Editing 1877

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1877}}
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[[File:The defeat of Shipka Peak, Bulgarian War of Independence.JPG|thumb|[[April 24]]: Start of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]]]]
{{Year article header|1877}}
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== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Queen Victoria]] is proclaimed [[Empress of India]] by the [[Royal Titles Act 1876]], introduced by [[Benjamin Disraeli]], the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] .
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Great Sioux War of 1876]]: [[Battle of Wolf Mountain]] &ndash; [[Crazy Horse]] and his warriors fight their last battle with the [[United States Cavalry]] in [[Montana]].
* [[January 20]] &ndash; The Conference of Constantinople ends, with [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkey]] rejecting proposals of internal reform and Balkan provisions.
* [[January 29]] &ndash; The [[Satsuma Rebellion]], a revolt of disaffected [[samurai]] in Japan, breaks out against the new imperial government; it lasts until September, when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees.<ref>{{cite book|first=Augustus H.|last=Mounsey|author-link=Augustus Henry Mounsey|title=The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History|url=https://archive.org/details/satsumarebellio01moungoog|location=London|publisher=John Murray|year=1879}}</ref>
* [[February 17]] &ndash; Major General [[Charles George Gordon]] of the [[British Army]] is appointed [[Governor-General of the Sudan]].<ref>Pierre Crabitès, ''Gordon: The Sudan and Slavery'' (Routledge, 2016)</ref> 
* [[March]] &ndash; ''[[The Nineteenth Century (periodical)|The Nineteenth Century]]'' magazine is founded in London.
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Compromise of 1877]]: The [[1876 United States presidential election]] is resolved with the selection of [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] as the winner, even though [[Samuel J. Tilden]] won the popular vote on [[November 7]], [[1876]].
* [[March 4]]
** [[Emile Berliner]] [[patent]]s the [[microphone]] in the United States.
** [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]'s ballet ''[[Swan Lake]]'' debuts in Moscow.
* [[March 15]] &ndash; [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77]]: The first [[Test cricket]] match is held between England and Australia.
* [[March 24]] &ndash; For the only time in history, [[The Boat Race]] between the Universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] is declared a "dead heat" (i.e., a draw).

