Editing 1880 in science

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{{Year nav topic5|1880|science}}
{{Science year nav|1880}}

The year '''1880 in [[science]] and [[technology]]''' included many events, some of which are listed here.

==Archaeology==
{{main|1880 in archaeology}}
* January – The [[Gokstad ship]] is found in Norway, the first [[Viking ship]] burial to be excavated.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vinner|first=Max|year=2002|title=Boats of the Viking Ship Museum|publisher=Viking Ship Museum|location=Oslo|isbn=978-8785180636}}</ref>

==Astronomy==
* September 30 – American doctor [[Henry Draper]] takes the first photograph of the [[Orion Nebula]], from [[Hastings-on-Hudson, New York]]; this year he also photographs the spectrum of Jupiter.

==Mathematics==
* July – [[John Venn]] popularises [[Venn diagram]]s ("Eulerian circles").<ref>{{cite journal|last=Venn|first=J.|title=I. On the Diagrammatic and Mechanical Representation of Propositions and Reasonings|journal=[[The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science]]|volume=10|issue=59|date=July 1880|series=5|doi=10.1080/14786448008626877|pages=1–18|url=https://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bhusnur4/cit592_fall2014/venn%20diagrams.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516204620/https://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bhusnur4/cit592_fall2014/venn%20diagrams.pdf|archive-date=2017-05-16}} [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786448008626877] [https://books.google.com/books?id=k68vAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1]</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ed|last=Sandifer|year=2003|title=How Euler Did It|url=http://www.maa.org/editorial/euler/How%20Euler%20Did%20It%2003%20Venn%20Diagrams.pdf|publisher=[[Mathematical Association of America]]|work=MAA Online|access-date=2009-10-26}}</ref>
* F. Landry finds the largest known [[Fermat prime]], [[65,537]].
* The [[United States Census Bureau]] first encounters the "[[Apportionment paradox#Alabama paradox|Alabama paradox]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Stein|first=James D.|title=How Math Explains the World|location=New York|publisher=Smithsonian Books|year=2008|isbn=9780061241765|pages=228-31}}</ref>

==Medicine==
* January 24 – [[English people|English]] [[surgeon]] [[Sampson Gamgee]] reports on his use of the [[Dressing (medical)|medical dressing]] [[Gamgee Tissue]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Absorbent and medicated surgical dressings|first=J. S.|last=Gamgee|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=115|issue=2943|pages=127–128|date=1880-01-24|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(02)36703-5 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1428562}}</ref>
* July
** German professor of pathology [[Karl Joseph Eberth|Karl Eberth]] first visualizes the bacteria which will become known as ''[[Salmonella]]'' in the [[Peyer's patch]]es and [[spleen]]s of typhoid patients.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Die Organismen in den Organen bei Typhus abdominalis|journal=[[Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin]]|date=1880-07-01|issn = 0720-8723|pages=58–74|volume=81|issue=1|doi=10.1007/BF01995472|language=de|first=C. J.|last=Eberth|s2cid=6979333 }}</ref>
** [[Scottish people|Scottish]] surgeon [[William Macewen]] reports on his use of oro[[tracheal intubation]] as an alternative to [[tracheotomy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Macewen|first=William|title=Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy|journal=[[BMJ|The British Medical Journal]]|volume=2|pages=122–4|date=1880-07-24|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.1021.122|pmid=20749630|pmc=2241154|issue=1021|jstor=25254413}}; {{cite journal|last=Macewen|first=William|title=Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy|journal=[[BMJ]]|volume=2|pages=163–5|date=1880-07-31|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.1022.163|pmid=20749636|pmc=2241109|issue=1022|jstor=25254466}}</ref>
* [[Moritz Kaposi]] publishes ''Pathologie und Therapie der Hautkrankheiten in Vorlesungen für praktische Ärzte und Studierende'' ("Pathology and treatment of diseases of the skin, for practitioners and students"), a significant textbook in [[dermatology]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Holubar |first1=Karl |last2=Fatovic-Ferencic |first2=Stella |title=Moriz Kaposi 1837-1902: a historical reappraisal |url=http://www.oegdv.at/dl/history/histkaposi.doc |accessdate=2011-03-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070507165728/http://oegdv.at/dl/history/histkaposi.doc |archivedate=2007-05-07 }}</ref>

==Physics==
* February 13 – [[Thomas Edison]] observes the [[Edison effect]].
* The first demonstration of the direct [[Piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]] effect is made by the brothers [[Pierre Curie]] and [[Jacques Curie]].<ref>Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Développement par compression de l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées" [Development, via compression, of electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces], ''Bulletin de la Société minérologique de France'' '''3''': 90-93. Reprinted in: Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30485/f296.image Développement, par pression, de l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées]", ''[[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences]]'' '''91''': 294-295. See also:  Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30485/f385.image Sur l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées]" [On electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces], ''Comptes rendus'' '''91''': 383-386.</ref>
* [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]] formulates the Law of Corresponding States.

