Editing 1905 in science

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{{Year topic navigation|1905|science}}
{{Science year nav|1905}}

The year '''1905 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, particularly in physics, listed below.
[[File:Einstein patentoffice.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Albert Einstein]]]]

==Astronomy==
* January 2 – [[Charles Dillon Perrine]] at [[Lick Observatory]] discovers [[Elara (moon)|Elara]], one of the [[moons of Jupiter]]. On January 6, the observatory announces its discovery in the previous month of the Jovian moon later known as [[Himalia (moon)|Himalia]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YzUbvTmYVcYC&q=current%20events ''The American Monthly Review of Reviews''] (February 1905) pp. 154-156.</ref>
* The [[Dominion Observatory]] opens in [[Ottawa]].
* Various astronomers discover the [[minor planets]] [[554 Peraga]] through [[583 Klotilde]] (''see'' [[List of minor planets/501–600]]).
* The [[nova]] [[V604 Aquilae]] appears in the [[constellation]] [[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]].
* The [[Umov effect]] is noted by [[Nikolay Umov]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=N.|last=Umov|title=Chromatische depolarisation durch Lichtzerstreuung|journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift|volume=6|pages=674–676|year=1905}}</ref>

==Biology==
* April 18 – [[William Bateson]] coins the term "[[genetics]]" in a letter to Adam Sedgwick.
* June 20 – Dr. [[Ernest Henry Starling]] introduces the word "[[hormone]]" into the English language.<ref>{{cite book|first=Abel|last=Lajtha|title=Handbook of Neurochemistry '''8''': Neurochemical Systems|publisher=Springer|year=2013|page=x}}</ref> 
* [[Reginald Punnett]]'s ''Mendelism'' is published in Cambridge (U.K.), probably the first [[popular science]] book on genetics.
* [[Frederick Blackman]] proposes his law of limiting factors in relation to [[photosynthesis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blackman |first=F.F. |date=1905 |title=Optima and Limiting Factors |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/233541 |journal=[[Annals of Botany]] |location=London |publisher=Academic Press |volume=19}}</ref>
* [[Nettie Stevens]] and [[Edmund Beecher Wilson]] independently describe the [[XY sex-determination system]].
* [[Stamen Grigorov]] identifies the [[bacterium]] ''[[Lactobacillus bulgaricus]]'', a major agent in the creation of [[yogurt]].
* [[Maltese people|Maltese]] doctor and archaeologist [[Themistocles Zammit]] identifies [[Pasteurization|unpasteurized]] milk as the major source of the pathogen causing [[Brucellosis]].
* [[National Audubon Society|National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals]] established in the United States.

==Chemistry==
* [[Carl von Linde]] obtains pure [[liquid oxygen]] and [[liquid nitrogen|nitrogen]] by cooling air.<ref name=Linde>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-linde-group.com/en/images/chronicle_e%5B1%5D14-9855.pdf |title=125 Years of Linde: A Chronicle |publisher=[[The Linde Group]] |year=2004 |accessdate=2011-12-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125093313/https://www.the-linde-group.com/en/images/chronicle_e%5B1%5D14-9855.pdf |archivedate=2011-11-25 }}</ref>
* [[Alfred Einhorn]] synthesises the [[local anesthetic]] [[novocaine]].<ref>{{Cite book|first1=J. Murdoch|last1=Ritchie|first2=Nicholas M.|last2=Greene|editor1-first=Alfred Goodman|editor1-last=Gilman|editor1-link=Alfred G. Gilman|editor2-first=Theodore W.|editor2-last=Rall|editor3-first=Alan S.|editor3-last=Nies|editor4-first=Palmer|editor4-last=Taylor|title=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics|chapter=Local Anesthetics|page=[https://archive.org/details/goodmangilmansphe8good/page/311 311]|edition=8th|publisher=Pergamon Press|location=New York|year=1990|isbn=0-08-040296-8|title-link=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics}}</ref>
* The first commercial use of the [[Frank–Caro process]] for the [[nitrogen fixation]] reaction of [[calcium carbide]] and atmospheric [[nitrogen]] to produce [[calcium nitrate]] as a [[fertilizer]].<ref name=Linde/>
* [[Fritz Haber]] and [[Carl Bosch]] develop the [[Haber process]] for making [[ammonia]] from its elements, a milestone in industrial chemistry with deep consequences in agriculture.