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; Following years of murders of [[Sharecropping|sharecroppers]]{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} and U.S. army personnel by the former slave owners, the [[Reconstruction era]] of the U.S. ends when Union troops pull out of the [[Southern United States|South-Eastern American States]]. This leaves the former slaves at the mercy of their owners{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}, and begins the [[Gilded Age]] when large businesses begin [[monopolization]] of the American economy{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}.  
* [[April 10]] &ndash; The first [[human cannonball]] act in the British Isles, and perhaps the world, is performed by 17-year-old [[Rossa Matilda Richter]] ("Zazel") at the London [[Royal Aquarium]].<ref>''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]''.</ref>
* [[April 12]]
** The United Kingdom annexes the [[South African Republic]], violating the [[Sand River Convention]] of [[1852]], causing the [[First Boer War]].
** The [[University of Tokyo]] is officially established in [[Japan]].
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]]: [[Russian Empire|Russia]] declares war on the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Great Sioux War of 1876]]: [[Sitting Bull]] leads his band of [[Lakota people|Lakota]] into [[Canada]], to avoid harassment by the U.S. Army under Colonel [[Nelson Miles]].
* [[May 6]] &ndash; Chief [[Crazy Horse]] of the [[Oglala Sioux]] surrenders to U.S. troops in Nebraska.
* [[May 8]]&ndash;[[May 11|11]] &ndash; At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the first [[Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show]] is held.
* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[1877 Iquique earthquake|Iquique Earthquake]] and [[tsunami]]: An earthquake of at least magnitude 8.5 [[Surface wave magnitude|M<sub>s</sub>]] occurs on the west coast of South America, killing 2,541 around the [[Pacific Rim]].
* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[16 May 1877 crisis]] in France: Parliament passes a no-confidence motion against the government appointed by [[Patrice de MacMahon|President MacMahon]].
* [[May 21]] (May 9 [[Old Style|O.S.]]) &ndash; By a speech in the [[Parliament of Romania]] by [[Mihail Kogălniceanu]], the country declares itself independent from the [[Ottoman Empire]] (recognized in [[1878]] after the end of the Romanian independence war).
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Henry Ossian Flipper]] becomes the first [[African American]] cadet to graduate from [[United States Military Academy|the U.S. Military Academy]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Lowell Dwight |last1=Black |first2=Sara Harrington |last2=Black |title=An Officer and a Gentleman: The Military Career of Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper |location=Dayton, Ohio |publisher=Lora Co. |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-96246-590-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1zfAAAAMAAJ |page=66 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=November 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129060155/https://books.google.com/books?id=L1zfAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: [[Battle of White Bird Canyon]] &ndash; The [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]] defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon, in the [[Idaho Territory]]. This begins the [[Nez Perce War]].
* [[June 20]] &ndash; [[Alexander Graham Bell]] installs the world's first commercial telephone service in [[Hamilton, Ontario]], Canada.
* [[June 21]] &ndash; The [[Molly Maguires]] are hanged at [[Carbon County, Pennsylvania|Carbon County]] Prison, in [[Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania|Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania]].
* [[June 26]] &ndash; The eruption of the volcano [[Cotopaxi]] in [[Ecuador]] causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000.
* [[June 30]] &ndash; The British Mediterranean fleet is sent to [[Besika Bay]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July]] &ndash; The serial publication of [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' is concluded, in ''[[The Russian Messenger]]''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Elizabeth|last=Stenbock-Fermor|title=The Architecture of Anna Karenina|publisher=B.R. Grüner|year=1975|isbn=1588116751}}</ref>
* [[July 1]] &ndash; An F4 tornado touches down near [[Gap, Pennsylvania]], and moves towards [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]]. A woman is killed near [[Ercildoun, Pennsylvania|Ercildoun]]; a man is killed near [[Parkesburg, Pennsylvania|Parkesburg]]; and possibly a third person dies. 4 homes are destroyed at Parkesburg and 20 buildings are destroyed at Ercildoun. 10 or more homes are leveled in Chester County.<ref>{{cite web|title=Requested Information for Lancaster County, PA|url=https://midsouthtornadoes.msstate.edu/index.php?cw=ctp|website=NWS State College Tornado Database|access-date=2022-09-30|archive-date=September 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924110605/https://midsouthtornadoes.msstate.edu/index.php?cw=ctp|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 9]]–[[July 19|19]] &ndash; The [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club]] stages the first [[Wimbledon Championships]] in lawn tennis.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref> English cricketer [[Spencer Gore (sportsman)|Spencer Gore]] becomes first [[List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions|Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champion]] (the only event held).
* [[July 16]] &ndash; [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877]]: Riots by [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] railroad workers in [[Baltimore]] lead to a [[sympathy strike]] and rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a communist government, before U.S. President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] calls in the armed forces.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Robert V. Bruce|first=Robert V.|last=Bruce|title=1877: Year of Violence|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|year=1959}}</ref>
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]: The first battle in the [[siege of Plevna]] is fought.
* [[July 30]]
** [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]: The second battle in the [[siege of Plevna]] is fought.
** [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]: The Turkish army and its allies destroy the [[Bulgaria]]n city of [[Stara Zagora]] and massacre the inhabitants.
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: [[Battle of the Big Hole]] &ndash; Near [[Big Hole River]], [[Montana]], a small band of [[Nez Perce people]] who refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the [[United States Army]]. The army loses 29 soldiers, and the Indians lose 89 warriors, in an Army victory.
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Americans|American]] astronomer [[Asaph Hall]] discovers [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]], the outer [[natural satellite|moon]] of [[Mars]].
* [[August 18]] &ndash; Asaph Hall discovers [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]], the inner moon of [[Mars]].
* [[September 1]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Lovcha]], third battle in the [[siege of Plevna]], is fought. Russian forces successfully reduce the Ottoman fortress at [[Lovech|Lovcha]].
* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: Oglala [[Sioux]] chief [[Crazy Horse]] is [[bayonet]]ed by a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at [[Fort Robinson]] in [[Nebraska]].
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Treaty 7]] is concluded between several mainly [[Blackfoot]] [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] tribes and the [[Canadian Confederation]], at the [[Blackfoot Crossing]] of the [[Bow River]], settling the Blackfoot on [[Indian reserve]]s in what will become southern [[Alberta]].
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Shiroyama]] in [[Kagoshima]], Japan: The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] annihilates heavily outnumbered rebel ''[[samurai]]'' under [[Saigō Takamori]] (who is killed), ending the [[Satsuma Rebellion]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 22]] &ndash; The [[Blantyre mining disaster]] in Scotland kills 207 miners.
* [[November 14]] &ndash; [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s first contemporary realist drama ''[[The Pillars of Society]]'' is premièred at the [[Odense Teater]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Facts about Pillars of Society|url=http://www.ibsen.net/index.gan?id=473|work=Ibsen.net|date=2001-08-10|first=Jens-Morten|last=Hanssen|access-date=2013-02-08}}</ref>
* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[Thomas Edison]] announces his invention of the [[phonograph]], a machine that can record sound, considered his first great invention. Edison demonstrates the device for the first time on [[November 29]].
* [[November 22]] &ndash; The first [[college lacrosse]] game is played between [[New York University]] and [[Manhattan University]].
* [[December 9]] &ndash; The fourth battle of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)|Russo-Turkish War]] is fought, concluding the [[siege of Plevna]].
* [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Serbia]] restates its previous declaration of war against Turkey.
* [[December 17]] &ndash; Disastrous premiere of [[Anton Bruckner]]'s [[Symphony No. 3 (Bruckner)|Third Symphony in D minor]] at the [[Vienna Philharmonic]]
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[Symphony No. 2 (Brahms)|Brahms' Symphony No. 2]] premieres in Vienna.

