Editing 1885 in science

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{{Year nav topic5|1885|science}}
{{Science year nav|1885}}

The year '''1885 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Astronomy==
* August 20 – [[Ernst Hartwig]] discovers [[S Andromedae]], a [[supernova]] in the [[Andromeda Galaxy]], the first supernova discovered beyond the [[Milky Way]].

==Biology==
* The [[genus]] ''[[Plasmodium]]'' is described by [[Ettore Marchiafava]] and Angelo Celli.
* The [[bacterium]] ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (''E. coli'') is discovered by [[Theodor Escherich]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Feng, P.|author2=Weagant, S.|author3=Grant, M.|title=Enumeration of ''Escherichia coli'' and the Coliform Bacteria|work=Bacteriological Analytical Manual|edition=8th|publisher=FDA/Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition|date=2002-09-01|url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ebam/bam-4.html|accessdate=2011-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519200935/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ebam/bam-4.html|archivedate=2009-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The bacterium ''[[Salmonella enterica]]'' is discovered by [[Theobald Smith]], working under [[Daniel Elmer Salmon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/a2z-s.html|work=FDA/CFSAN Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide|title=Salmonella|publisher=FDA/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302092542/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/a2z-s.html|archive-date=2009-03-02|date=2008-07-03|access-date=2009-02-14}}</ref>
* [[Hans Driesch]] performs a form of artificial [[cloning]] on a [[sea urchin]] embryo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bellomo|first=Michael|title=The stem cell divide: the facts, the fiction, and the fear driving the greatest scientific, political and religious debate of our time|url=https://archive.org/details/stemcelldividefa0000bell/page/134|year=2006|publisher=Amacom|isbn=978-0-8144-0881-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/stemcelldividefa0000bell/page/134 134]|quote=. . . the popular meaning of the term 'clone' is an identical copy that has been created by some conscious design. Under this definition, the first artificially created clone was made in 1885 . . . [Footnote:] Depending on the definition used, one could argue that the experiments carried out by Hans Driesch and Hans Spemmann were not instances of true cloning, but artificial twinning.}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
* [[Carl Auer von Welsbach]] patents his first incandescent [[gas mantle]].
* [[Eugen Goldstein]] names the [[cathode ray]], later discovered to be composed of electrons, and the [[canal ray]], later discovered to be positive hydrogen ions that have been stripped of their electrons in a [[cathode-ray tube]]; these will later be named [[proton]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Chemistry |work=Intensive General Chemistry|publisher=Columbia University Department of Chemistry Undergraduate Program|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/chemhist.html |accessdate=2007-03-24}}</ref>

==Earth sciences==
* [[Eduard Suess]] begins publication in [[Vienna]] of his ''Das Antlitz der Erde''<ref>1885–1908, 3 vols in 4. {{OCLC|2903551}}.</ref> setting out his theory of eustasy, the existence of the former [[supercontinent]] [[Gondwana]], and his pioneering concepts in [[ecology]].

==Medicine==
* January 4 – The first successful [[appendectomy]] is performed by Dr. William W. Grant on Mary Gartside.
* July 6 – [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Émile Roux]] successfully test their [[rabies vaccine]]. The patient is [[Joseph Meister]], a boy bitten by a rabid dog.
* [[Georges Gilles de la Tourette]] publishes an account of nine patients with what will become known as [[Tourette syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://web2.bium.univ-paris5.fr/livanc/?cote=epo0383&do=livre|author=Gilles de la Tourette|title=Etude sur une affection nerveuse charactérisée par de l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'écholalie et de coprolalie (jumping, latah, myriachit)|journal=Archives de Neurologie|year=1885|volume=9|pages=19–42|accessdate=2011-04-11}}</ref>

==Meteorology==
* January 15 – American photographer [[Wilson Bentley]] takes the first known photograph of a [[snow]]flake by attaching a [[view camera]] to a microscope.

