Editing 1891 in science

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[[File:Stand_I_from_1891,_Optical_Workshop_Carl_Zeiss_Jena_(28918277463).jpg | thumb | right | Early compound microscope "Stand I" from the Optical Workshop Carl Zeiss in Jena, in 1891]]
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{{Year nav topic5|1891|science}}
{{Science year nav|1891}}

The year '''1891 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Biology==
* March 3 – Yellowstone Timberland Reserve, predecessor of [[Shoshone National Forest]], in [[Wyoming]] is established as the first [[United States National Forest]].
* The [[New Zealand]] government sets aside [[Resolution Island, New Zealand|Resolution Island]] in [[Fiordland]] as a [[nature reserve]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Susanne|author2=John|year=1987|title=Richard Henry of Resolution Island|publisher=John McIndoe|location=Dunedin|isbn=0-86868-094-X}}</ref>
* The [[New York Botanical Garden]] is founded in [[The Bronx]] largely due to the efforts of [[Nathaniel Lord Britton]].
* [[Jane Kirkaldy|Jane Willis Kirkaldy]] and Catherine Pollard become the first women to sit final examinations in biology at the [[University of Oxford]] (and achieve first class honours).<ref>{{cite journal|title=The female firsts|url=https://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/page.aspx?pid=959|journal=[[Oxford Today]]|volume=22|issue=1|date=29 September 2009|access-date=2011-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927172840/https://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/page.aspx?pid=959|archive-date=2011-09-27}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
* [[Agnes Pockels]] first publishes the results of her researches into [[surface tension]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Agnes|last=Pockels|title=Surface tension|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=43|issue=1115|pages=437–439|year=1891|doi=10.1038/043437c0|bibcode=1891Natur..43R.437R|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429323}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=C. H.|last1=Giles|first2=S. D.|last2=Forrester|title=The origins of the surface film balance: Studies in the early history of surface chemistry, part 3|journal=[[Chemistry & Industry]]|pages=43–53|date=9 January 1971}}</ref>
* The [[Fischer projection]] is devised by German chemist [[Hermann Emil Fischer]],

==Geology==
*[[Hans Reusch]] describes what comes to be known as [[Reusch's Moraine]] in northern Norway; [[tillite]] from a [[timeline of glaciation|Precambrian glaciation]].<ref name=Hoffman2011>{{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=Paul F.|author-link=Paul F. Hoffman|editor-last=Arnaud|editor-first=E. |editor-last2=Halverson|editor-first2=G.P.|editor-last3=Shields-Zhou|editor-first3=G. |date=2011 |title=The Geological Record of Neoproterozoic Glaciations |chapter=A history of Neoproterozoic glacial geology, 1871– 1997 |issue=36 |pages=17–37 |series=Geological Society, London, Memoirs|publisher=Geological Society of London}}</ref>

==Environment==
*The [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] begins taking records of the [[Temperature record|global average temperature]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Anomalies of Global Average Surface Temperature (1891 - 2013) |url=http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/tcc/tcc/products/gwp/temp/ann_wld.html |work=JMA |date=14 November 2014 |access-date=15 November 2014 }}</ref>

==Mathematics==
* [[Periodic Graph (Geometry)#Obtaining periodicity|Fyodorov–Schoenflies theorem]] concluded by [[Yevgraf Fyodorov]] and [[Arthur Moritz Schoenflies|Arthur Schoenflies]] from their work on [[crystallographic group]]s.<ref>{{cite book|first=Marjorie|last=Senechal|author-link=Marjorie Senechal|editor-last=Lima-de-Faria|editor-first=J.|chapter=A brief history of geometrical crystallography|title=Historical Atlas of Crystallography|year=1990|pages=43–59|publisher=Kluwer|isbn=0-7923-0649-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Crilly|title=50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84724-008-8|page=153}}</ref>
* [[Édouard Lucas]] first formulates the [[ménage problem]].