== Births ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
[[File:Edmund Landau.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edmund Landau]]]]
[[File:Pascual Ortiz Rubio (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pascual Ortiz Rubio]]]]
* [[January 2]] &ndash; [[Slava Raškaj]], Croatian painter (d. [[1906]])
* [[January 3]] &ndash; [[Josephine Hull]], American actress (d. [[1957]])
* [[January 22]] &ndash; [[Hjalmar Schacht]], German economist, politician and banker (d. [[1970]]) 
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Kees van Dongen]], Dutch-French painter (d. [[1968]])
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Eddie Cochems]], father of the [[forward pass]] in [[History of American football|American football]] (d. [[1953]])
* [[February 7]] &ndash; [[G. H. Hardy]], British mathematician (d. [[1947]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Carl Tanzler]], German-born [[radiology technologist]] (d. [[1952]])
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Louis Renault (industrialist)|Louis Renault]], French industrialist, founder of [[Renault]] automobile company (d. [[1944]])
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Edmund Landau]], German mathematician (d. [[1938]])
* [[February 17]]
** [[Isabelle Eberhardt]], Swiss explorer, writer (d. [[1904]])
** [[André Maginot]], French politician (d. [[1932]])
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Gabriele Münter]], German painter (d. [[1962]])
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Erich von Hornbostel]], Austrian musicologist (d. [[1935]])
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Consuelo Vanderbilt]], Duchess of Marlborough (d. [[1964]])
* [[March 4]] &ndash; [[Garrett Morgan]], American inventor (d. [[1963]])
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Thorvald Ellegaard]], Danish track cyclist (d. [[1954]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=Thorvald Ellegaard (1877-1954) - Dansk cykelrytter |url=https://lex.dk/Thorvald_Ellegaard |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Lex |language=da}}</ref>
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Pascual Ortiz Rubio]], Mexican politician, substitute [[President of Mexico]], 1930–1932 (d. [[1963]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/9067/Pascual%20Ortiz%20Rubio|publisher=Busca Biografias|title=Pascual Ortiz Rubio|language=es|access-date=May 31, 2019|archive-date=May 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531174423/https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/9067/Pascual%2520Ortiz%2520Rubio|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[March 12]] &ndash; [[Wilhelm Frick]], German Nazi Minister of the Interior (d. [[1946]])
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Ville Kiviniemi]], Finnish politician (d. [[1951]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Kansanedustajat: Ville Kiviniemi |url=https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/910748.aspx |publisher=[[Parliament of Finland]] |access-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315165100/https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/910748.aspx |archive-date=15 March 2019 |location=Helsinki, Finland |language=fi}}</ref>
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Edgar Cayce]], American psychic (d. [[1945]])

