Editing 1860

{{Year dab|1860|the Italian film|1860 (film){{!}}''1860'' (film)}}
{{Year nav|1860}}
[[File:Battle of Milazzo.jpg|250px|thumb|[[July 20]]: [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] defeats Neapolitan Army in the [[Battle of Milazzo (1860)|Battle of Milazzo]] in war of Italian unification.]]
[[File:Francis Wilkinson Pickens.jpg|175px|thumb|[[December 20]]: Governor Francis Pickens leads secession of [[South Carolina]] from the United States after Lincoln's election.]]
{{C19 year in topic}}{{Year article header|1860}}
{{TOC limit|2}}
[[File:1859-60 CE world map.PNG|thumb|280px|Political map of the world in 1860]]
== Events ==

=== January ===
* [[January 2]] &ndash; The astronomer [[Urbain Le Verrier]] announces the discovery of a hypothetical planet [[Vulcan (hypothetical planet)|Vulcan]] at a meeting of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in Paris, France.<ref name=dumezil>{{cite book
 | first=Georges | last=Dumézil | author-link=Georges Dumézil
 | others=trans. Philip Krapp
 | title=Archaic Roman Religion: Volume One | orig-year=1966
 | date=1996 | publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
 | location=Baltimore | isbn=978-0-8018-5482-8
 | pages=320–321 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Proctor|first1=Richard A.|title=Leverrier and the Discovery of Neptune|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1877/09/30/archives/leverrier-and-the-discovery-of-neptune-tune.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 30, 1877}}</ref>
* [[January 10]] &ndash; The [[Pemberton Mill]] in [[Lawrence, Massachusetts]] collapses, killing at least 77 workers. 
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Battle of Tétouan]], [[Morocco]]: Spanish troops under General [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]], 1st Duke of Tetuan defeat the Moroccan Army.
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] is recalled as Prime Minister of [[Piedmont-Sardinia]].

=== February ===
* [[February 20]] &ndash; Canadian Royal Mail steamer {{SS|Hungarian}} (1859) is wrecked on [[Cape Sable Island]], [[Nova Scotia]], on passage from the British Isles to the United States with all 205 onboard lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://novascotia.ca/museum/wrecks/wrecks/shipwrecks.asp?ID=2197|title=SS Hungarian - 1860|work=On the Rocks|publisher=Maritime Museum of the Atlantic|date=2007-10-05
|access-date=2021-05-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713102225/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/wrecks/wrecks/shipwrecks.asp?ID=2197|archive-date=2007-07-13}}</ref>
* [[February 26]] &ndash; The [[1860 Wiyot Massacre|Wiyot Massacre]] takes place at [[Tuluwat Island]], [[Humboldt Bay]] in northern California.
* [[February 26|February 27]] &ndash; [[Abraham Lincoln]] makes his [[Cooper Union speech|Cooper Union]] speech in New York that is largely responsible for his election to the presidency.

=== March ===
* [[March 17]] &ndash; The [[First Taranaki War]] begins at [[Waitara, New Zealand]], when [[Māori people|Māori]] refuse to sell land to British settlers. 
* [[March 22]] &ndash; The [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] is annexed to the newly formed [[Kingdom of Italy]].
* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Sakuradamon Incident (1860)|Sakuradamon Incident]]: [[Rōnin]] [[samurai]] of the [[Mito Domain]] in Japan assassinate [[tairō]] (Chief Minister) [[Ii Naosuke]] outside the Sakurada Gate of [[Edo Castle]], disaffected with his role in the opening of Japan to foreign powers.
* [[March]]&ndash;August &ndash; [[Battle of Jiangnan (1860)|The second rout]] of the [[Jiangnan Daying]] destroys the [[Qing dynasty]]'s army of 180,000.

