Editing 1867 in science

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{{Year nav topic5|1867|science}}
{{Science year nav|1867}}

The year '''1867 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved many significant events, listed below.

==Events==
* April – First clear recorded use of the word ''science'' in English with today's usage as restricted to the [[Natural science|natural]] and [[Outline of physical science|physical sciences]] (by [[Roman Catholic theology|Catholic theologian]] and [[mathematician]] [[William George Ward|W. G. Ward]] writing in the London-published ''[[Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)|Dublin Review]]'').<ref>{{cite web|title=science, n.|work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] online version|publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/172672?redirectedFrom=science#eid|accessdate=2011-10-31 |date=September 2011}} {{OEDsub}}</ref>

==Botany==
* [[Gorse]] naturalises in New Zealand and soon becomes the worst invasive weed.
* [[Swiss people|Swiss]] [[botanist]] [[Simon Schwendener]] proposes his dual theory of [[lichen]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Honegger|first=R.|year=2000|title=Simon Schwender (1829–1919) and the dual hypothesis in lichens|journal=Bryologist|volume=103|issue=2|pages=307–13|doi=10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0307:SSATDH]2.0.CO;2|issn=0007-2745 | jstor = 3244159|s2cid=84580224 }}</ref>
* [[Rosa 'La France']], the first [[hybrid tea rose]], is cultivated by [[Jean-Baptiste André Guillot|Jean-Baptiste Guillot]].<ref>{{cite book|first=D. G.|last=Hessayon|authorlink=D. G. Hessayon|title=The Rose Expert|publisher=Mohn Media Mohndrunk|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=La France: Hybrid Tea Rose |url=http://www.rosegathering.com/lafrance.html |work=Rosegathering |year=2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522222829/http://www.rosegathering.com/lafrance.html |archivedate=2009-05-22 |url-status=live |accessdate=2011-08-17 }}</ref>
* The Big Trees Ranch at [[Felton, California]], is bought by San Francisco businessman Joseph Warren Welch to preserve the giant redwoods (''[[Sequoia sempervirens]]'') from logging.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rancho Cañada del Rincon en el Rio San Lorenzo|url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=915|work=Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park|publisher=California Department of Parks and Recreation|accessdate=2012-10-01}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
* [[Alfred Nobel]] [[patent]]s [[dynamite]] (in the United Kingdom on May 7, and in Sweden on October 19).<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416842/Alfred-Bernhard-Nobel|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|title=Alfred Nobel}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Schück|first1=H.|last2=Sohlman|first2=R.|year=1929|title=The Life of Alfred Nobel|location=London|publisher=Heinemann|page=101}}</ref>
* [[Henry Enfield Roscoe]] isolates [[vanadium]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Researches on Vanadium – Part II|last=Roscoe|first=Henry E.|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London]]|volume=18|issue=114–122|pages=37–42|year=1869|doi=10.1098/rspl.1869.0012|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Charles-Adolphe Wurtz]] synthesizes [[neurine]].

==Economics==
* Publication of the first volume of ''[[Das Kapital]]'' by [[Karl Marx]].

==Geology==
* At [[Fountain Point]], [[Michigan]], an [[artesian water]] spring begins to gush continuously.
* [[Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel]] established in the United States under the directorship of [[Clarence King]].

==History of science==
* [[Assyriologist]] [[George Smith (assyriologist)|George Smith]] discovers an inscription recording a [[solar eclipse]] in the month of [[Sivan]] on [[British Museum]] Tablet K51, which he is able to link to 15 June 763 BC, the cornerstone of ancient Near Eastern chronology.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Henry C.|last=Rawlinson|title=The Assyrian Canon Verified by the Record of a Solar Eclipse, B.C. 763|journal=[[Athenaeum (British magazine)|The Athenaeum]]|issue=2064|location=London|date=18 May 1867|pages=660–1}}</ref>

==Mathematics==
* English mathematician Rev. [[William Allen Whitworth]] publishes the first edition of his ''Choice and Chance: An Elementary Treatise on Permutations, Combinations, and Probability''.

==Physiology and medicine==
* March 16 – First publication of an article by [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]] outlining the discovery of [[antiseptic]] [[surgery]], in ''[[The Lancet]]''.
* July 17 – In [[Boston, Massachusetts]], the [[Harvard|Harvard School of Dental Medicine]] is established as the first [[dental school]] in the United States.
* [[Lauder Brunton]] reports the successful use of [[amyl nitrite]] to treat [[angina]], in ''The Lancet''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fye|first=W. Bruce|title=T. Lauder Brunton and Amyl Nitrite: A Victorian Vasodilator|year=1986|volume=74|pages=222–29|url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/74/2/222.pdf|issue=2|doi=10.1161/01.cir.74.2.222|pmid=3524895|journal=Circulation|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Henry Maudsley]] publishes ''The Physiology and Pathology of Mind''.
* Viennese psychiatrist [[Theodor Meynert]] observes variations in the [[cytoarchitecture]] of the brain.
* [[Yellow fever]] kills 3093 in [[New Orleans]].