=== April&ndash;June ===
[[File:James Montgomery Flagg (1).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Montgomery Flagg]]]]
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[Georg Kolbe]], German sculptor (d. [[1947]])
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Lionel Pape]], English actor (d. [[1944]])
* [[April 26]] &ndash; [[Alliott Verdon Roe]], English aviation pioneer (d. [[1958]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Alice B. Toklas]], American writer (d. [[1967]])
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Karl Abraham]], German psychoanalyst (d. [[1925]])
* [[May 24]] &ndash; [[Samuel W. Bryant]], American admiral (d. [[1938]])
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Billy Murray (singer)|Billy Murray]], American singer (d. [[1954]])
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Isadora Duncan]], American dancer (d. [[1927]])
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Heinrich Otto Wieland]], German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1957]])
* [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Charles Glover Barkla]], English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1944]])
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Renée Vivien]], British poet who wrote in French (d. [[1909]])
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[Thomas C. Hart]], American admiral, politician (d. [[1971]])
* [[June 14]] &ndash; [[Jane Bathori]], French opera singer (d. [[1970]])
* [[June 18]] &ndash; [[James Montgomery Flagg]], American artist, comics artist and illustrator (d. [[1960]])
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Charles Coburn]], American actor (d. [[1961]])

===July&ndash;September===
[[File:Hermann Hesse 2.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Hermann Hesse]]]]
[[File:Georg Hackenschmidt.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[George Hackenschmidt]]]]
[[File:John Latham 1931.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[John Latham (judge)|John Latham]]]]
[[File:Frederick Soddy.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Frederick Soddy]]]]
[[File:Enrico De Nicola (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Enrico De Nicola]]]]
[[File:Marshal of the RAF Sir Edward Ellington.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edward Ellington]]]]
* [[July 2]] 
** [[Rinaldo Cuneo]], American artist ("the painter of San Francisco") (d. [[1939]])
** [[Hermann Hesse]], German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1962]])
* [[July 6]] &ndash; [[Arnaud Massy]], French golfer (d. [[1950]])
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Erik Scavenius]], Prime Minister of Denmark (d. [[1962]])
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Arthur Fielder]], English cricketer (d. [[1949]])
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Ernst von Dohnányi]], Hungarian conductor (d. [[1960]])
* [[July 31]] – [[Louisa Bolus]], South African botanist and taxonomist (d. [[1970]])
* [[August 1]] – [[George Hackenschmidt]], Estonian strongman, professional wrestler (d. [[1968]])
* [[August 6]] &ndash; [[Wallace H. White, Jr.]], U.S. Senator from Maine (d. [[1952]])
* [[August 7]] &ndash; [[Ulrich Salchow]], Swedish figure skater (d. [[1949]])
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Roque Ruaño]], Spanish priest, civil engineer (d. [[1935]])
* [[August 22]] &ndash; [[Ananda Coomaraswamy]], Ceylonese Tamil philosopher (d. [[1947]])
* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[John Latham (judge)|John Latham]], Australian politician, judge (d. [[1964]])
* [[August 27]]
** [[Lloyd C. Douglas]], American minister, author (d. [[1951]])
** [[Charles Rolls]], Welsh co-founder of the [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] car firm, pioneer aviator (d. [[1910]])
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Dudley Pound]], British admiral (d. [[1943]])
* [[September 1]]
** [[Francis William Aston]], English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1945]])
** [[Rex Beach]], American novelist, playwright, and Olympic water polo player (d. [[1949]])
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Frederick Soddy]], English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1956]])
* [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Buddy Bolden]], American jazz musician (d. [[1931]])
*[[September 14]] – [[Leonhard Seppala]], Norwegian-American sled dog breeder, trainer and musher (d. [[1967]])
*[[September 16]] – [[Thomas Alan Goldsborough]], American politician, member of the [[United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]] from 1921 to 1939 and a United States district judge from 1939 to 1951 (d. [[1951]])
* [[September 25]] &ndash; [[Plutarco Elías Calles]], Mexican general and [[President of Mexico]], 1924–1928; known as ''Jefe Maximo'' ("Maximum Boss") from 1928 to 1934 (d. [[1945]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/8944/Plutarco%20Elias%20Calles|publisher=Busca Biografias|language=es|title=Plutarco Elías Calles|access-date=May 31, 2019|archive-date=May 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531174432/https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/8944/Plutarco%20Elias%20Calles|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[September 26]]
**[[Alfred Cortot]], Swiss pianist (d. [[1962]])
**[[Edmund Gwenn]], English actor (d. [[1959]])
**[[Bertha De Vriese]], Belgian physician (d. [[1958]])