=== April ===
* [[April 2]] &ndash; The [[Italian Parliament|first Italian Parliament]] meets at [[Turin]].
* [[April 3]] &ndash; In the U.S., the [[Pony Express]] begins its first run from [[St. Joseph, Missouri]], to [[Sacramento, California]], with riders carrying a small [[Bible]].
* [[April 4]] &ndash; A new uprising erupts in [[Palermo]].
* [[April 9]] &ndash; French typesetter [[Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville]] creates a recording of the French folk song ''[[Au clair de la lune]]'' with his [[phonautograph]], producing the world's earliest known intelligible [[sound recording]] of the human voice (however, it was not rediscovered until [[2008]]).

=== May ===
* [[May 1]] &ndash; A Chondrite-type [[meteorite]] falls to earth in [[Muskingum County, Ohio]], near the town of [[New Concord, Ohio|New Concord]].
* [[May 6]] &ndash; [[Expedition of the Thousand]]: [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] and his troops depart from [[Genoa|Quarto]].
* [[May 8]] &ndash; In [[Granadine Confederation|New Granada]] (modern-day [[Colombia]]) the southern state of [[Cauca Department|Cauca]] secedes from the central government, in protest at the suggestion of increase of presidential powers; [[Magdalena Department|Magdalena]] and [[Bolívar Department|Bolívar]] join it; [[Colombian Civil War (1860–62)|civil war]] erupts.
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Expedition of the Thousand]] &ndash; [[Battle of Calatafimi]]: Troops under [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] defeat the army of [[Naples]] in [[Sicily]].
* [[May 17]] &ndash; The German association football club ''[[TSV 1860 München]]'' is founded.
* [[May 27]] &ndash; Garibaldi's forces take [[Palermo]], the capital of Sicily.

=== June ===
* [[June 12]] &ndash; (May 31 O.S.) &ndash; The [[State Bank of the Russian Empire]] is established.

=== July ===
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Vladivostok]] is founded in Russia.
* [[July 11]] &ndash; Mutsuhito (the future [[Emperor Meiji]]) becomes [[Crown Prince]] of Japan.
* [[July 20]] &ndash; [[Battle of Milazzo (1860)|Battle of Milazzo]]: The forces of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.[[File:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1861.jpg|thumb|160px|right|[[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]].]]

=== August ===
*[[August 13]] &ndash; [[José Ignacio Pavón]] (1791-1866) becomes unconstitutional interim [[President of Mexico]], replacing [[Miguel Miramón]]. Two days later Miramón becomes president again.<ref>{{cite web|title=José Ignacio Pavón|url=https://presidentes.mx/jose-ignacio-pavon|website=Presidentes.mx|language=es|access-date=June 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608191703/https://presidentes.mx/jose-ignacio-pavon|archive-date=June 8, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[August 22]] &ndash; Assisted by the British Navy, the troops of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland.

=== September ===
* [[September 3]]&ndash;[[September 5|5]] &ndash; The [[Karlsruhe Congress|First International Chemistry Congress]] is held in [[Karlsruhe]], [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]].
* [[September 7]]
** The {{PS|Lady Elgin}} is accidentally rammed and sunk in [[Lake Michigan]], drowning at least 300 people.
** [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s forces capture [[Naples]].
* [[September 10]] &ndash; Piedmontese forces invade the [[Papal States]], hoping to link up with [[Garibaldi]] in Naples.
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Battle of Castelfidardo]]: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the [[Papal States]] to the territory around Rome.
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Guayaquil]]: [[Ecuador]]ian forces, led by [[Juan José Flores]] and [[Gabriel García Moreno]], take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief [[Guillermo Franco (Ecuadorian general)|Guillermo Franco]], who is backed by [[Peru]]vian forces.

