Editing 1875 in science

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{{Year nav topic5|1875|science}}
{{Science year nav|1875}}

The year '''1875 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Chemistry==
* [[Gallium]] is discovered [[spectroscopy|spectroscopically]] by French chemist [[Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran]]. Later in this year he obtains the free metal by [[electrolysis]] of its [[hydroxide]] and names it. This is the first of [[Dmitri Mendeleev's predicted elements]] to be identified.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Caractères chimiques et spectroscopiques d'un nouveau métal, le gallium, découvert dans une blende de la mine de Pierrefitte, vallée d'Argelès (Pyrénées)|first=Lecoq|last=de Boisbaudran|page=493|journal=[[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences]]|volume=81|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3038w/f490.table|accessdate=2008-09-23}}; {{cite journal |doi=10.1002/andp.18762351216 |title=Ueber die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Galliums |year=1876 |last1=De Boisbaudran |first1=Lecoq |journal=Annalen der Physik und Chemie |volume=235 |issue=12 |pages=649–650|bibcode=1876AnP...235..649D|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423754/files/article.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some elements predicted by Mendeleeff|pages=1605–1619|last=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|authorlink=Mary Elvira Weeks|doi=10.1021/ed009p1605|journal=[[Journal of Chemical Education]]|volume=9|issue=9|year=1932|bibcode=1932JChEd...9.1605W}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Ingredients: a Guided Tour of the Elements|last=Ball|first=Philip|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=105|year=2002|isbn=0-19-284100-9}}</ref>
* [[Phenylhydrazine]] is discovered by [[Hermann Emil Fischer]].<ref>Fischer, E. (1875). [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k90680z/f589.zoom.langEN "Ueber aromatische Hydrazinverbindungen"] [On aromatic hydrazine compounds.] ''Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft'' '''8''':589-594.</ref>
* Swiss [[chocolatier]] [[Daniel Peter]] working with [[Henri Nestlé]]'s company perfects a method of manufacturing [[milk chocolate]] using [[condensed milk]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Philip K.|last2=Hurst|first2=W. Jeffrey|title=Chocolate as Medicine: A Quest Over the Centuries|location=London|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2012|pages=97-8|isbn=978-1-84973-411-0}}</ref>

==Earth sciences==
* March – [[Challenger expedition|''Challenger'' expedition]] first records [[Challenger Deep]].

==Genetics==
* [[Francis Galton]] publishes ''The History of Twins'', as a criterion of the relative powers of nature and nurture.<ref>''[[Fraser's Magazine]]'' '''12''': 566-76.</ref>

==Medicine==
* March 1 – The [[Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto)]] is founded in Canada.
* The weekly [[medical journal]], ''[[Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift]]'', is established in Germany by Paul Börner.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Staehr|first=C.|title=Dr. Paul Börner, founder of the Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift|language=German|journal=Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift|volume=124|issue=38|pages=1119–20|pmid=10576968|doi=10.1055/s-0029-1233185|date=September 1999}}</ref>

==Metrology==
* May 20 – [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] established by signature of the [[Metre Convention]] in Paris.

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[August Wilhelm Hofmann]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wollaston Medal]] for geology: [[Laurent-Guillaume de Koninck]]

==Births==
* January 10 – [[Issai Schur]] (died [[1941 in science|1941]]), [[Belarus]]ian-born Jewish [[mathematician]]
* January 14 – [[Albert Schweitzer]] (died [[1965 in science|1965]]), German-born French medical missionary
* February 4 – [[Ludwig Prandtl]] (died [[1953 in science|1953]]), German [[physicist]]
* March 14 – [[Fran Jesenko]] (died [[1932 in science|1932]]), Slovene [[botanist]] and [[plant geneticist]]
* June 20 – [[Reginald Punnett]] (died [[1967 in science|1967]]), English [[geneticist]]
* June 28 – [[Henri Lebesgue]] (died 1941), French mathematician
* July 26 – [[Carl Jung]] (died [[1961 in science|1961]]), Swiss [[psychiatrist]]
* September 11 – [[Edith Humphrey]] (died [[1978 in science|1978]]), English [[chemist]]
* October 23 – [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] (died [[1946 in science|1946]]), American chemist; first to isolate [[deuterium]]
* November 12 – [[Stanislaus von Prowazek]], born Stanislav Provázek (died [[1915 in science|1915]]), Bohemian parasitologist

==Deaths==
* February 22 – [[Charles Lyell]] (born [[1797 in science|1797]]), Scottish-born [[geologist]]
* February 28 – [[Robert Willis (engineer)|Robert Willis]], English mechanical engineer, phonetician and architectural historian (born [[1800 in science|1800]])
* March 7 – [[John Edward Gray]] (born [[1800 in science|1800]]), English [[taxonomist]]
* March 31 – [[Friedrich Julius Richelot]] (born [[1808 in science|1808]]), German mathematician
* April 11 – [[Heinrich Schwabe]] (born [[1789 in science|1789]]), German [[astronomer]]
* October 2 – [[Petrache Poenaru]] (died [[1799 in science|1799]]), Romanian inventor
* October 19 – [[Charles Wheatstone]] (born [[1802 in science|1802]]), English [[inventor]]
* November 27 – [[Richard Christopher Carrington|Richard Carrington]] (born [[1826 in science|1826]]), English astronomer

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1875 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1870s in science]]