Editing 1878

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Year dab|1878}}
{{Year nav|1878}}
{{C19 year in topic}}
[[File:Berliner kongress.jpg|thumb|[[June 13]]: [[Congress of Berlin]]]]
{{Year article header|1878}}
{{TOC limit|2}}

== Events ==
===January&ndash;March===
[[File:Raising the obelisk.jpg|thumb|210px|January&ndash;September &ndash; [[Cleopatra's Needle (London)|Cleopatra's Needle]] erected in London.]]
* [[January 5]] &ndash; [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]: [[Battle of Shipka Pass IV]] &ndash; Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[January 9]] &ndash; [[Umberto I of Italy|Umberto I]] becomes [[House of Savoy|King of Italy]].
* [[January 17]] &ndash; Russo-Turkish War: [[Battle of Philippopolis (1878)|Battle of Philippopolis]] &ndash; Russian troops defeat the Ottoman Empire.
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Benjamin Disraeli]] orders the British fleet to the [[Dardanelles]].
* [[January 24]] &ndash; Russian revolutionary [[Vera Zasulich]] shoots at [[Fyodor Trepov (senior)|Fyodor Trepov]], Governor of [[Saint Petersburg]].
* [[January 28]] &ndash; In the United States:
** The world's [[First Telephone Exchange]] begins commercial operation in [[New Haven, Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite web|author=NRHP|title=Site of the First Telephone Exchange|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/site-of-the-first-telephone-exchange.htm|website=nps.gov|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=2023-02-14|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028094111/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/site-of-the-first-telephone-exchange.htm|url-status=live}} {{USGovernment}}</ref>
** ''[[The Yale News]]'' becomes the first daily college [[newspaper]] in the U.S.
* [[January 31]] &ndash; Turkey agrees to an [[armistice]] at [[Adrianople]].
* [[February 2]] &ndash; Greece declares war on the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |date=23 December 2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-672-5 |page=1468 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1468 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 7]] &ndash; [[Pope Pius IX]] dies, after a 31½ year pontificate (the longest definitely confirmed).
* [[February 8]] &ndash; The British fleet enters Turkish waters, and anchors off [[Istanbul]]; Russia threatens to occupy Istanbul, but does not carry out the threat.
* [[February 18]] &ndash; The [[Lincoln County War]] begins in [[Lincoln County, New Mexico]].
* [[February 19]] &ndash; The [[phonograph]] is patented by [[Thomas Edison]].
* [[February 20]] &ndash; [[Pope Leo XIII]] succeeds [[Pope Pius IX]], as the 256th [[pope]].
* [[February 23]] &ndash; [[Gajanan Maharaj]] appears at [[Shegaon]], Maharashtra.
* [[February 24]] &ndash; Anti-Russian demonstrations occur in [[Hyde Park, London]].
* [[February 28]] &ndash; [[Mississippi State University]] is created by the [[Mississippi Legislature]] (under the name The Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi).
* [[March 3]] (February 19 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) &ndash; [[Treaty of San Stefano]] signed between the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] and [[Ottoman Empire]]s following Russian victory in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]] provides for establishment of an autonomous [[Principality of Bulgaria]] (although not as large as originally envisaged). Russia however regards the treaty as a preliminary one only, refusing on March 25 a British proposal to lay it before a European congress, and matters are finally settled in July's [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]].
* [[March 17]] &ndash; Emancipated U.S. slave and Baptist minister Rev. [[John Jasper]] first preaches his sermon "The Sun Do Move."<ref>New York ''Daily Herald'', 24 Mar 1878, p.8.</ref>
* [[March 24]] &ndash; The British [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]] {{HMS|Eurydice|1843}} capsizes in the [[English Channel]]; all but 2 of the 319 crew members are killed.
* [[March 27]] &ndash; In anticipation of war with Russia, Disraeli mobilizes British reserves, and calls up Indian troops to [[Malta]].