==Physics==
* [[Johann Jakob Balmer|Johann Balmer]] publishes an [[empirical]] mathematical formula for the visible [[spectral line]]s of the [[hydrogen]] atom.<ref>{{cite book|last=Magie|first=William Francis|title=A Source Book in Physics|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=1969|page=360}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=J. J.|last=O'Connor|author2=Robertson, E. F.|author2-link=Edmund F. Robertson|title=Johann Jakob Balmer|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Balmer.html|work=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]|publisher=[[University of St Andrews]]|year=2000|accessdate=2011-10-28}}</ref>

==Psychology==
* [[Hermann Ebbinghaus]] publishes ''Über das Gedächtnis'' ("On Memory", later translated as ''Memory: a Contribution to Experimental Psychology'').

==Technology==
* March 24 – [[George H. Pegram]] is granted a [[United States]] [[patent]] for the [[Truss bridge#Pegram truss|Pegram truss]].<ref>{{cite patent|inventor-last=Pegram|inventor-first=George H.|publication-date=1881-10-24|issue-date=1885-03-24|title=Truss for Roofs and Bridges|country-code=US|patent-number=314262}}</ref>
* April 3 – [[Gottlieb Daimler]] is granted a [[Germany|German]] patent for his single-cylinder [[water-cooled]] [[engine]] design.
* August 29 – [[Gottlieb Daimler]] is granted a German patent for the [[Daimler Reitwagen]], regarded as the first [[motorcycle]], which he has produced with [[Wilhelm Maybach]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Classic motorcycles|first=Mark|last=Gardiner|publisher=MetroBooks|year=1997|isbn=978-1-56799-460-5|page=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Roland|year=2005|title=The Ultimate History of Fast Motorcycles|publisher=Parragon|isbn=978-1-4054-5466-7|location=Bath|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Ultimate Motorcycle Book|first=Hugo|last=Wilson|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|year=1993|isbn=978-1-56458-303-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ultimatemotorcyc0000wils/page/8 8–9]|url=https://archive.org/details/ultimatemotorcyc0000wils/page/8}}</ref>
* September 30 – [[Tolbert Lanston]] makes his first application for a United States patent on a [[typesetting]] system which includes the basic [[Monotype System]] keyboard.
* Autumn – [[Karl Benz]] produces the [[Benz Patent-Motorwagen]], regarded as the first [[automobile]] (patented and publicly launched the following January).<ref>{{cite book|last=Benz|first=Carl Friedrich|year=1925|title=Lebensfahrt eines deutschen erfinders; erinnerungen eines achtzigjahrigen|location=Leipzig|publisher=Koehler & Amelang}}</ref>
* [[John Kemp Starley]] demonstrates the [[Rover (car)|Rover]] [[safety bicycle]], regarded as the first practical modern bicycle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/icons_of_invention/technology/1880-1939/IC.025/|work=Making the Modern World|title=Icons of Invention: Rover safety bicycle, 1885|publisher=[[Science Museum (London)]]|accessdate=2011-06-27| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522112647/http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/icons_of_invention/technology/1880-1939/IC.025/| archivedate= 22 May 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref>
* The first, not yet practical, form of [[gyrocompass]] is patented by Marinus Gerardus van den Bos.<ref>{{cite book|pages=34–37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DN-9m2jSo8YC&pg=PA37|title=How Experiments End|isbn=978-0-226-27915-2|last=Galison|first=Peter|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1987|accessdate=2012-02-18}}</ref>
* Rufus Eastman patents the first known electric [[Mixer (cooking)|food mixer]].<ref>{{US patent|330829}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XykOAQAAMAAJ&q|editor1=Katz, Solomon H. |editor2=Weaver, William Woys |title=Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. '''2''', Food production to Nuts|location=New York|publisher=Scribner|year=2003|isbn=978-0684805665|pages=323–333}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egQAAAAAMBAJ&dq|title=Beat It|magazine=Vegetarian Times |pages=69–70 |date=October 2002|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc. }}</ref>
* Completion of the [[Home Insurance Building]] in [[Chicago]], designed by [[William Le Baron Jenney]]. With ten floors and a fireproof weight-bearing metal frame, it is regarded as the first [[skyscraper]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Home Insurance Building|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=10370|work=SkyscraperPage|accessdate=2011-06-27| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092831/http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=10370| archivedate=29 June 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref>
* Completion of [[Sway, Hampshire#Sway Tower|Sway Tower]] in [[Hampshire]], [[England]], designed by [[Andrew Thomas Turton Peterson|Andrew Peterson]] using concrete made with [[Portland cement]]. It remains the world's tallest non-reinforced concrete structure.<ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=J.|title=All about Sway Tower|location=Lymington|publisher=Lymington Museum Trust|year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Trout|first=Edwin|title=Sway Tower: an early example of high-rise concrete construction|journal=Concrete |pages=64–5 |date=October 2002}}</ref>
* The [[Nipkow disk]] is patented  by German scientist [[Paul Gottlieb Nipkow]].