===October&ndash;December===
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield]], British businessman, philanthropist (d. [[1963]])
* [[October 15]] &ndash; [[Helen Ware]], American stage, film actress (d. [[1939]])
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Oswald Avery]], Canadian-American physician, medical researcher (d. [[1955]])
* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[Frederick Twort]], English bacteriologist (d. [[1950]])
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Narcisa de Leon]], Filipino film producer (d. [[1966]])
* [[October 30]] &ndash; [[Hugo Celmiņš]], 2-time prime minister of Latvia (d. [[1941]])
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Else Ury]], German writer, children's book author (d. [[1943]])
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Claire McDowell]], American silent film actress (d. [[1966]])
* [[November 3]] &ndash; [[Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]], 2-time President of Chile (d. [[1960]])
* [[November 9]]
** [[Enrico De Nicola]], 1st President of Italy (d. [[1959]])
** [[Muhammad Iqbal]], Islamic philosopher and poet, one of the founding fathers of All-India Muslims League (d. [[1938]])
* [[November 15]] &ndash; [[William Hope Hodgson]], English author (d. [[1918]])
* [[November 17]] &ndash; [[Frank Lahm]], Brigadier General USAF, airship pilot, early military aviator trained by the [[Wright brothers]] (d. [[1963]])
* [[November 20]] &ndash; [[Herbert Pitman]], British mariner; 3rd Officer aboard RMS Titanic (d. [[1961]])
* [[November 22]]
** [[Endre Ady]], Hungarian poet (d. [[1919]])
** [[Joan Gamper]], Swiss-born businessman, founder of [[FC Barcelona]] (d. [[1930]])
* [[November 24]] – [[Edward C. Kalbfus]], American admiral (d. [[1954]])
* [[December 3]] &ndash; [[Richard Pearse]], New Zealand airplane pioneer (d. [[1953]])
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[Morris Alexander]], South African politician (d. [[1946]])<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Abrahams |first=Israel |author-link=Israel Abrahams |editor-last=De Kock |editor-first=W. J. |encyclopedia=Dictionary of South African Biography |title=Alexander, Morris |language=en |edition=1st |date=1968 |volume=1 |oclc=85921202 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsout0000unse_p0x9/page/10/mode/2up |page=10}}</ref>
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Kichisaburō Nomura]], Japanese admiral and diplomat (d. [[1964]])
* [[December 20]] – [[Thomas Walter Swan]], American jurist and judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] from 1926 until 1975 (d. [[1975]])
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[Edward Ellington]], British military officer; Marshal of the Royal Air Force (d. [[1967]])