* [[March 28]] – Electric lights are first used at [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster Palace]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vincent |first=Benjamin |title=Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |year=1911 |edition=25th |pages=467}}</ref>

===April&ndash;June===
* [[April 16]] &ndash; The [[Senate of the Grand Duchy of Finland]] issues a declaration establishing a city of [[Kotka]] on the southern part of the islands from the [[Kymi, Finland|old Kymi parish]].<ref>[http://www.kotka.fi/default.asp?link=110.5 Kotkan synty ja kasvu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520225231/http://www.kotka.fi/default.asp?link=110.5 |date=May 20, 2015 }} (in Finnish)</ref>
* [[April 20]] &ndash; The [[Stawell Gift]] sprint is run for the first time in Australia.
* [[May 1]]–[[November 10]] &ndash; [[Exposition Universelle (1878)|Exposition Universelle]], a [[world's fair]], is staged in Paris. In June some parts of the city are first lit by '[[Yablochkov candle]]s' ([[arc lamps]]) and on June 30 the head of the [[Statue of Liberty]] goes on display there.
* [[May 2]] &ndash; The [[Washburn "A" Mill]] in [[Minneapolis]] explodes, killing 18.
* [[May 15]] &ndash; The [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] is established.
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]'s [[comic opera]] ''[[H.M.S. Pinafore]]'' debuts in [[London]] at the [[Opera Comique]], with a first run of 571 performances.
* [[June 1]]
** The General Postal Union is renamed the [[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU).
** British [[clipper]] ''[[Loch Ard (ship)|Loch Ard]]'' is wrecked off the [[Shipwreck Coast]] of [[Victoria (Australia)]] with the loss of 52 lives and only 2 survivors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5934740|title=The Loch Ard Lost|newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]]|issue=9972|location=Melbourne|date=3 June 1878|access-date=2017-03-09|page=5|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Cyprus Convention]]: The [[Ottoman Empire]] cedes [[Cyprus]] to the United Kingdom, but retains the nominal title.
* [[June 10]] &ndash; The [[League of Prizren]] is officially founded "to struggle in arms to defend the wholeness of the territories of [[Albania]]".
* [[June 13]]&ndash;[[July 13]] &ndash; The [[Congress of Berlin]] convenes to discuss the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Eadweard Muybridge]] produces the first sequence of stop-motion still photographs ''[[The Horse in Motion]]'' in [[California]] (a predecessor of [[silent film]]), demonstrating that all four feet of a [[Horse gait#Gallop|galloping horse]] are off the ground at the same time.
* [[June 20]] &ndash; The United States Coast Survey is renamed the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]].
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld]] leaves [[Karlskrona]] on a voyage that will make him the first man to navigate the [[Northern Sea Route]], a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, along the [[Siberia]]n coast.
* [[June 25]] &ndash; The [[Kanak]] people of [[New Caledonia]] [[1878 Kanak revolt|revolt]] against the French colonial government.

===July&ndash;September===
[[File:Europe 1878 map en.png|thumb|Europe after the [[Congress of Berlin]] in 1878 and the territorial and political rearrangement of the Balkan Peninsula.]]
* [[July 4]] &ndash; A [[Ten Broeck – Mollie McCarty match race|match race]] between champion thoroughbred racehorses [[Ten Broeck (horse)|Ten Broeck]] and [[Mollie McCarty]] draws more than 30,000 fans to Louisville, and inspires the folk song, "[[Molly and Tenbrooks]]".
* [[July 13]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]] makes [[Serbia]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Romania]] completely independent, confirms the autonomy of [[Bulgaria]], makes [[Cyprus]] a British possession, and allows Austria-Hungary to garrison the [[Bosnia Vilayet]].
* [[August 9]] &ndash; The [[Wallingford Tornado of 1878]], the deadliest [[tornado]] in [[Connecticut]] history, destroys the town of [[Wallingford, Connecticut|Wallingford]], killing 34 people and injuring more than 70.
* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[Uyedineniya Island]] is discovered in the [[Kara Sea]], by [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] explorer Captain Edvard Holm Johannesen.