=== October ===
* [[October]] &ndash; [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[James Augustus Grant]] leave [[Zanzibar]], to search for the source of the [[Nile River]].
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of Volturnus (1860)|Battle of Volturnus]]: Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]].
* [[October 5]] &ndash; Austria, Britain, France, [[Prussia]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] form a commission to investigate the [[1860 Druze–Maronite conflict|causes of the massacres]] of [[Maronite Christians]], committed by [[Druze]]s in [[Lebanon]] earlier in the year.
* [[October 6]] – [[Section 377]] of the British Indian penal code was enacted in [[British India]].
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[The Open Championship]], also known as the British Open, is played for the first time at [[Prestwick Golf Club]] in [[Ayrshire]], Scotland. The event is won by [[Willie Park Sr]]
* [[October 18]] &ndash; The first [[Convention of Peking]] formally ends the [[Second Opium War]].
* [[October 18]]–[[October 21|21]] &ndash; Beijing's [[Old Summer Palace]] is burned to the ground by orders of British general [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]], in retaliation for mistreatment of several [[prisoners of war]], during the [[Second Opium War]].
* [[October 19]] &ndash; A new [[Māori people|Māori]] revolt begins in New Zealand.
* [[October 26]]
** Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on [[siege of Gaeta (1860)|Gaeta]], the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.
** Meeting at [[Teano]]: [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] gives [[Naples]] to King [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]], recognizing him as [[King of Italy]].

=== November ===
* [[November 3]] &ndash; The combined forces of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] and King [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] besiege King [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies]] in [[Gaeta]], his last remaining stronghold.
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[1860 United States presidential election]]: [[Abraham Lincoln]] elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] to hold that office, defeating [[John C. Breckinridge]], [[Stephen A. Douglas]], and [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]].

=== December ===
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Charles Dickens]] publishes the first installment of ''[[Great Expectations]]'' in his magazine ''[[All the Year Round]]''.
* [[December 7]] &ndash; After a fiercely contested campaign, [[Monier Monier-Williams]] [[Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, 1860|is elected]] as the new [[Boden Professor of Sanskrit]], at Oxford University.
* [[December 20]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: [[South Carolina in the American Civil War|South Carolina]], led by Governor Francis Pickens, becomes the first state to secede from the United States.
*[[December 24]] &ndash; Mexico's interim president [[Miguel Miramón]] flees the country after being defeated in battle.<ref name="miramon">{{cite web|title=Miguel Miramón|url=https://presidentes.mx/miguel-miramon|website=Presidentes.mx|language=es|access-date=June 8, 2019|archive-date=June 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608191655/https://presidentes.mx/miguel-miramon|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[December 29]] &ndash; The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured [[battleship]], the (British) [[HMS Warrior (1860)|HMS ''Warrior'']], is launched.
[[Image:Hms warrior.jpg|thumb|220px|right| [[December 29]]: {{HMS|Warrior|1860|6}} (restored).]]

=== Date unknown ===
* Christians and [[Druze]]s clash in [[Damascus]], Syria.
* In [[Buenos Aires]], leader [[Bartolomé Mitre]] subverts the [[Argentine Confederation]] and begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help of [[Uruguay]]an [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorado party]] leader [[Venancio Flores]].
* China agrees, in an [[unequal treaty]] (the [[Convention of Peking]]) imposed on it, to allow missionaries to proselytize throughout the country.
* [[Discovery of the chemical elements]]: [[Robert Bunsen]] discovers [[caesium]] and [[rubidium]].
* German chemist [[Albert Niemann (chemist)|Albert Niemann]] makes a detailed analysis of the [[coca]] leaf, isolating and purifying the [[alkaloid]], which he calls [[cocaine]].<ref>Niemann, Albert (1860). ''[[On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves]]'' ("Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern", published version of Ph.D. dissertation).</ref> 
* [[Napoleon III]], Emperor of the French, and [[Empress Eugénie]] visit [[Algiers]] and stay at the [[Casbah of Algiers]].<ref name="WDL">{{cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8768/|title=Interior of Governors Palace, Algiers, Algeria|website=[[World Digital Library]]|year=1899|access-date=2013-09-25}}</ref>
* [[TAG Heuer]] watchmaker founded in [[Canton of Bern|Bern Canton]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TAG Heuer's History|publisher=TAG Heuer|url=https://www.tagheuer.com/gb/en/our-story/history.html|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref> 
* The [[Russian Empire]] has c. {{convert|1250|mi|km}} of railroads.

