Editing 1913 in science

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{{Year nav topic5|1913|science}}
{{Science year nav|1913}}

The year '''1913 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Astronomy==
* February 9 – [[Meteor procession of February 9, 1913]] visible along a [[great circle]] arc 6,{{convert|040|miles|km|round=5}} across the Americas. Astronomer [[Clarence Chant]] concludes that the source was a small, short-lived [[natural satellite]] of the Earth.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chant|first=C.|bibcode=1913JRASC...7..145C|title=An Extraordinary Meteoric Display|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada]]|volume=7|year=1913|pages=145–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Keefe|first=J. A.|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1991LPI....22..995O|title=The Cyrillid Shower: Remnant of a Circumterrestrial Ring?|journal=Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference|volume=22|year=1991|page=995|bibcode=1991LPI....22..995O}}</ref>
* [[Berlin Observatory]] moves to [[Babelsberg]].

==Biology==
* [[William Temple Hornaday]] publishes ''[https://archive.org/details/ourvanishingwild00horn Our Vanishing Wild Life: Its Extermination and Preservation]''.

==Chemistry==
* February – Daniel J. O'Conor and Herbert A. Faber file for a United States [[patent]] on the [[Composite material|composite]] plastic [[laminate]] [[Formica (plastic)|Formica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formica.com/ContentPage.aspx?code=PAG_OURLEGACY_EARLYYEARS |title=Our Legacy – Early Years |publisher=Formica Corporation |accessdate=2012-06-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324075223/http://www.formica.com/ContentPage.aspx?code=PAG_OURLEGACY_EARLYYEARS |archivedate=2011-03-24 }}</ref>
* [[Elmer McCollum]] and [[Marguerite Davis]] at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], and [[Lafayette Mendel]] and [[Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist)|Thomas Burr Osborne]] at [[Yale University]] independently discover [[Vitamin A]].<ref>Original papers published in ''[[Journal of Biological Chemistry]]''. {{cite journal|url=http://www.clinchem.org/content/43/4/680.full|title=Vitamine—vitamin: The early years of discovery|author=Rosenfeld, Louis|journal=Clinical Chemistry|date=April 1997|volume=43|issue=4|pages=680–685|publisher=American Association for Clinical Chemistry|access-date=2016-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604072512/http://www.clinchem.org/content/43/4/680.full|archive-date=2016-06-04|url-status=dead|doi=10.1093/clinchem/43.4.680|doi-access=free|pmid=9105273}}</ref>
* [[Protactinium]] is first identified by [[Oswald Helmuth Göhring]] and [[Kasimir Fajans]]. 
* [[Henry Moseley]] shows that nuclear charge is the real basis for numbering the elements and discovers a systematic relation between [[wavelength]] and [[atomic number]] by using [[x-ray]] [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectra]] obtained by diffraction in crystals.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weisstein|first=Eric W.|title=Moseley, Henry (1887–1915)|work=Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography|publisher=Wolfram Research Products|year=1996|url=http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Moseley.html|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> [[Frederick Soddy]] proposes that [[isotope]]s (a term suggested by [[Margaret Todd (doctor)|Margaret Todd]] which he introduces) may have differing atomic weights<ref>{{cite web|title=Frederick Soddy: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921|work=Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901–1921|publisher=Elsevier|year=1966|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy-bio.html|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> while he and Fajams independently propose the [[radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Kasimir|last=Fajans|year=1913|title=Über eine Beziehung zwischen der Art einer radioaktiven Umwandlung und dem elektrochemischen Verhalten der betreffenden Radioelemente|trans-title=On a relation between the type of radioactive transformation and the electrochemical behavior of the relevant radioactive elements|journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift|volume=14|pages=131–136}}</ref>
* [[J. J. Thomson]] shows that charged subatomic particles can be separated by their mass-to-charge ratio, the technique known as [[mass spectrometry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Early Mass Spectrometry |work=A History of Mass Spectrometry |publisher=Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry |year=2005 |url=http://masspec.scripps.edu/MSHistory/timelines/1897.php |accessdate=2007-03-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303134854/http://masspec.scripps.edu/MSHistory/timelines/1897.php |archivedate=2007-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The [[Bergius process]] is first developed and patented by German chemist [[Friedrich Bergius]].

==Climatology==
* [[Charles Fabry]] and [[Henri Buisson]] discover the [[ozone layer]].

==Geology==
* [[Albert A. Michelson]] measures [[tides]] in the solid body of the Earth

==History of science==
* March – First publication of ''[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]'', the journal of the history of science edited by [[George Sarton]], in [[Ghent]].
* [[Pierre Duhem]] begins publication of ''Le Système du Monde: Histoire des Doctrines cosmologiques de Platon à Copernic'' in Paris.