* [[September 3]] &ndash; Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat {{SS|Princess Alice|1865|2}} collides with the ''[[SS_Bywell_Castle_(1869)|Bywell Castle]]'' in the [[River Thames]].
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Cleopatra's Needle (London)|Cleopatra's Needle]] is erected beside the Thames in London, having arrived in England on [[January 21]].
* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[1878 Canadian federal election]]: Sir [[John A. Macdonald]] and his [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)|Conservative Party]] are returned to power, defeating the incumbent [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]], led by [[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Alexander Mackenzie]].
* [[September 20]] &ndash; ''[[The Hindu]]'', an Indian newspaper, is founded.

===October&ndash;December===
[[File:Eldkvarn 1878.jpg|thumb|right|[[October 31]] &ndash; [[Eldkvarn]] burns in [[Stockholm]].]]
* [[October 14]] &ndash; The world's first recorded floodlit football fixture is played at [[Bramall Lane]], in [[Sheffield]], England.
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[John A. Macdonald]] returns to office as [[Prime Minister of Canada]].
* [[October 27]] – The [[Manhattan Savings Institution robbery]] occurs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Cheyna |date=2023-12-28 |title=My Favorite Victorian Criminal Was a Bank Robber With a Secret Weapon |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/12/george-leslie-bank-robber-heist-history.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}</ref>
* [[October 31]] &ndash; A fire destroys the ''[[Eldkvarn]]'' gristmill in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]. 
* [[November 17]] &ndash; The first assassination attempt is made against [[Umberto I of Italy]] by anarchist [[Giovanni Passannante]], armed with a dagger. The King survives with a slight wound in one arm. Prime minister [[Benedetto Cairoli]] blocks the aggressor, receiving a leg injury.
* [[November 21]] &ndash; The [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] commences when the British attack [[Ali Masjid]] in the [[Khyber Pass]].
* [[November 26]] &ndash; American-born artist [[James McNeill Whistler]]'s [[libel]] case against English critic [[John Ruskin]], over a review of the painting ''[[Nocturne in Black and Gold – The Falling Rocket]]'' (in which Whistler is described as "flinging a pot of paint in the public's face"),<ref>Ruskin, John (1877-07-02). ''[[Fors Clavigera]]''.</ref> is decided in the [[High Court of Justice]] in London. Whistler wins a [[Farthing (British coin)|farthing]] in nominal damages and only half of the costs, leading to his bankruptcy, and alienates patrons.<ref>Whistler, J. McNeill (1890). ''[[The Gentle Art of Making Enemies]]''.</ref>
* [[December 7]] &ndash; The United States [[New Mexico Territory|territory of New Mexico]] is linked to the rest of the nation by railroad for the first time, as the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]] inaugurates a newly completed line through the [[Raton Pass]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Walter R.|last=Borneman|title=Rival Rails: The Race to Build America's Greatest Transcontinental Railroad|publisher=Random House Digital|year=2010|page=168}}</ref>
* [[December 18]] &ndash; French passenger steamer ''Byzantin'' founders in the [[Dardanelles]] during a gale after collision with British SS ''Rinaldo'', killing around 210 people, with only 14 crew of the ''Byzantin'' saved.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Collision in the Dardanelles|work=The Cornishman|issue=25|date=1878-01-02|page=7}}</ref>
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[Stella Maris Church, Sliema]] on [[Malta]] becomes a parish, seceding from the Parish of St. Helen's in [[Birkirkara]].

=== Date unknown ===
* U.S. arbitration rejects [[Argentina|Argentine]] claims to [[Paraguay]]'s part of the [[Gran Chaco|Chaco]] region.
* [[Otto von Bismarck]] abandons his {{lang|de|[[Kulturkampf]]}}, and forces through legislation outlawing the [[Social Democrat]]s.
* The 10-year [[Nauruan Tribal War]] breaks out.
* [[Yellow fever]] in the [[Mississippi Valley]] kills over 13,000.