==Mathematics==
* [[Pierre Fatou]] defines the [[Mandelbrot set]].
* [[Oswald Veblen]] proves the [[Jordan curve theorem]].
* [[Martin Kutta]] describes the popular fourth-order [[Runge-Kutta method]].
* [[James Cullen (mathematician)|James Cullen]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]], begins the study of [[Cullen number]]s.
* [[Emanuel Lasker]] proves the [[Lasker–Noether theorem]] for the special case of [[polynomial ring]]s.
* [[Karl Pearson]] proposes the [[random walk]] in a letter to ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''.

==Paleontology==
* May 12 – The [[Natural History Museum, London]], unveils its popular exhibit of "[[Dippy (London)|Dippy]]", an exact replica of the skeleton of a ''[[Diplodocus carnegii]]'' dinosaur.
* The [[Saurian Expedition of 1905|Saurian Expedition]] led by [[John C. Merriam]] recovers many specimens of [[ichthyosaur]].
* ''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' is described and named by [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]].

==Physics==
* [[Albert Einstein]] (at this time resident in [[Bern]]) completes his doctoral thesis, ''A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=A.|title=Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=19|pages=289–306|year=1906|doi=10.1002/andp.19063240204|issue=2|bibcode=1906AnP...324..289E |hdl=20.500.11850/139872|s2cid=121918391 |url=http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf |hdl-access=free}} Originally submitted for journal publication August 19, 1905.</ref> on April 30, submitting it to the [[University of Zurich]] on July 30, and publishes his four [[Annus Mirabilis papers|''Annus Mirabilis'' papers]] in ''[[Annalen der Physik]]'' (Leipzig). Because of this, 1905 is said to be the miraculous year for [[physics]], and its 100th anniversary ([[2005 in science|2005]]) is declared the [[World Year of Physics 2005|World Year of Physics]].
** "On a [[Heuristic]] Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of [[Light]]", received March 18 and published June 9, explains the [[photoelectric effect]] through [[quantum mechanics]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=A.|title=Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=17|pages=132–148|year=1905|bibcode=1905AnP...322..132E|doi=10.1002/andp.19053220607|issue=6|doi-access=free}}</ref>
** "[[Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen]]" ("On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat"), based on his doctoral research, received May 11 and published July 18, delineates a [[stochastic]] model of [[Brownian motion]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=A.|title=Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=17|pages=549–560|year=1905|bibcode=1905AnP...322..549E|doi=10.1002/andp.19053220806|issue=8|doi-access=free}}</ref>
** "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", received June 30 and published September 26, formulates his theory of [[special relativity]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=A.|title=Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=17|pages=891–921|year=1905|bibcode=1905AnP...322..891E|doi=10.1002/andp.19053221004|issue=10|doi-access=free}}</ref>
** "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?", received September 27 and published November 21, deduces the law of [[mass–energy equivalence]], ''E''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''mc''².<ref>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=A.|title=Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=18|pages=639–641|year=1905|bibcode=1905AnP...323..639E|doi=10.1002/andp.19053231314|issue=13|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Physiology and medicine==
* February 9 – Dr. [[Prince A. Morrow]] begins the movement in the United States for [[sex education]] with the founding of the Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis.<ref>{{cite book|first=Maurice A.|last=Bigelow|title=Sex-Education: A Series of Lectures Concerning Knowledge of Sex and Its Relation to Human Life|publisher=The Macmillan Company|year=1916|page=227}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of Social Hygiene 1850-1930|publisher=American Social Hygiene Association|year=1930|pages=1–6}}</ref>
* [[Nikolai Korotkov]] first describes [[auscultatory blood pressure measurement]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=A short history of blood pressure measurement|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|year=1977|first=Jeremy|last=Booth|volume=70|issue=11|pages=793–9|pmid=341169|pmc=1543468|doi=10.1177/003591577707001112}}</ref>
* [[Karl Landsteiner]] first describes [[Meconium#Meconium ileus|Meconium ileus]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Busch|first=R.|title=On the history of cystic fibrosis|journal=Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Medica|location=Praha|volume=36|issue=1–4|pages=13–5|year=1990|pmid=2130674}}</ref>
* [[Fritz Schaudinn]] and [[Erich Hoffmann]] discover the bacterium that is responsible for [[syphilis]], a spiral-shaped spirochete called ''[[Treponema pallidum]]''.

