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1911 in science
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Year nav topic5|1911|science}} {{Science year nav|1911}} The year '''1911 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below. ==Astronomy== * June 28 β The [[Nakhla meteorite]] (from [[Mars]]) lands in the area of [[Alexandria, Egypt]], purportedly killing a dog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/snc/nakhla.html|title=The Nakhla Meteorite|publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]|accessdate=2011-10-21}}</ref> ==Conservation== * May 19 β [[Parks Canada]], the world's first [[national park]] service, is established as the Dominion Parks Branch under the [[Environment Canada|Department of the Interior]]. * July 7 β The United States, Russia, the United Kingdom and Japan, meeting in Washington, D.C., sign the [[North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911]], prohibiting open-water [[seal hunting]] of the endangered [[fur seal]] in the North Pacific Ocean,<ref>{{cite news|title=Seal Treaty Signed|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=1911-07-08}}</ref> the first international [[treaty]] to address [[wildlife conservation]] issues. In the next six years, the seal population increases by 30%.<ref>{{cite book|first=Shigeru|last=Oda|title=International Control of Sea Resources|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1989|page=76}}</ref> ==Geology== * January 3 β [[1911 Kebin earthquake]]: An [[earthquake]] of 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] strikes near [[Almaty]] in [[Russian Turkestan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Thousands Dead Or Hurt In Earthquake|work=[[Pittsburgh Press]]|date=5 January 1911|page=1}}</ref> ==Exploration== * July 24 β American explorer [[Hiram Bingham III]] rediscovers the [[Inca]] citadel of [[Machu Picchu]], [[Peru]], and introduces it to the world. * December 14 β [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] explorer [[Roald Amundsen]] and a team of four become the first people to reach the [[South Pole]]. ==Mathematics== * [[Robert Remak (mathematician)|Robert Remak]]'s doctoral dissertation ''{{lang|de|Γber die Zerlegung der endlichen Gruppen in indirekte unzerlegbare Faktoren}}'' establishes that any two decompositions of a [[finite group]] into a [[direct product]] are related by a central automorphism. * [[Traian Lalescu]] publishes ''Introduction to the Theory of Integral Equations'', the first ever monograph on the subject of [[integral equation]]s. ==Medicine== * [[Eugen Bleuler]] expands on his definition of [[schizophrenia]] as a condition distinct from ''[[Dementia praecox]]'', in ''Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stotz-Ingenlath|first=Gabriele|title=Epistemological aspects of Eugen Bleuler's conception of schizophrenia in 1911|journal=Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy|volume=3|issue=2|pages=153β9|year=2000|pmid=11079343|url=http://www.kluweronline.com/art.pdf?issn=1386-7423&volume=3&page=153|format=PDF|doi=10.1023/A:1009919309015|s2cid=25457004 |accessdate=2011-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eugen Bleuler|url=http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1294.html|work=[[Who Named It?|Whonamedit?]]|accessdate=2011-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Gregory Zilboorg|first=Gregory|last=Zilboorg|title=A History of Medical Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmedical00zilb|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Norton|year=1941}}</ref> ==Physics== * April 8 β [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] discovers the phenomenon of [[superconductivity]].<ref>He presents his findings on April 28. {{cite journal|author1=van Delft, Dirk|author2=Kes, Peter|title=The discovery of superconductivity|journal=[[Physics Today]]|volume=63|issue=9|pages=38β43|doi=10.1063/1.3490499|date=September 2010|bibcode=2010PhT....63i..38V|doi-access=free}}</ref> * June 24β30 β [[Domenico Pacini]] runs a series of measurements of underwater ionization in the [[Gulf of Genoa]], demonstrating that the radiation later recognised as [[cosmic rays]] cannot be originated by the Earth's crust. * October β The first [[Solvay Conference|Solvay Congress]] of physicists convenes. * [[Ernest Rutherford]] explains the [[GeigerβMarsden experiment]] and derives the Rutherford [[cross section (physics)|cross section]] by deducing the existence of a [[atom|compact atomic nucleus]] from [[Rutherford scattering|scattering experiments]]. He proposes the [[Rutherford model]] of the atom and demonstrates that [[J. J. Thomson]]'s [[plum pudding model]] is incorrect. * [[Charles Wilson (physicist)|Charles Wilson]] finishes a sophisticated [[cloud chamber]]. ==Psychology== * The [[Ponzo illusion]], a [[geometrical-optical illusion]], is first demonstrated by Italian psychologist [[Mario Ponzo]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=M.|last=Ponzo|title=Intorno ad alcune illusioni nel campo delle sensazioni tattili sull'illusione di Aristotele e fenomeni analoghi|journal=Archives Italiennes de Biologie|year=1911}}</ref> ==Technology== * January 18 β [[Eugene Ely]] lands on the deck of the {{USS|Pennsylvania|ACR-4|6}} anchored in [[San Francisco Bay]], the first aircraft [[landing]] on a ship. * June 5 β [[Charles F. Kettering]] files a United States [[patent]] for an electric [[starter motor]].<ref>No. 1,150,523.</ref> * November 4 β {{MS|Selandia}}, the first large ocean-going [[Diesel engine|diesel]] ship, is launched in Denmark; [[Ivar Knudsen]] is the diesel engineer. The 1909-launched Dutch diesel [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] ''[[:ne:Vulcanus (schip)|Vulcanus]]'' also enters service this year. * [[John Joseph Rawlings]] files a United Kingdom patent for a [[wall plug]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rawlplug History|url=http://www.rawlplug.