* Foundation of:
** Small town [[La Farge, Wisconsin]], along the [[Kickapoo River]].
** [[Nainital Cantonment]].
** [[The Buchan School]], [[Isle of Man]].
** The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], America's oldest university press.
** [[Geiger (corporation)]], formed as Geiger Brothers.
** Kawasaki Tsukiji Shipyard, as predecessor of [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries]], a [[motorbike]], [[helicopters]], [[rolling stock]] and [[shipbuilding]] concern in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.|url=https://global.kawasaki.com/en/corp/history/index.html|access-date=2021-05-03|website=global.kawasaki.com|language=en}}</ref>
** The following English [[Association football]] clubs:
*** [[Everton F.C.]], formed as St Domingo.
*** [[Grimsby Town F.C.]], formed as Grimsby Pelham.
*** [[Ipswich Town Football Club]], formed as amateur club Ipswich A.F.C. They will not turn professional until [[1936]].
*** Newton Heath Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Football Club, the team that will become [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]].
*** [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.]], formed as West Bromwich Strollers F.C.
* [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s novel ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' is published complete in book form in Moscow.
* [[Lester Allan Pelton]] produces the first operational [[Pelton wheel]].
* [[E. Remington and Sons]], in the United States, introduce their No. 2 [[typewriter]], the first with a [[shift key]], enabling production of [[letter case|lower]] as well as upper case characters.
* The last confirmed [[Cape lion]] dies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novinky.cz/domaci/169450-v-muzeu-emila-holuba-se-ukryval-kapsky-lev.html|title=V muzeu Emila Holuba se ukrýval kapský lev|work=Novinky.cz|language=cs|date=2009-05-22|access-date=2011-08-26}}</ref>
* In [[Strasbourg]], [[Alsace-Lorraine]], the much studied [[stele]] of the Roman legionary [[Caius Largennius]] is discovered.

== Births ==
[[File:Carl Sandburg NYWTS.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Carl Sandburg]]]]
[[File:Theodoros Pangalos.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Theodoros Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]]]]
[[File:Joseph Gordon Coates, 1931.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Gordon Coates]]]]
[[File:Kohki Hirota suit cropped.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Kōki Hirota]]]]
[[File:Vicente Mejía Colindres.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Vicente Mejía Colindres]]]]
[[File:Lionel Barrymore 2.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Lionel Barrymore]]]]
[[File:Roy Atwell, from The Little Broadcast (1933).png|thumb|right|100px|[[Roy Atwell]]]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-040-27, Gustav Stresemann.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Gustav Stresemann]]]]
[[File:Princess Ingeborg of Denmark.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Princess Ingeborg of Denmark]]]]
[[File:Alfred Doeblin 1930.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alfred Döblin]]]]
[[File:Lise Meitner (1878-1968), lecturing at Catholic University, Washington, D.C., 1946.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lise Meitner]]]]
[[File:Stalin Full Image.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Joseph Stalin]]]]
===January&ndash;March===
* [[January 2]] &ndash; [[Jaakko Mäki]], Finnish politician (d. [[1938]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Kansanedustajat: Jaakko Mäki |url=https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/911109.aspx |publisher=[[Parliament of Finland]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501004312/https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/911109.aspx |archive-date=1 May 2019 |location=Helsinki, Finland |language=fi}}</ref>
* [[January 4]]
** [[A. E. Coppard]], English short story writer and poet (d. [[1957]])
** [[Augustus John]], Welsh painter (d. [[1961]])
* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[Carl Sandburg]], American poet and historian (d. [[1967]])
* [[January 9]] &ndash; [[John B. Watson]], American psychologist (d. [[1958]])
* [[January 11]]
**[[Theodoros Pangalos (general)|Theodoros Pangalos]], Greek general, politician and [[List of heads of state of Greece|President of Greece]] (d. [[1952]])
**[[Leopoldo Saro]], Spanish general (d. [[1936]])
* [[January 12]] &ndash; [[Ferenc Molnár]], Hungarian-born author (d. [[1952]])