==Technology==
* January 27 – [[Thomas Edison]] is granted a United States [[patent]] for the [[incandescent light bulb]].<ref>{{US patent|0223898}}</ref>
* February 2
** The first electric [[streetlight]] is installed in [[Wabash, Indiana]] (city fully illuminated March 31).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricmuseum.com/exhibits/arclamps/brush.shtml|title=Brush Arc Lighting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724073937/http://www.electricmuseum.com/exhibits/arclamps/brush.shtml|archive-date=2008-07-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** The first successful shipment of frozen [[mutton]] from Australia arrives in London, aboard the SS ''Strathleven''.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=James Burke (science historian)|first=James|last=Burke|title=Connections|url=https://archive.org/details/connections00burk_351|url-access=limited|location=London|publisher=Macmillan|year=1978|isbn=0-333-24827-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/connections00burk_351/page/n247 242]}}</ref>
* February 19 – The [[photophone]], an optical speech transmission system, is invented by [[Alexander Graham Bell]] and [[Charles Sumner Tainter]] in Washington, D.C.
* May 2 – The newly-launched [[SS Columbia (1880)|SS ''Columbia'']] becomes the first transport vehicle to use Edison's [[incandescent light bulb]]s when she is lit up for the first time at the foot of [[Wall Street]] in New York City.
* May 13 – Edison performs the first test of his [[electric railway]] in [[Menlo Park, New Jersey]].
* June 1  – [[Tinius Olsen]] is awarded a U.S. patent for his "Little Giant" [[universal testing machine]].
* November 4 – The first [[cash register]] is patented by [[James Ritty|James]] and John Ritty of [[Dayton, Ohio]].
* [[Dugald Clerk]] builds the first successful [[two-stroke engine]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Forgotten Hero: The man who invented the two-stroke engine |first=David |last=Boothroyd |work=The VU |url=http://the-vu.com./forgotten_hero.htm |accessdate=2005-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215125856/http://the-vu.com/forgotten_hero.htm |archivedate=2004-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Lima Locomotive Works|Lima Machine Works]] ships the first [[Shay locomotive]] to [[Ephraim Shay]]'s design to a logger in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]].

==Publications==
* February – The journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' is first published in the United States with financial backing from [[Thomas Edison]].
* Start of publication of ''[http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-INDEX/index-linked.htm Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76]''.

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[James Joseph Sylvester]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wollaston Medal]]: [[Gabriel Auguste Daubrée|Auguste Daubrée]]

==Births==
* January 18 – [[Paul Ehrenfest]] (died [[1933 in science|1933]]), [[Austria]]n [[physicist]] and [[mathematician]].
* January 22 – [[Frigyes Riesz]] (died [[1956 in science|1956]]), [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] mathematician.
* February 17 – [[Reginald Farrer]] (died [[1920 in science|1920]]), [[English people|English]] [[botanist]].
* June 21 – [[Arnold Gesell]] (died [[1961 in science|1961]]), [[Americans|American]] [[developmental psychologist]].
* June 24 – [[Oswald Veblen]] (died [[1960 in science|1960]]), American mathematician.
* August 17 – [[Paul Kammerer]] (died [[1926 in science|1926]]), Austrian [[Lamarckism|Lamarckian]] [[biologist]].
* October 15 – [[Marie Stopes]] (died [[1958 in science|1958]]), English [[paleobotanist]] and pioneer of [[birth control]].

==Deaths==
* January 9 – [[William Budd]] (born [[1811 in science|1811]]), English [[physician]] and [[epidemiologist]].
* May 6 – [[Friedrich Bayer]] (born [[1825 in science|1825]]), [[German people|German]] manufacturing [[chemist]].
* May 27 – [[Alfred Swaine Taylor]] (born [[1806 in science|1806]]), English [[toxicologist]], "father of British forensic medicine".
* July 9 – [[Paul Broca]] (born [[1824 in science|1824]]), [[French people|French]] [[anthropologist]].
* October 5 – [[William Lassell]] (born [[1799 in science|1799]]), English astronomer.
* December 31
** [[Eric Leighton Holmes|Eric Holmes]] (born [[1821 in science|1821]]), British chemist.
** [[John Stenhouse]] (born [[1809 in science|1809]]), [[Scottish people|Scottish]] chemist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1880 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1880s in science]]