==Institutions==
* October 13 – The [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] is established in [[Atlanta]] (United States) as the Georgia School of Technology to teach [[mechanical engineering]].

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wollaston Medal]] for Geology: [[George Busk]]

==Births==
* January 24 – [[Marjory Stephenson]] (died [[1948 in science|1948]]), [[English people|English]] [[biochemist]]
* January 26 – [[Harry Ricardo]] (died [[1974 in science|1974]]), English [[mechanical engineer]]
* March 23 – [[John Fraser (surgeon)|John Fraser]] (died [[1947 in science|1947]]), [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[surgeon]]
* June 2 – [[Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt]] (died [[1964 in science|1964]]), [[German people|German]] [[neuropathologist]]
* August 1 – [[George de Hevesy]] (died [[1966 in science|1966]]), [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel laureate in chemistry]]
* September 8 – [[Douglas Guthrie]] (died [[1975 in science|1975]]), Scottish [[otolaryngologist]] and medical historian
* September 16 – [[Karen Horney]] (died [[1952 in science|1952]]), German-born [[psychoanalyst]]
* October 7 – [[Niels Bohr]] (died [[1962 in science|1962]]), [[Danes|Danish]] [[physicist]]
* October 23 – [[Jan Czochralski]] (died [[1953 in science|1953]]), [[Polish people|Polish]] discoverer of the [[Czochralski process]] for growing [[crystal]]s
* October 26 – [[Niels Erik Nørlund]] (died [[1981 in science|1981]]), [[Denmark|Danish]] [[mathematician]]
* November 7 – [[Sabina Spielrein]] (died [[1942 in science|1942]]), [[Russian people|Russian]] psychoanalyst
* November 9 – [[Hermann Weyl]] (died [[1955 in science|1955]]), German [[mathematician]]
* December 2 – [[George Minot]] (died [[1950 in science|1950]]), [[United States|American]] [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel laureate in physiology]]

==Deaths==
* February 1 – [[Sidney Gilchrist Thomas]] (born [[1850 in science|1850]]), British inventor
* February 8 – [[Nikolai Severtzov]] (born [[1827 in science|1827]]), Russian explorer and naturalist
* March 14 – [[Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs]] (born [[1819 in science|1819]]), German medical [[pathologist]]
* June 12 – [[Fleeming Jenkin]] (born [[1833 in science|1833]]), English [[engineer]]
* September 6 – [[Narcís Monturiol]] (born 1819), Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer, inventor of an early submarine
* September 15 – [[Jumbo]] (born [[1861 in science|1861]]), African elephant, killed in railroad accident
* November 26 – [[Thomas Andrews (scientist)|Thomas Andrews]] (born [[1813 in science|1813]]), [[Irish people|Irish]] [[chemist]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1885 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1880s in science]]
[[Category:1885 in the environment]]