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=3|publisher=Rawlplug|year=2007|accessdate=2011-11-28|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529131746/http://www.rawlplug.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=3|archive-date=2012-05-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> * The [[Lewis Gun|Lewis]] automatic [[light machine gun]] is invented by [[United States Army]] Colonel [[Isaac Newton Lewis]], based on initial work by Samuel Maclean.<ref>{{cite book|last=Skennerton|first=Ian|year=2001|title=Small Arms Identification Series No. 14: .303 Lewis Machine Gun|publisher=Arms & Militaria Press|location=Gold Coast, QLD (Australia)|isbn=0-949749-42-7|page=5}}</ref> ==Other events== * MarchβMay β A serialized version of [[Frederick Winslow Taylor]]'s [[monograph]] ''[http://www.eldritchpress.org/fwt/taylor.html The Principles of Scientific Management]''<ref>{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074655/http://eldritchpress.org/fwt/taylor.html |date=2009-02-25}}.</ref> appears in ''[[The American Magazine]]'', boosting the efficiency movement. ==Awards== * [[Nobel Prize]]s ** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] β [[Wilhelm Wien]] ** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] β [[Marie Curie]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC β History β Marie Curie |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/curie_marie.shtml |website=www.bbc.co.uk |accessdate=20 January 2020}}</ref> ** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] β [[Allvar Gullstrand]] ==Births== * January 26 β [[Polykarp Kusch]] (died [[1993 in science|1993]]), German-born molecular physicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]. * February 14 β [[Willem Johan Kolff]] (died [[2009 in science|2009]]), Dutch inventor of [[hemodialysis]]. * March 26 β [[Bernard Katz]] (died [[2003 in science|2003]]), German-born biophysicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]. * April 3 β [[Michael Woodruff]] (died [[2001 in science|2001]]), English pioneer of [[organ transplant]] [[surgery]]. * April 6 β [[Feodor Lynen]] (died [[1979 in science|1979]]), German biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. * April 8 β [[Melvin Calvin]] (died [[1997 in science|1997]]), American biochemist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. * April 16 β [[William T. Stearn]] (died [[2001 in science|2001]]), English [[botanist]]. * April 18 β [[Maurice Goldhaber]] (died [[2011 in science|2011]]), Austrian-born [[physicist]]. * May 22 β [[Anatol Rapoport]] (died [[2007 in science|2007]]), Russian-born [[Mathematical psychology|mathematical psychologist]]. * June 13 β [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis Alvarez]] (died [[1988 in science|1988]]), American experimental physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics. * June 25 β [[William Howard Stein]] (died [[1980 in science|1980]]), American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. * July 3 β [[Herbert E. Grier]] (died [[1999 in science|1999]]), American [[electrical engineer]]. * July 4 β [[Frederick Seitz]] (died [[2008 in science|2008]]), American [[solid-state physicist]]. * July 5 β [[Emil L. Smith]] (died [[2009 in science|2009]]), American [[biochemist]] studying protein structure and function and [[biochemical evolution]]. * July 9 β [[John Archibald Wheeler|John A. Wheeler]] (died 2008), American [[theoretical physicist]]. * August 9 β [[William Alfred Fowler|William A. Fowler]] (died [[1995 in science|1995]]), American nuclear and astrophysicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics. * August 29 β [[John Charnley]] (died [[1982 in science|1982]]), English [[orthopaedic surgeon]]. * September 29 β [[Reginald Victor Jones|R. V. Jones]] (died [[1997 in science|1997]]), English physicist, expert in electronic military defence. * October 5 β [[Pierre Dansereau]] (died [[2011 in science|2011]]), [[French Canadian]] [[ecologist]]. * November 27 β [[Fe del Mundo]] (died [[2011 in science|2011]]), [[Filipino people|Filipino]] [[pediatrician]] and [[National Scientist of the Philippines]]. * December 14 β [[Hans von Ohain]] (died [[1998 in science|1998]]), German aeronautical engineer. * December 23 β [[Niels Kaj Jerne]] (died [[1994 in science|1994]]), English-born Danish immunologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. ==Deaths== * January 17 β Sir [[Francis Galton]] (born [[1822 in science|1822]]), English [[List of explorers|explorer]] and [[biologist]]. * February 15 β [[Theodor Escherich]] (born [[1857 in science|1857]]), German-born pediatric bacteriologist. * March 1 β [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff|Jacobus van 't Hoff]] (born [[1852 in science|1852]]), Dutch [[chemist]]. * May 21 β [[Williamina Fleming]] (born 1857), American [[astronomer]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Deborah|last1=Todd|first2=Joseph|last2=Angelo|title=A to Z of Scientists in Space and Astronomy|location=New York|publisher=Facts of File|year=2003|page=118|isbn=978-0-81604-639-3}}</ref> * May 24 β [[Ernst Remak]] (born [[1849 in science|1849]]), German [[neurologist]]. * June 26 β [[Signe HΓ€ggman]] (born [[1863 in science|1863]]), Finnish pioneer of physical education of disabled people. * December 2 β [[George Davidson (geographer)|George Davidson]] (born [[1825 in science|1825]]), English-born [[geodesist]], astronomer, [[geographer]], surveyor and engineer in the United States. * December 10 β [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] (born [[1817 in science|1817]]), English [[botanist]]. * December 13 (O.S. November 30) β [[Nikolay Beketov]] (born [[1827 in science|1827]]), Russian chemist. ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1911 In Science}} [[Category:1911 in science| ]] [[Category:20th century in science]] [[Category:1910s in science]]
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