===Date unknown===
* [[F. X. Gouraud]], French physician and dietitian (d. [[1913]])
* [[Rashid Tali’a]], Prime Minister of Jordan (d. [[1926]])

== Deaths ==

=== January&ndash;June ===
[[File:Cornelius Vanderbilt Daguerrotype2.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Cornelius Vanderbilt]]]]
[[File:Henrietta A. Bingham.png|thumb|right|110px|[[Henrietta A. Bingham]]]]
[[File:Johan Ludvig Runeberg 1893.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[J. L. Runeberg]]]]
[[File:Koningin Sophie Württemberg.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Sophie of Württemberg]]]]
* [[January 1]] – [[Karl von Urban]], Austrian field marshal (suicide) (b. [[1802]])
* [[January 2]] &ndash; [[Alexander Bain (inventor)|Alexander Bain]], Scottish inventor (b. [[1811]])
* [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]], American entrepreneur (b. [[1794]])
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Dato Maharajalela Lela]], [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] nationalist
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Rayko Zhinzifov]], Bulgarian poet and translator (b. [[1839]])<ref>{{cite book |editor=Igor I. Kaliganov |title=Materials for the virtual Museum of Slavic Cultures. Issue II |date=2020 |publisher=Institute of Slavic Studies of RAS |location=Moscow |isbn=978-5-7576-0440-4 |page=277 |url=https://inslav.ru/publication/materials-virtual-museum-slavic-cultures-issue-ii-m-2020}}</ref>
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Henrietta A. Bingham]], American editor (b. [[1841]])
* [[February 20]]
** [[Louis M. Goldsborough]], United States Navy admiral (b. [[1805]])
** [[Marie Simon]], German nurse (b. 1824)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haufe |first=Kay |date=May 14, 2023 |title=Die vergessene Dresdner Heldin: Marie-Simon-Grab erneuert |trans-title=The Forgotten Dresden Heroine: Marie Simon Grave Renewed |url=https://www.saechsische.de/dresden/lokales/die-vergessene-dresdner-heldin-marie-simon-grab-erneuert-5858585.html |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=[[Sächsische Zeitung]] |language=de |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826051400/https://www.saechsische.de/dresden/lokales/die-vergessene-dresdner-heldin-marie-simon-grab-erneuert-5858585.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Jung Bahadur Rana]], Nepalese ruler (b. [[1817]])
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Antoni Patek]], Polish watchmaker (b. [[1811]])
* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Walter Bagehot]], British businessman, essayist and journalist (b. [[1826]])
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Caroline Chisholm]], Australian humanitarian (b. [[1808]])
* [[March 31]] &ndash; [[Bully Hayes]], American-born Caribbean [[blackbirder]] (killed) (b. 1827 or 1829)
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Bernardino António Gomes Jr.|Bernardino António Gomes]], Portuguese physician and naturalist (b. [[1806]])
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz]], Prussian general (b. [[1809]])
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[J. P. C. Emmons]], American attorney and politician (b. [[1818]])
* [[May 6]] &ndash; [[J. L. Runeberg]], Finnish national poet (b. [[1804]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Runeberg: a patriotic 19th-century rapper|newspaper=Thisisfinland|date=February 5, 2016|url=https://finland.fi/arts-culture/runeberg-a-patriotic-rapper-of-the-19th-century/|publisher=[[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)]]|access-date=December 9, 2020|last1=Cresswell|first1=Jenita|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124153729/https://finland.fi/arts-culture/runeberg-a-patriotic-rapper-of-the-19th-century/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[May 19]] &ndash; [[Charlotta Djurström]], Swedish actress and theater manager (b. [[1807]])
* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Kido Takayoshi]], Japanese statesman (b. [[1833]])
* [[June 3]] 
** [[Ludwig Ritter von Köchel]], Austrian musicologist (b. [[1800]])
** [[Sophie of Württemberg]], queen consort of the Netherlands (b. [[1818]])
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[John Stevens Cabot Abbott]], American historian, pastor and pedagogical writer (b. [[1805]])
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[John R. Goldsborough]], U.S. Navy commodore (b. [[1809]])

