animaux|location=Paris}}</ref>
* [[Heinrich Anton de Bary|Anton de Bary]] publishes the first study demonstrating that [[Rust (fungus)|rust]] and [[Smut (fungus)|smut]] [[fungi]] cause [[plant disease]].

==Exploration==
* November 25 – First definite sighting of [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands|Heard Island]] in the Antarctic. 
* [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] publishes ''A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, with an account of the native tribes, and observations on the climate, geology, and natural history of the Amazon Valley''.

==Mathematics==
* [[Jakob Steiner]] investigates the [[Steiner system]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=J.|last=Steiner|title=Combinatorische Außgabe|journal=[[Crelle's Journal|Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik]]|volume=45|year=1853|pages=181–182}}</ref>

==Medicine==
* August 1 – Under terms of the [[Vaccination Act 1853]] in the United Kingdom, all children born after this date are to receive compulsory [[vaccination]] against [[smallpox]] during their first 3 months of life.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Kingdom Vaccination Act 1853|url=https://navigator.health.org.uk/theme/united-kingdom-vaccination-act-1853|work=Policy Navigator|publisher=The Health Foundation|accessdate=2020-11-18}}</ref>
* [[William John Little|William Little]] publishes a paper "On the Deformities of the Human Frame" in which he gives the first description of pseudo-[[hypertrophic]] [[muscular dystrophy]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=I. M.|last=Siegel|title=Historical Vignette #9. Little big man: the life and genius of William John Little (1810-1894)|journal=Orthopedic Review|volume=17|year=1988|pages=1156, 1161–6|pmid=3060808|issue=11}}</ref>
* [[Charles Pravaz]] and [[Alexander Wood (physician)|Alexander Wood]] independently invent a practical hypodermic [[syringe]].
* Antoine Desormeaux produces and names an [[endoscope]] illuminated by a [[kerosene lamp]], using it to examine the [[urinary tract]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Rainer|last=Engel|year=2007|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/561774|title=Development of the Modern Cystoscope: An Illustrated History|work=[[Medscape]]|accessdate=2011-10-17}}</ref>

==Meteorology==
* [[John Francis Campbell]] invents the original form of [[Campbell–Stokes recorder]] (for sunshine).

==Technology==
* [[Eugenio Barsanti]] and [[Felice Matteucci]] first develop the [[Barsanti-Matteucci engine]], an [[History of the internal combustion engine|internal combustion engine]] using the free-piston principle.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Historical Documents|work=Barsanti e Matteucci|publisher=Fondazione Barsanti & Matteucci|year=2009|url=http://www.barsantiematteucci.it/inglese/documentiStorici.html|accessdate=2013-11-01|archive-date=2017-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225042248/http://www.barsantiematteucci.it/inglese/documentiStorici.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=FICE>{{cite book|author-last=Ricci|author-first=G.|chapter=The First Internal Combustion Engine|title=The Piston Engine Revolution|editor1-last=Starr|editor1-first=F.|editor2-last=Marshall|editor2-first=E.L.|editor3-last=Lawton|editor3-first=B.|location=London|publisher=[[Newcomen Society]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-904685-15-2|pages=23-44}}</ref>
* Sir [[George Cayley]] builds and demonstrates the first heavier-than-air aircraft (a [[Glider aircraft|glider]]).

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Heinrich Wilhelm Dove]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wollaston Medal]] for Geology: [[Adolphe d'Archiac]]; [[Édouard de Verneuil]]

==Births==
* January 24 – [[Alfred Senier]] (died [[1918 in science|1918]]), British [[chemist]].
* February 15 – [[Sir Frederick Treves, 1st Baronet|Frederick Treves]] (died [[1923 in science|1923]]), English [[surgeon]].
* March 2 – [[Ambrosius Hubrecht]] (died [[1915 in science|1915]]), Dutch [[zoology|zoologist]].
* March 10 – [[William Hampton Patton]] (died [[1918 in science|1918]]), American [[entomologist]].
* April 8 &ndash; [[Laura Alberta Linton]] (died [[1915 in science|1915]]), American chemist.
* July 18 – [[Hendrik Lorentz]] (died [[1928 in science|1928]]), Dutch [[physicist]] and [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel laureate]].
* September 2 – [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] (died [[1932 in science|1932]]), [[Baltic German]] [[chemist]].
* September 9 – [[Pierre Marie]] (died [[1940 in science|1940]]), French [[neurologist]].

==Deaths==
* March 17 – [[Christian Doppler]] (born [[1803 in science|1803]]), Austrian mathematician and discoverer of the [[Doppler effect]].
* March 20 – [[Robert James Graves]] (born [[1796 in science|1796]]), Irish physician
* April 23 – [[Auguste Laurent]] (born [[1807 in science|1807]]), French [[chemist]].
* July 8 – [[Ernst Friedrich Germar]] (born 1786), German [[entomologist]].
* September 14 – [[Hugh Edwin Strickland]] (born [[1811 in science|1811]]), English [[geologist]] and [[ornithologist]].
* October 2 – [[François Arago]] (born [[1786 in science|1786]]), French mathematician, [[physicist]], and [[astronomer]].
* October 18 – [[Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim]] (born [[1771 in science|1771]]), German [[naturalist]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1853 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1850s in science]]