==Paleontology==
* October – [[Eugène Dubois]] finds the first fragmentary bones of [[Homo erectus|''Pithecanthropus erectus'' (later redesignated ''Homo erectus'')]], or '[[Java (island)|Java]] Man', at [[Trinil]] on the [[Solo River]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Sean B.|last=Carroll|title=Remarkable Creatures: Epic Adventures in the Search for the Origin of Species|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84916-072-8|pages=90–91}}</ref>

==Physiology and medicine==
* Julius Ludwig August Koch begins publication of ''[https://archive.org/details/diepsychopathis00kochgoog Die psychopathischen Minderwertigkeiten]'' in [[Ravensburg]], introducing the concept of [[psychopathology]].<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=Jon Ronson|first=Jon|last=Ronson|title=How to spot a psychopath|journal=[[Guardian Weekend]]|date=2011-05-21|page=31}}</ref>
* [[Arnold Pick]] first uses the term ''[[dementia praecox]]'' in this form.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ueber primäre chronische Demenz (so. Dementia praecox) im jugendlichen Alter|journal=Prager medicinische Wochenschrift|volume=16|pages=312–15|year=1891}}</ref>
* [[Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz]] names the [[neuron]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=H. W. G.|last=von Waldeyer-Hartz|title=Ueber einige neuere Forschungen im Gebiete der Anatomie des Centralnervensystems|journal=Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift|location=Berlin|year=1891|volume=17|pages=1213–1356}}</ref>
* [[Myxedema]] is first treated successfully, by [[George Redmayne Murray]] using thyroid extract.
* The earliest recorded attempt at hip replacement is carried out by [[Themistocles Gluck]] in [[Berlin]], using [[ivory]] to replace the [[femoral head]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gomez|first1=Pablo F.|last2=Morcuende|first2=Jose A.|title=Early attempts at hip arthroplasty, 1700s to 1950s|pmc=1888777 |journal=Iowa Orthopaedic Journal|volume=25|pages=25–9|year=2005|pmid=16089067}}</ref>
* Viennese pathologist [[Hans Chiari]] describes a form of [[Chiari malformation]].

==Technology==
* March 10 – [[Almon Brown Strowger|Almon B. Strowger]], an undertaker in [[Topeka, Kansas]], is granted a [[patent]] in the United States<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=447918|pubdate=1891-03-10|title=Automatic telephone-exchange|inventor1-last=Strowger|inventor1-first=Almon B.}}</ref> for an [[automatic telephone exchange]] using the [[Strowger switch]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Roger B. |last=Hill |title=The Early Years of the Strowger System |url=http://www.privateline.com/Switching/EarlyYears.html |journal=Bell Laboratories Record |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=95–103 |access-date=2011-11-03 |date=March 1953 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025123622/http://www.privateline.com/Switching/EarlyYears.html |archive-date=2011-10-25 }}</ref>
* May 20 – First public demonstration of the [[Kinetograph]] moving picture system developed by [[W. K. L. Dickson]] under the direction of [[Thomas Alva Edison]], a showing of the film known as ''[[Dickson Greeting]]''. Edison files patents on the camera and peephole viewer on August 24.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mannoni|first=Laurent|author2=Campagnoni, Donata Pesenti|author3= Robinson, David|year=1996|title=Light and Movement: Incunabula of the Motion Picture, 1420–1896|location=London|publisher=BFI|isbn=88-86155-05-0}}</ref>
* [[Crompton Parkinson|Crompton & Co.]] introduce the [[Kettle#Electric kettle|electric kettle]], in the United Kingdom.
* [[Michelin]] patent the removable pneumatic [[bicycle tire]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=John|last1=Lloyd|author-link=John Lloyd (writer)|first2=John|last2=Mitchinson|title=The Second Book of General Ignorance|location=London|publisher=Faber|year=2010|isbn=978-0-571-26965-5|page=163}}</ref>
* [[Panhard#History|Panhard et Levassor]] produce the first ''Système Panhard'' [[automobile layout]], consisting of four wheels with [[front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|front-engine, rear-wheel drive]] and a sliding-gear [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]], designed by [[Émile Levassor]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Georgano, G. N. |title=Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars|year=1982|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=0-85223-234-9}}</ref>
* [[William Le Baron Jenney]] develops the construction of [[steel frame]] [[skyscraper]]s in [[Chicago]] with the [[Ludington Building|Ludington]], [[Manhattan Building (Chicago, Illinois)|Manhattan]] and [[Second Leiter Building]]s.
* The modern [[taximeter]] is invented by [[Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn]] in Germany.