=== July&ndash;December ===
* [[July 16]] &ndash; [[Samuel McLean (congressman)|Samuel McLean]], American [[congressman]] (b. [[1826]])
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[John Frost (Chartist)|John Frost]], British Chartist leader (b. [[1784]])
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz]], Prussian field marshal [[Urdu]] (b. [[1796]])
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[William Lovett]], British Chartist leader (b. [[1800]])
* [[August 17]] &ndash; [[Isaac Aaron]], English-born physician, owner of the ''[[Australian Medical Journal]]'' and secretary of the [[Australian Medical Association]] (b. [[1804]])
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Brigham Young]], American Mormon leader (b. [[1801]])
* [[August 30]] &ndash; [[Raphael Semmes]], American and Confederate naval officer (b. [[1809]])
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Konstantinos Kanaris]], Greek politician (b. [[1795]])
* [[September 3]] &ndash; [[Adolphe Thiers]], French historian, politician (b. [[1797]])
* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[Crazy Horse]], American Oglala Lakota chief (b. [[1840]]-45)
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Emily Pepys]], English child diarist (b. [[1833]])
* [[September 13]] &ndash; [[Alexandre Herculano]], Portuguese writer and historian (b. [[1810]])
* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[Henry Fox Talbot]], English photographer (b. [[1800]])
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Saigō Takamori]], Japanese ''samurai'' (b. [[1828]])
* [[October 3]] &ndash; [[James Roosevelt Bayley]], first [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark|Roman Catholic Bishop of Newark, New Jersey]], and eighth [[Archbishop of Baltimore]] (b. [[1814]])
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Johann Georg Baiter]], Swiss philologist, textual critic (b. [[1801]])
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Théodore Barrière]], French dramatist (b. [[1823]])
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Julia Kavanagh]], Irish novelist (b. [[1824]])
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]], American Confederate Civil War General, first [[Grand Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (b. [[1821]])
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Oliver P. Morton]], American politician (b. [[1823]])
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Friedrich Graf von Wrangel]], Prussian field marshal (b. [[1784]])
* [[December 12]] &ndash; [[José de Alencar]], Brazilian novelist (b. [[1829]])
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines]], French general (b. [[1804]])
* [[December 29]] &ndash; [[Angelica Singleton Van Buren]], Acting [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1818]])
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[William Cormick]], physician in Qajar Iran of British origin (b. [[1822]])<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Cormick, William|last=Momen|first=Moojan|author-link=Moojan Momen|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cormick-william-b|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=VI fasc. 3|pages=275–276|year=1993|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524082710/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cormick-william-b|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Gustave Courbet]], French painter (b. [[1819]])

===Date unknown===
* [[Nicolae Golescu]], 9th Prime Minister of Romania (b. [[1810]])

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://archive.org/details/americanannualc22unkngoog   ''1877 Annual Cyclopedia'' (1878)] highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry" for year 1877; massive compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage; 827 pp
* {{cite book|first=Michael A.|last=Bellesiles|title=1877: America's Year of Living Violently|location=New York|publisher=New Press|year=2010|isbn=9781595584410|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/1877americasyear00bell}}
* {{cite book |last=Bruce |first=Robert V. |date=1957|title=1877: Year of Violence |publisher=I.R. Dee |isbn=9780929587059}} [https://archive.org/details/1877yearofviolen0000bruc online]
* Lloyd, John P. "The strike wave of 1877" in ''The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History'' (2009) pp 177-190. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xmVsBgAAQBAJ&dq=1877&pg=PA177 online]

* Piper, Jessica. "The great railroad strike of 1877: A catalyst for the American labor movement." ''History Teacher'' 47.1 (2013): 93-110. [https://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/THT-NHDPiper.pdf online]


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[[Category:1877| ]]