== Births ==
=== January&ndash;March ===
[[File:Takaaki Kato suit.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Takaaki Kato]]]]
[[File:Douglas Hyde, circa 1940.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Douglas Hyde]]]]
[[File:Anton Chekhov 1889.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anton Chekhov]]]]
[[File:Carl G. Barth.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carl Georg Barth]]]]
* [[January 3]]
**[[Kato Takaaki]], 24th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1926]])
**[[Yashiro Rokurō]], Japanese admiral and politician (d. [[1930]])
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Emma Booth (The Salvation Army)|Emma Booth]], fourth child of [[William Booth|William]] and [[Catherine Booth]] (d. [[1903]])
* [[January 17]] &ndash; [[Douglas Hyde]], 1st President of Ireland (d. [[1949]])
* [[January 21]] &ndash; [[Karl Staaff]], Swedish lawyer, politician, 11th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. [[1915]])
*[[January 25]] &ndash; [[Charles Curtis]], American politician, 31st Vice President (d. [[1936]])
* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[W. G. Read Mullan]], American Jesuit, academic (d. [[1910]])
* [[January 29]]
** [[William Jacob Baer]], American painter (d. [[1941]])
** [[Anton Chekhov]], Russian writer (d. [[1904]])
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Rachilde]], French author (d. [[1953]])
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Eugen Schiffer]], German politician (d. [[1954]])
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Anders Zorn]], Swedish artist (d. [[1920]]) 
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Sir William Ashley]], English economic historian (d. [[1927]])
* [[February 28]] &ndash; [[Carl Georg Barth]], Norwegian-American [[mathematician]], [[mechanical engineer]] (d. [[1939]])
* [[February 29]] &ndash; [[Herman Hollerith]], American businessman, inventor (d. [[1929]])
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Susanna M. Salter]], first woman mayor in the United States (d. [[1961]])
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[Sam Thompson (outfielder)|Sam Thompson]], American baseball player (d. [[1922]])
* [[March 13]] &ndash; [[Hugo Wolf]], Austrian composer (d. [[1903]])
* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[William Jennings Bryan]], American politician (d. [[1925]])
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Horatio Bottomley]], British politician and businessman (d. [[1933]])<ref name= ODNBhb>{{cite ODNB|last= Morris|first= A.J.A.|title= Bottomley, Horatio William|url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31981?docPos=1|date= January 2011|doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/31981|access-date= 16 June 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143354/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31981?docPos=1|archive-date= 14 July 2014|url-status= live}} </ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===

* [[April 2]] &ndash; [[Zheng Xiaoxu]], Chinese statesman, diplomat and calligrapher, first [[Prime Minister of Manchukuo]] (d. [[1938]])
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[Will Keith Kellogg]], American industrialist, founder of the [[Kellogg Company]] (d. [[1951]])
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Archibald Murray]], British general (d. [[1945]])<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=35155 |title=Sir Archibald Murray|last1=Edmonds|first1=, J.|last2=Bunton|first2= M. |date=3 January 2008}}</ref>
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[Theodor Herzl]], Austrian founder of modern political Zionism (d. [[1904]])
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Tom Norman]], English freak [[showman]] (d. [[1930]])
* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[J. M. Barrie]], Scottish author (d. [[1937]])
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Ellen Axson Wilson]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1914]])
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Eduard Buchner]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1917]])
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Willem Einthoven]], Dutch inventor, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1927]])
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[James McKeen Cattell]], American psychologist (d. [[1944]])
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Manuel Teixeira Gomes]], 7th President of Portugal (d. [[1941]])
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Isaac Albéniz]], Spanish composer (d. [[1909]])
* [[June 20]] &ndash; [[Jack Worrall]], Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d. [[1937]])
* [[June 25]] &ndash; [[Gustave Charpentier]], French composer (d. [[1956]])