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Harry Carey (actor)|Harry Carey]], American actor (d. [[1947]])
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Finlay Currie]], Scottish actor (d. [[1968]])
* [[January 22]] &ndash; [[Constance Collier]], English stage, screen actress (d. [[1955]])
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Rutland Boughton]], English composer (d. [[1960]])
* [[January 25]] &ndash; [[Ernst Alexanderson]], Swedish-born American television pioneer (d. [[1975]])
* [[January 26]] 
** [[Luís of Orléans-Braganza (1878–1920)|Luís of Orléans-Braganza]], Brazilian royalty 
** [[Harry Rountree]], New Zealand illustrator (d. [[1950]])
* [[February 1]] &ndash; [[Milan Hodža]], Slovak politician, champion of regional integration in Europe (d. [[1944]])
* [[February 2]]
** [[Alfréd Hajós]], Hungarian swimmer, architect (d. [[1955]])
** [[Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn]], American suffragist (d. [[1951]])
* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Gordon Coates]], 21st [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] (d. [[1943]])
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Grigory Petrovsky]], Ukrainian Soviet politician and Old Bolshevik (d. [[1958]])
* [[February 5]] &ndash; [[André Citroën]], French automobile manufacturer (d. [[1935]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Martin Buber]], Austrian philosopher (d. [[1965]])
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Kōki Hirota]], 21st [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1948]])
* [[February 16]] &ndash; [[Big Jim Colosimo]], Italian-born American gangster (d. [[1920]])
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Kate Gordon Moore]], American psychologist (d. [[1963]])
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Mirra Alfassa]], multi-origined spiritual leader and founder of [[Auroville]], India (d. [[1973]])
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Emmy Destinn]], Czech soprano (d. [[1930]])
* [[February 28]] &ndash; [[Pierre Fatou]], French mathematician (d. [[1929]])
* [[March 3]] &ndash; [[Edward Thomas (poet)|Edward Thomas]], British poet (d. [[1917]])
* [[March 4]]
** [[Egbert Van Alstyne]], American songwriter, pianist (d. [[1951]])
** [[Arishima Takeo]], Japanese novelist, short-story writer and essayist (d. [[1923]])
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[P. D. Ouspensky]], Russian mathematician and philosopher (d. [[1947]])
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Boris Kustodiev]], Soviet painter and designer (d. [[1927]])
* [[March 16]] 
** [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]], Shah of Iran (d. [[1944]])
** [[Clemens August Graf von Galen]], German Catholic cardinal (d. [[1946]])
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz]] (d. [[1927]])
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Michel Théato]], Luxembourg athlete (d. [[1923]])
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Franz Schreker]], Austrian composer (d. [[1934]])
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Frances Glessner Lee]], American forensic scientist; known as "mother of forensic science" (d. [[1962]])
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Henry Gullett]], Australian politician (d. [[1940]])
* [[March 31]] &ndash; [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]], American boxer (d. [[1946]])

===April&ndash;June===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[C. Ganesha Iyer]], [[Ceylon Tamil]] philologist (d. [[1958]])
* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[Stylianos Lykoudis]], Greek admiral (d. [[1958]])
* [[April 6]]
** [[Erich Mühsam]], German author (d. [[1934]])
** [[Vicente Mejía Colindres]], 23rd [[President of Honduras]] (d. [[1966]])
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Jean Crotti]], Swiss artist (d. [[1958]])
* [[April 28]]
** [[Lionel Barrymore]], American actor (d. [[1954]])
** [[Willem Mengelberg]], Dutch conductor (d. [[1951]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Władysław Witwicki]], Polish psychologist, philosopher, translator, historian (of philosophy and art) and artist (d. [[1948]])
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[Roy Atwell]], American actor, comedian and composer (d. [[1962]])
* [[May 10]] &ndash; [[Gustav Stresemann]], [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1929]])
* [[May 13]] &ndash; [[Julia Dean (actress, born 1878)|Julia Dean]], American actress (d. [[1952]]),
* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[Taylor Holmes]], American actor (d. [[1959]])