==Psychology==
* [[Sigmund Freud]] publishes ''Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie'' (''[[Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality]]'') and ''Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewußten'' (''[[Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious]]'').
* June – [[Alfred Binet]] and [[Théodore Simon]] publish the first [[IQ test|Binet-Simon Intelligence Test]] for [[intelligence test]]ing of children with [[mental retardation]].<ref>''L'Année Psychologique''.</ref>

==Technology==
* January 17 – Samuel J. Bens of San Francisco is granted the earliest patent for a practical "[[Chainsaw|endless chain saw]]" for felling trees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US893897A/en|title=Endless chain saw|accessdate=2018-09-21}}</ref>
* October – First [[bascule bridge]] to the design of [[Joseph Strauss (engineer)|Joseph Strauss]] opened, in Cleveland, Ohio.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Joseph B. Strauss Bascule Bridge|first=Frank|last=Griggs|journal=Structure|url=https://www.structuremag.org/article/joseph-b-strauss-bascule-bridge/|accessdate=2024-10-27}}</ref>
* [[Canal Lake Concrete Arch Bridge]] built in [[Ontario]].
* [[Pathé Frères]] colorise black-and-white films by machine.
* [[Alfred Buchi]] files a patent for the [[turbocharger]].
* [[Paul de Vivie]] invents a two-speed rear-wheel [[derailleur gear]] for [[bicycle]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cycling.ahands.org/bicycling/velocio.html|title=Velocio, Grand Seigneur|first=Clifford L.|last=Graves|work=The Best of Bicycling |accessdate=2012-05-24 |date=May 1965}}</ref>
* [[Pipe (car)|Pipe]] manufactures the first [[automobile]] with a [[hemi engine]].
* [[Walter Griffiths (inventor)|Walter Griffiths]] invents a manually powered domestic [[vacuum cleaner]].
* [[Reginald Fessenden]] invents the [[superheterodyne receiver]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Nahin|first=Paul J.|title=The Science of Radio|location=New York|publisher=AIP Press|edition=2nd|year=2001|page=91|isbn=0-387-95150-4}}</ref>
* [[Marconi]] invents the [[directional antenna]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio/Broadcasting Timeline|work=CBN History|publisher=WCBN|url=http://www.wcbn.org/history/wcbntime.html|accessdate=2019-10-22|archive-date=2022-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301024429/http://www.wcbn.org/history/wcbntime.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Nobel Prize]]s
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Robert Koch]]