==Technology==
[[Image:CovingtonKY JARoeblingBridge.jpg|thumb|210px|right| January 1: [[John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge|Roebling Suspension Bridge]] is longest.]]
[[Image:SuezCanalKantara.jpg|thumb|210px|right|February 17: [[Suez Canal]] in use.]]
* January 1 – The [[John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge|Covington–Cincinnati Suspension Bridge]] opens between [[Cincinnati]] and [[Covington, Kentucky]], its 1,057-foot (322 m) main span making it the longest single-span bridge in the world by a margin of 14 m at this time. It will be renamed after its designer, [[John A. Roebling]], in 1983.
* February 17 – The first ship passes through the [[Suez Canal]].
* July 2 – First elevated [[railroad]] in the United States begins service in New York City.
* December 14 – Spanish inventor [[Narcís Monturiol]] submerges his [[submarine]] ''[[Ictineo II]]'' at [[Barcelona]], demonstrating its chemically fired anaerobic steam propulsion system.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Matthew|authorlink=Matthew Stewart (philosopher)|title=Monturiol's Dream: The Extraordinary Story of the Submarine Inventor Who Wanted to Save the World|publisher=Profile Books|year=2003|location=London|page=312|isbn=978-1-86197-470-9}}</ref>
* [[Pierre Michaux]] invents the front wheel-driven velocipede, the first mass-produced bicycle.

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Karl Ernst von Baer]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=23 July 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Wollaston Medal]]: [[George Poulett Scrope]]

==Births==
* January 11 – [[Edward B. Titchener]] (died [[1927 in science|1927]]), English-born [[Structuralism (psychology)|structuralist]] [[psychologist]].
* January 22 – [[Gisela Januszewska]] (died [[1943 in science|1943]] in [[Theresienstadt concentration camp]]), [[Moravia]]n-born public health [[physician]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Ingrid|last=Arias|title=Im Dienste der Volksgesundheit: Frauen – Gesundheitswesen – Nationalsozialismus|trans-title=In the Service of Public Health: Women, Healthcare, Nazism|location=Vienna|publisher=Verlagshaus der Ärzte|year=2006|page=87|isbn=978-3-90148-886-3|language=DE}}</ref>
* April 16 – [[Wilbur Wright]] (died [[1912 in science|1912]]), [[Americans|American]] pioneer [[aviator]].
* May 5 – [[Kintarô Okamura]] (died [[1935 in science|1935]]), Japanese [[phycologist]].
* May 21 – [[Anne Walter Fearn]] (died [[1939 in science|1939]]), American physician.<ref>{{cite book|first=Philips|last=Clifton J.|chapter=Fearn, Anne Walter|editor-first=Edward T.|editor-last=James|title=Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary|volume=1|year=1971|isbn=978-0-67462-734-5|page=603}}</ref>
* June 11 – [[Charles Fabry]] (died [[1945 in science|1945]]), French [[Optical physics|optical physicist]].
* July 8 – [[Edgar Buckingham]] (died [[1940 in science|1940]]), American [[physicist]].
* October 21 – [[Aldred Scott Warthin]] (died [[1931 in science|1931]]), American [[Genetics of cancer|cancer geneticist]].
* October 28 – [[Hans Driesch]] (died [[1941 in science|1941]]), German [[developmental biologist]].
* November 7 – [[Marie Curie|Maria Skłodowska, ''later'' Marie Curie]] (died [[1934 in science|1934]]), [[Poland|Polish]]-born [[physicist]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC – History – Marie Curie |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/curie_marie.shtml |website=www.bbc.co.uk |accessdate=20 January 2020}}</ref>
* November 26 – [[Emil von Dungern]] (died [[1961 in science|1961]]), German [[Serology|serologist]].
* December 1 – [[Ignacy Mościcki]] (died [[1946 in science|1946]]), [[chemist]] and [[List of Presidents of Poland|President of Poland]].
* December 26 – [[John Bradfield (engineer)|John Bradfield]] (died [[1943 in science|1943]]), Australian [[civil engineer]].
* December 29 – [[Annie Montague Alexander]] (died [[1950 in science|1950]]), American [[paleontologist]].

==Deaths==
* January 16 – [[William Marsden (surgeon)|William Marsden]] (born [[1796 in science|1796]]), English [[surgeon]].
* February 9 – [[Filippo de Filippi]] (born [[1814 in science|1814]]), Italian [[zoologist]].
* March 25 – [[Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge]] (born [[1794 in science|1794]]), German analytical chemist.
* March 27 – [[Prideaux John Selby]] (born [[1788 in science|1788]]), English [[ornithologist]].
* April 12 – [[William Bullock (inventor)|William Bullock]] (born [[1813 in science|1813]]), American inventor.
* May 29 – [[Margaretta Morris]] (born [[1797 in science|1797]]), American entomologist.
* August 25 – [[Michael Faraday]] (born [[1791 in science|1791]]), English chemist and physicist.
* December 22 – [[Jean-Victor Poncelet]] (died [[1788 in science|1788]]), French mechanical and military engineer and mathematician.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1867 In Science}}
[[Category:1867 in science| ]]
[[Category:1860s in science]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]