=== July&ndash;September ===
[[File:Lizzie borden.jpg|110px|thumb|right|[[Lizzie Borden]]]]
[[File:Annie Oakley by Baker's Art Gallery c1880s-crop.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Annie Oakley]]]]
[[File:Joseph Cook - Crown Studios 03.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Joseph Cook]]]]
[[File:Georgina Fraser Newhall (1895).png|thumb|110px|[[Georgina Fraser Newhall]]]]
* [[July 3]] &ndash; [[Charlotte Perkins Gilman]], American feminist (d. [[1935]])
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Gustav Mahler]], Austrian composer (d. [[1911]])
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Gustav Bachmann]], German admiral (d. [[1943]])<ref>{{cite web|last1=Duffy|first1=Michael|title=Who's Who- Gustav Bachmann|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/bachmann.htm|website=First World War.com|accessdate=August 4, 2015}}</ref>
* [[July 16]] &ndash; [[Otto Jespersen]], Danish linguist, creator of [[Ido (language)|Ido]] and [[Novial]] languages (d.[[1943]])
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Lizzie Borden]], American murder suspect (d. [[1927]])
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[Sir George Warrender, 7th Baronet]], British admiral (d. [[1917]])
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Bazil Assan]], Romanian engineer and explorer (d. [[1918]])
* [[August 3]] &ndash; [[William Kennedy Dickson]], Scottish inventor, cinema pioneer, and film director (d. [[1935]])
* [[August 5]] &ndash; [[Louis Wain]], English artist (d. [[1939]])
* [[August 7]] &ndash; [[Alan Leo]], British astrologer (d. [[1917]])
* [[August 10]] &ndash; [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]], Indian musician (d. [[1936]])
* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[Annie Oakley]], American Wild West show performer (d. [[1926]])
* [[August 15]]
**[[Henrietta Vinton Davis]], American elocutionist, dramatist, and impersonator (d. [[1941]])
**[[Florence Harding]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1924]])
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Jules Laforgue]], French poet (d. [[1887]])
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[Raymond Poincaré]], French president (d. [[1934]])
* [[August 22]] &ndash; [[Alfred Ploetz]], German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d. [[1940]]) 
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[George Fawcett]], American actor (d. [[1939]])
* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[Eudora Stone Bumstead]], American poet and hymnwriter (d. [[1892]])
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[Mary E. C. Bancker]], American author (d. [[1921]])
* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[Andrew Volstead]], American politician (d. [[1947]])
* [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Jane Addams]], American social worker, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1935]])
* [[September 7]] &ndash; Anna Mary Robertson Moses (aka [[Grandma Moses]]), American painter (d. [[1961]])
* [[September 13]] &ndash; [[John J. Pershing]], American general (d. [[1948]])
* [[September 16]] &ndash; [[Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten]], Austro-Hungarian general (d. [[1934]])

=== October&ndash;December ===
[[File:Jgl-with-fish-e1394654054980.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Juliette Gordon Low]]]]
[[File:Hjalmar branting stor bild.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hjalmar Branting]]]]
* [[October 31]] &ndash; [[Juliette Gordon Low]], American founder of the Girl Scouts (d. [[1927]])
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Boies Penrose]], United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d. [[1921]])
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Soapy Smith]], American con artist and gangster (d. [[1898]])
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]], Polish pianist and composer, 3rd [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (d. [[1941]])
* [[November 16]] &ndash; [[John Henry Kirby]], Texas legislator, American businessman (d. [[1940]])
* [[November 23]] &ndash; [[Hjalmar Branting]], [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1925]])
* [[November 26]] &ndash; [[Gabrielle Petit]], French feminist activist (d. [[1952]])
* [[November 27]] &ndash; [[Yui Mitsue]], Japanese general (d. [[1925]])
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[Charles de Broqueville]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (d. [[1940]])
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Joseph Cook]], 6th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (d. [[1947]])
* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Niels Ryberg Finsen]], Danish physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1904]])
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Ion Dragalina]], Romanian general (d. [[1916]])
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[Manuel Dimech]], Maltese philosopher, social reformer (d. [[1921]])
* [[December 31]]
**[[Joseph S. Cullinan]], American oil industrialist, founder of ''[[Texaco]]'' (d. [[1937]])
**[[John T. Thompson]], United States Army officer, inventor of the [[Thompson gun|Tommy gun]] (d. [[1940]])