==Births==
* February 1 – [[Emilio Segrè]] (died [[1989 in science|1989]]), Italian-born [[physicist]], Nobel laureate
* February 17 – [[Rózsa Péter]] (died [[1977 in science|1977]]), Hungarian [[mathematician]], "founding mother of [[recursive function theory]]"
* February 23 – [[Derrick Henry Lehmer]] (died [[1991 in science|1991]]), American [[mathematician]]
* March 18 – [[Thomas Townsend Brown]] (died [[1985 in science|1985]]), American inventor
* March 26 – [[Viktor Frankl]] (died [[1997 in science|1997]]), Austrian [[psychotherapist]]
* March 27 – [[Elsie MacGill]] (died [[1980 in science|1980]]), Canadian [[aeronautics|aeronautical]] [[engineer]], "Queen of the Hurricanes"
* April 13 – [[Bruno Rossi]] (died [[1993 in science|1993]]), Italian physicist and [[astronomer]]
* April 18 – [[George H. Hitchings]] (died [[1998 in science|1998]]), American scientist, Nobel laureate in Medicine
* April 20 – [[Albrecht Unsöld]] (died [[1995 in science|1995]]), German astronomer
* July 7 – [[Marie-Louise Dubreil-Jacotin]] (died [[1972 in science|1972]]), French mathematician
* August 1 – [[Helen Sawyer Hogg]] (died [[1993 in science|1993]]), American-born astronomer
* August 11 – [[Erwin Chargaff]] (died [[2002 in science|2002]]), Austro-Hungarian-born [[biochemist]]
* August 16 – [[Marian Rejewski]] (died [[1980 in science|1980]]), Polish mathematician and [[cryptology|cryptologist]]
* August 31 – [[Robert Bacher]] (died [[2004 in science|2004]]), American [[nuclear physics|nuclear physicist]]
* September 3 – [[Carl David Anderson]] (died [[1991 in science|1991]]), American physicist, Nobel laureate
* September 17 – [[Hans Freudenthal]] (died [[1990 in science|1990]]), American mathematician
* September 22 – [[Eugen Sänger]] (died [[1964 in science|1964]]), Austrian-born aerospace engineer
* September 24 – [[Severo Ochoa]] (died [[1993 in science|1993]]), Spanish biochemist, Nobel laureate
* September 30 – [[Nevill Francis Mott]] (died [[1996 in science|1996]]), English physicist, Nobel laureate
* October 15 – [[C. P. Snow]] (died [[1980 in science|1980]]), English physicist and novelist
* October 22
** [[Karl Guthe Jansky]] (died [[1950 in science|1950]]), American physicist
** [[Felix Bloch]] (died [[1983 in science|1983]]), Swiss [[physicist]], Nobel laureate
* October 31 – [[Harry Harlow]] (died [[1981 in science|1981]]), American [[psychologist]]
* November 10 – [[Louis Harold Gray]] (died [[1965 in science|1965]]), English physicist, inventor of the field of [[radiobiology]]
* December 7 – [[Gerard Kuiper]] (died [[1973 in science|1973]]), Dutch-born astronomer
* December 16 – [[Piet Hein (scientist)|Piet Hein]] (died [[1996 in science|1996]]), Danish mathematician
* December 22 – [[Tommy Flowers]] (died [[1998 in science|1998]]), English computer engineer

==Deaths==
* January 4 – [[Paul Henry (astronomer)|Paul Henry]] (born [[1848 in science|1848]]), French [[astronomer]]
* January 14 – [[Ernst Abbe]] (born [[1840 in science|1840]]), German physicist
* March 24 – [[Jules Verne]] (born [[1828 in science|1828]]), French [[science fiction]] author
* April 14 – [[Otto Wilhelm von Struve]] (born [[1819 in science|1819]]), Russian [[astronomer]]
* June 18 – [[Per Teodor Cleve]] (born [[1840 in science|1840]]), Swedish [[chemist]]
* August 20 – [[Franz Reuleaux]] (born [[1829 in science|1829]]), German [[mechanical engineer]]
* September 19 – [[Thomas John Barnardo|Thomas Barnardo]] (born [[1845 in science|1845]]), Irish-born [[physician]] and [[philanthropist]]
* October 6 – [[Ferdinand von Richthofen]] (born [[1833 in science|1833]]), German [[geologist]]
* November 14 – [[Robert Whitehead (engineer)|Robert Whitehead]] (born [[1823 in science|1823]]), English marine engineer
* November 15 (O.S. November 2) – [[Ivan Sechenov]] (born 1829), "the father of Russian [[physiology]]"

==References==
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:20th century in science]]
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