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Stanislao Cannizzaro]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wollaston Medal]] for Geology: [[John Wesley Judd]]

==Births==
* January 8 – [[Walther Bothe]] (died [[1957 in science|1957]]), German physicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]  ([[1954 in science|1954]]).
* January 26 – [[Wilder Penfield]] (died [[1976 in science|1976]]), American-born [[neurosurgeon]].
* April 22 – [[Harold Jeffreys]] (died [[1989 in science|1989]]), [[English people|English]] [[mathematician]].
* May 15 – [[Fritz Feigl]], (died [[1971 in science|1971]]), Austrian-born Brazilian  chemist
* July 5 – [[John Howard Northrop]] (suicide [[1987 in science|1987]]), [[Americans|American]] [[biochemist]], winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] ([[1946 in science|1946]])
* July 27 – [[Jacob van der Hoeden]], Dutch-Israeli veterinary scientist (died [[1968 in science|1968]])
* August 17 – [[Aly Tewfik Shousha]] (died [[1964 in science|1964]]), [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] [[bacteriologist]].
* September 14 – [[Ivan Matveyevich Vinogradov]] (died [[1983 in science|1983]]), [[Russia]]n mathematician.
* September 24 – [[William F. Friedman|W. F. Friedman]] (died [[1969 in science|1969]]), [[Bessarabia]]n-born [[cryptanalyst]].
* October 24 – [[Ernest Melville DuPorte]] (died [[1981 in science|1981]]), [[Caribbean]]-born Canadian [[Insect morphology|insect morphologist]].
* November 14 – [[Frederick Banting]] (died [[1941 in science|1941]]), [[Canadians|Canadian]] discoverer of [[insulin]], winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] ([[1923 in science|1923]]).

==Deaths==
* January 6 – [[Hugh Owen Thomas]] (born [[1834 in science|1834]]), British [[orthopaedic surgeon]].
* February 10 – [[Sofia Kovalevskaya]] (born [[1850 in science|1850]]), Russian [[mathematician]].
* March 9 – [[Amalie Dietrich]] (born [[1821 in science|1821]]), [[Germans|German]] [[naturalist]].
* May 11 – [[Edmond Becquerel]] (born [[1820 in science|1820]]), [[French people|French]] [[physicist]].
* June 9 – [[Henry Edwards (entomologist)|Henry Edwards]] (born [[1827 in science|1827]]), English-born American [[entomologist]] and actor.
* June 23
** [[N. R. Pogson|Sir Norman Pogson]] (born [[1829 in science|1829]]), English-born [[astronomer]].
** [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]] (born [[1804 in science|1804]]), German [[physicist]].
* August 30 – [[Emanoil Bacaloglu]] (born [[1830 in science|1830]]), [[Romanians|Romanian]] [[polymath]].
* September 18 – [[William Ferrel]] (born [[1817 in science|1817]]), American [[meteorologist]].
* October 3 – [[Édouard Lucas]] (born [[1842 in science|1842]]), French mathematician.
* November 18 – [[Joseph Wolstenholme]] (born 1829), [[English people|English]] mathematician.
* December 21 – [[William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire]] (born [[1808 in science|1808]]), English landowner and promoter of science.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1891 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1890s in science]]