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Glenn Curtiss]], American aviation pioneer (d. [[1930]])
* [[May 22]] &ndash; [[The Great Gama]], Punjabi wrestler (d. [[1960]])
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Bill Robinson]], African-American tap dancer (d. [[1949]])
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[Paul Pelliot]], French sinologist (d. [[1945]])
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Zelmira Segreda Solera de Cappella]], Costa Rican soprano (d. [[1923]])
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[John Masefield]], English poet, novelist (d. [[1967]])
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Barney Oldfield]], American automobile racer, pioneer (d. [[1946]])
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Pancho Villa]], Mexican revolutionary (d. [[1923]])
* [[June 10]] &ndash; [[William Skelly]], American oil magnate (d. [[1957]])
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[James Oliver Curwood]], American writer, conservationist (d. [[1927]])
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Yakov Yurovsky]], Russian [[Old Bolshevik]], revolutionary, and [[Cheka|Chekist]] (d.[[1938]])
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[John Burton Cleland]], Australian naturalist, microbiologist, mycologist and ornithologist (d. [[1971]])
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[He Xiangning]], Chinese revolutionary, feminist, politician, painter and poet (d. [[1972]])

===July&ndash;September===
* [[July 3]] &ndash; [[George M. Cohan]], American singer, dancer, composer, actor and writer (d. [[1942]])
* [[July 8]] &ndash; [[Jimmy Quinn (footballer, born 1878)|Jimmy Quinn]], Scottish footballer (d. [[1945]])
* [[July 16]] &ndash; [[Andreas Hermes]], German agricultural scientist, politician (d. [[1964]])
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Lord Dunsany]], Irish author (d. [[1957]])
* [[August 1]]
** [[Konstantinos Logothetopoulos]], Prime Minister of Greece (d. [[1961]])
** [[José Pedro Montero]], 27th [[President of Paraguay]] (d. [[1927]])
** [[Eva Tanguay]], Canadian-born vaudeville performer (d. [[1947]])
* [[August 2]]
** [[Princess Ingeborg of Denmark]], Princess of Sweden (d. [[1958]])
** [[Aino Kallas]], Finnish-Estonian author (d. 1956)
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[Eileen Gray]], Irish architect, furniture designer (d. [[1976]])
* [[August 10]] &ndash; [[Alfred Döblin]], German writer (d. [[1957]])
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Paa Grant]], Ghanian politician (d. [[1956]])
* [[August 19]] &ndash; [[Manuel L. Quezon]], 2nd [[President of the Philippines]] (d. [[1944]])
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[Maria Assunta Pallotta]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (d. [[1905]])
* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[Lina Stern]], Soviet biochemist, physiologist and humanist (d. [[1968]])
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Pyotr Wrangel]], Russian general, anti-Bolshevik leader (d. [[1928]])
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[George Whipple]], American scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1976]])
* [[August 31]] &ndash; [[Frank Jarvis (athlete)|Frank Jarvis]], American athlete (d. [[1933]])
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Werner von Blomberg]], German field marshal (d. [[1946]])
* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[Robert von Lieben]], Austrian physicist (d. [[1913]])
* [[September 9]]  
** [[Sergio Osmeña]], 4th [[President of the Philippines]] (d. [[1961]])
** [[Princess Catherine Yurievskaya]], daughter of daughter of Alexander II of Russia (d. [[1959]])
* [[September 13]] &ndash; [[Matilde Moisant]], American pilot (d. [[1964]])
* [[September 16]] &ndash; [[Karl Albiker]], German sculptor, lithographer and teacher (d. [[1961]])
* [[September 20]] &ndash; [[Upton Sinclair]], American writer (d. [[1968]])
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Shigeru Yoshida]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1967]])
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz]], Swiss writer (d. [[1947]])
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord]], German general and Commander-in-Chief of the [[Reichswehr]] (d. [[1943]])
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Jirō Tamon]], Japanese general (d. [[1934]])

===October&ndash;December===
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Othmar Spann]], Austrian philosopher, economist (d. [[1950]])
* [[October 5]] &ndash; [[Louise Dresser]], American actress (d. [[1965]])