== Deaths ==

=== January&ndash;June ===
[[File:Annabella Byron (1792-1860).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Lady Byron|Anne Isabella Milbanke]]]]
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Thomas Hobbes Scott]], English clergyman (b. [[1783]])
* [[January 5]] &ndash; [[John Neumann]], [[Saint]] and [[Roman Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia]] (b. [[1811]])
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Ezequiel Zamora]], leader of the Federalist Army in [[Venezuela]] (b. [[1817]])
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[William Mason (New York politician)|William Mason]], American politician (b. [[1786]])
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[John Nelson (lawyer)]], American lawyer (b. [[1791]])
* [[January 27]]
** [[János Bolyai]], Hungarian mathematician (b. [[1802]])
** [[Thomas Brisbane]], Scottish astronomer (b. [[1773]])
* [[January 29]] &ndash;
** [[Ernst Moritz Arndt]], German poet and author (b. [[1769]])<ref>{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Arndt, Ernst Moritz}}</ref>
** [[Stéphanie de Beauharnais]], Grand Duchess of Baden (b. [[1789]])
* [[February 29]] &ndash; [[George Bridgetower]], Afro-Polish violinist (b. [[1778]])
* [[March 6]] &ndash; [[Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer]], German cellist, composer (b. [[1783]])
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Carl Ritter von Ghega]], Albanian-born Venetian road engineer (b. [[1802]])
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Anna Brownell Jameson]], British art historian (b. [[1794]])<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Jameson, Anna Brownell|volume=15|page=147}}</ref>
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[James Braid (surgeon)|James Braid]], Scottish surgeon (b. [[1795]])
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[Anders Sandøe Ørsted]], 3rd Prime Minister of Denmark (b. [[1778]])
* [[May 10]] &ndash; [[Theodore Parker]], American preacher, Transcendentalist, and abolitionist (b. [[1810]])
* [[May 12]] &ndash; Sir [[Charles Barry]], English architect (b. [[1795]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Charles Barry {{!}} British architect |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Barry |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=6 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Phineas Gage]], improbable American head injury survivor (b. [[1823]])
* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[George Montgomery White]], American politician (b. [[1828]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/wilmington-journal-george-m-white-death/92171489|title=George Montgomery White's death notice|newspaper=The Wilmington Journal|publication-place=[[Wilmington, North Carolina]]|date=July 19, 1860}}</ref>
* [[June 30]] &ndash; [[Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert]], German naturalist (b. [[1780]])

=== July&ndash;December ===
[[File:Southworth and Hawes - Charles Goodyear (Zeno Fotografie) crop.png|alt=|thumb|139x139px|[[Charles Goodyear]]]]
[[File:Schopenhauer 1852.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Arthur Schopenhauer]]]]
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Charles Goodyear]], American inventor (b. [[1800]])
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Johan Ludvig Heiberg (poet)|Johan Ludvig Heiberg]], Danish poet and critic (born [[1791]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Stewart | first = Jon | title = The cultural crisis of the Danish golden age: Heiberg, Martensen and Kierkegaard | publisher = Museum Tusculanum Press | location = Copenhagen | year = 2015 | isbn = 9788763542692 | page=39}}</ref>
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]], American filibuster who was briefly President of [[Nicaragua]] (executed) (b. [[1824]]) 
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], German philosopher (b. [[1788]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Schopenhauer | first = Arthur | title = Prize essay on the freedom of the will | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780521577663 | page=xi}}</ref>
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet|Sir Harry Smith]], English soldier, military commander (b. [[1787]])
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Alexander Maconochie (penal reformer)|Alexander Maconchie]], Scottish penal reformer (b. [[1787]])
* [[October 31]] &ndash; [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald]], British admiral (b. [[1775]])
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)]], Empress Consort of Russian Emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] (b. [[1798]])
* [[December 2]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand Christian Baur]], German theologian (b. [[1792]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Overbeck | first = Franz | title = On the Christianity of Theology Translated with an Introduction and Notes | publisher = Wipf and Stock Publishers | location = Eugene | year = 2002 | isbn = 9781725242128 | page=58}}</ref>
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1784]])

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Dai Xi]], Chinese painter (b. [[1801]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1860}}
[[Category:1860| ]]
[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]