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[Robert Warwick]], American actor (d. [[1964]])
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Nicole Girard-Mangin]], French physician in the French Army (d. [[1919]])
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Karl Buresch]], 9th Chancellor of Austria (d. [[1936]])
* [[October 15]] &ndash; [[Paul Reynaud]], 77th Prime Minister of France (d. [[1966]])
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Maxie Long]], American athlete (d. [[1959]])
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Miguel Llobet]], Spanish guitarist (d. [[1938]])
* [[October 26]] &ndash; [[William Kissam Vanderbilt II]], American motor racing driver and yachtsman (d. [[1944]])
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Alexander von Falkenhausen]], German general (d. [[1966]])
* [[October 30]] &ndash; [[Arthur Scherbius]], German electrical engineer, mathematician, cryptanalyst and inventor (d. [[1929]])
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]], Argentine politician, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1959]])
* [[November 7]]  
** [[Lise Meitner]], German-Austrian physicist, discoverer of nuclear fission (d. [[1968]])
** [[Margaret Cousins]], Irish-Indian educationist, suffragist and Theosophist (d. [[1954]])
** [[Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz]], Belarusian-born Orthodox rabbi (d. [[1953]])
* [[November 8]] &ndash; [[Dorothea Bate]], British archaeologist and pioneer of archaeozoology (d. [[1951]])
* [[November 14]]
** [[Inigo Campioni]], Italian admiral (d. [[1944]])
** [[Julie Manet]], French painter (d. [[1966]])
** [[Leopold Staff]], Polish poet (d. [[1957]])
* [[November 17]] &ndash; [[Grace Abbott]], American social worker, activist (d. [[1939]])
* [[November 23]]
** [[Ernest Joseph King]], Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations (COMINCH-CNO) during World War II (d. [[1956]])
** [[Frank Pick]], British transport administrator, designer (d. [[1941]])
* [[November 27]] &ndash; [[William Orpen]], Irish artist (d. [[1931]])
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Jeni Bojilova-Pateva]], Bulgarian women's rights activist and suffragist (d. [[1955]])
* [[December 3]] &ndash; [[Edith Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry|Edith Vane-Tempest-Stewart]], English noble (d. [[1959]]) 
* [[December 10]] &ndash; [[C. Rajagopalachari]], Indian politician, freedom fighter (d. [[1972]])
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Joseph Stalin]], leader of the Soviet Union (d. [[1953]])
* [[December 22]] &ndash; [[Myer Prinstein]], Polish-American athlete (d. [[1925]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Jay |title=The Original Orange Olympic Champ |journal=[[Syracuse University Magazine]] |date=1 January 2000 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=44–45 |url=https://surface.syr.edu/sumagazine/vol16/iss4/13/ |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>
* [[December 25]]
** [[Louis Chevrolet]], Swiss-born race driver, automobile builder (d. [[1941]])
** [[Joseph M. Schenck]], Russian-born American film executive (d. [[1961]])
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Nikolai Bryukhanov]], Soviet statesman, political figure who served as People's Commissar of Finances (d. [[1938]])
* [[December 31]] 
** [[Elizabeth Arden]], Canadian-born beautician, cosmetics entrepreneur (d. [[1966]])
** [[Horacio Quiroga]], Uruguayan writer (d. [[1937]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:VictorEmmanuel2.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Victor Emmanuel II]]]]
[[File:Pius IX, by Adolphe Braun, 1875.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pope Pius IX]]]]
[[File:Anna Sewell.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Anna Sewell]]]]
[[File:William Cullen Bryant Cabinet Card by Mora-crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[William Cullen Bryant]]]]
[[File:Mirjam Abbelin 4.jpg|thumb|100px|Saint [[Mariam Baouardy]]]]
===January&ndash;June===
* [[January 5]] &ndash; [[Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora]], 6th Prime Minister of Italy (b. [[1804]])
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Nikolay Nekrasov]], Russian poet (b. [[1821]])<ref name="dic_1990">{{cite web | author = Lebedev, Yu, V. | date = 1990| url  = http://az.lib.ru/n/nekrasow_n_a/text_0350.shtml|title = Nekrasov, Nikolai Alekseyevich | publisher = Russian Writers. Biobibliographical Dictionary. Vol. 2. Ed. P.A.Nikolayev. Moscow. Prosveshchenye Publishers.| access-date = 1 May 2014}}</ref> 
* [[January 9]] &ndash; King [[Victor Emmanuel II]] of Italy (b. [[1820]])
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[Antoine César Becquerel]], French scientist (b. [[1788]])
* [[February 7]] &ndash; [[Pope Pius IX]] (b. [[1792]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Patriarca | first = Silvana | title = The Risorgimento revisited : nationalism and culture in nineteenth-century Italy | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780230362758 |page=188}}</ref>
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Gideon Welles]], American politician (b. [[1802]])
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Charles-François Daubigny]], French painter (b. [[1817]])
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Angelo Secchi]], Italian astronomer (b. [[1818]])
* [[March 8]] &ndash; [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria]] (b. [[1802]])
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Julius von Mayer]], German physician and physicist, a founder of thermodynamics (b. [[1814]])
* [[March 27]] &ndash; Sir [[George Gilbert Scott]], English architect (b. [[1811]])
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Henrietta Treffz]], Austrian soprano, first wife of [[Johann Strauss II]] (b. [[1818]])
* [[April 11]] &ndash; [[Robert Wentworth Little]], English occultist (b. [[1840]])
* [[April 12]] &ndash; [[William M. Tweed]], American politician (b. [[1823]])
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Anna Sewell]], English author (b. [[1820]])
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau]], French military officer and politician (b. [[1823]])
* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[Anselme Payen]], French chemist (b. [[1795]])
* [[May 13]] &ndash; [[Joseph Henry]], American scientist (b. [[1797]])
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[Ōkubo Toshimichi]], Japanese samurai, later leader of the Meiji restoration (b. [[1830]])
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1792]])
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Ernst von Bibra]], German scientist (b. [[1806]])
* [[June 6]]
** [[Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers]], Marshal of France (b. [[1795]])
** [[Robert Stirling]], Scottish clergyman and inventor (b. [[1790]])
* [[June 12]] 
**[[William Cullen Bryant]], American poet, journalist and editor (b. [[1794]])
** [[Queen Cheorin]], Korean queen consort (b. [[1837]])
** [[George V of Hanover]], deposed German king (b. [[1819]])
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Shiv Dayal Singh]], founder and first SatGuru of [[Radha Soami]] faith (b. [[1818]])
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Sidney Breese]], U.S. senator from Illinois, 'father of the [[Illinois Central Railroad]]' (b. [[1800]])

===July&ndash;December===
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Sam Bass (outlaw)]], American outlaw (b. [[1851]])
* [[July 23]] &ndash; [[Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky]], Bohemian pathologist, philosopher and politician (b. [[1804]])
* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[Henry James Montague]], English-born actor (b. [[1844]])
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Richard Upjohn]], English-American architect (b. [[1802]])
* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[Mariam Baouardy]], Syrian [[Discalced Carmelite]] and [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite Greek Catholic]] nun and saint, canonized (b. [[1846]])
* [[August 30]] &ndash; [[James Geiss]], English businessman (b. [[1820]])
* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)|Mehmed Ali Pasha]], Prussian-born Ottoman military leader (b. [[1827]])
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Dora Hand]], dance hall singer, actress (b.[[1844]])
* [[October 11]] – Satanta, Kiowa war chief (b. 1820)
* [[December 10]] &ndash; [[Henry Wells]], American businessman (b. [[1805]])
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1843]])
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[William Payne (pantomimist)|W H Payne]], actor and mime artist (b. [[1804]])
*[[December 23]] &ndash; [[Frederick Aiken]], American lawyer, journalist, and soldier (b. [[1832]])
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[Henry K. Hoff]], American admiral (b. [[1809]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1878 |volume=18 |year=1886|publisher=[[D. Appleton and Co.]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/appletonsannual49unkngoog}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1878}}
[[Category:1878| ]]