==Mathematics==
* March 6 – First publication of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophy of mathematics]], a polemical review of [[Peter Coffey]]'s ''The Science of Logic''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review|url=http://fair-use.org/the-cambridge-review/1913/03/06/reviews/the-science-of-logic|journal=The Cambridge Review|volume=34|issue=853|page=351|access-date=2016-11-06|archive-date=2006-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430185008/http://fair-use.org/the-cambridge-review/1913/03/06/reviews/the-science-of-logic|url-status=dead}}</ref> written in 1912 when Wittgenstein was an undergraduate studying with Bertrand Russell.
* Publication of the 3rd volume of ''[[Principia Mathematica]]'' by [[Alfred North Whitehead]] and [[Bertrand Russell]], one of the most important and seminal works in mathematical logic and philosophy.
* [[Émile Borel]] first states the [[infinite monkey theorem]] in the way it will subsequently become known.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Émile|last=Borel|title=Mécanique statistique et irréversibilité|journal=Journal de Physique|series=5e série|volume=3|year=1913|pages=189–196}}</ref>

==Physics==
* [[William Henry Bragg]] and [[William Lawrence Bragg]] work out the Bragg condition for strong X-ray reflection.
* [[Niels Bohr]] presents his [[Bohr model|quantum model of the atom]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://web.ihep.su/dbserv/compas/src/bohr13/eng.pdf|title=On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules|first=N.|last=Bohr|journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |series=Series 6|location=London|volume=26|year=1913|issue=151|pages=1–25|accessdate=2012-01-24|doi=10.1080/14786441308634955|bibcode=1913PMag...26....1B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://web.ihep.su/dbserv/compas/src/bohr13b/eng.pdf|title=Part II – Systems containing only a Single Nucleus|first=N.|last=Bohr|journal=Philosophical Magazine|volume=26|year=1913|pages=476–502|doi=10.1080/14786441308634993|accessdate=2012-01-24|bibcode=1913PMag...26..476B}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Niels Bohr: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922|work=Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1922–1941|publisher=Elsevier|year=1966|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref>
* [[William Crookes]] creates [[sunglass]] lenses.
* [[Robert Millikan]] measures the [[Elementary charge|fundamental unit of electric charge]].
* [[Georges Sagnac]] demonstrates the [[Sagnac effect]], showing that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sagnac|first=Georges|year=1913|title=[[s:The Demonstration of the Luminiferous Aether|The demonstration of the luminiferous aether by an interferometer in uniform rotation]]|journal=[[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences]]|volume=157|pages=708–710}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sagnac|first=Georges|year=1913|title=[[s:On the Proof of the Reality of the Luminiferous Aether|On the proof of the reality of the luminiferous aether by the experiment with a rotating interferometer]]|journal=Comptes rendus|volume=157|pages=1410–1413}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Quintin|first=M.|title=Qui a découvert la fluorescence X ?|journal=[[European Physical Journal|Journal de Physique IV]]|year=1996|volume=6|issue=4|url=http://jp4.journaldephysique.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/jp4/abs/1996/04/jp4199606C456/jp4199606C456.html|accessdate=2012-06-21}}</ref>
* [[Johannes Stark]] demonstrates that strong electric fields will split the Balmer spectral line series of hydrogen.

==Physiology and medicine==
* [[Nikolay Anichkov]] first demonstrates the significance and role of [[cholesterol]] in [[atherosclerosis]] pathogenesis.<ref>{{cite journal|title=On experimental cholesterin steatosis and its significance in the origin of some pathological processes|url=http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/3/2/178.long|first1=N.|last1=Anitschkow|first2=S.|last2=Chalatow|journal=[[Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology]]|year=1983|volume=3|pages=178–182|doi=10.1161/01.ATV.3.2.178 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}} Originally published 1913 in ''Centralblatt für allgemeine Pathologie und pathologische Anatomie'' (in German) '''XXIV''', page 1-9</ref>
* [[Albert Schweitzer]] sets up the [[Albert Schweitzer Hospital]] at [[Lambaréné]] in [[French Equatorial Africa]].

==Psychology==
* [[John B. Watson]] publishes the article [http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/views.htm "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It"] — sometimes called "The [[Behaviorist]] Manifesto".<ref>''[[Psychological Review]]'' '''20''': pp. 158-177.</ref>

==Technology==
* April 29 – [[Swedish American]] engineer [[Gideon Sundback]] of [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], [[patent]]s the all-purpose [[zipper]].
* May 26 (May 13 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) – [[Igor Sikorsky]] flies the world's first 4-engine [[fixed-wing aircraft]], his [[Sikorsky Russky Vityaz|Bolshoi Baltisky]] [[biplane]], near [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eE-trX3XZawC&q=Bolshoi+Baltisky&pg=PA27|title=The Sikorsky Legacy|page=27|first=Sergei I.|last=Sikorsky|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|location=Charleston, South Carolina|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7385-4995-8|accessdate=2012-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Sikorsky, Igor|title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists|editor=Oakes, Elizabeth H.|edition=Rev.|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2007|page=667}}</ref>
* August – Invention of [[stainless steel]] by [[Harry Brearley]] in [[Sheffield]], England (concurrent with the invention of another type in the United States by [[Elwood Haynes]]).<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006|pages=94}}</ref>
* [[Oskar Barnack]] of [[Ernst Leitz GmbH|Leitz]] produces the first [[35mm format|35 mm film]] miniature still camera.
* The [[Kaplan turbine]] is invented by [[Viktor Kaplan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230792075|title=New Austrian Stamps|newspaper=[[The Sun (Sydney)|The Sun]]|issue=1765|location=Sydney|date=24 January 1937|access-date=10 March 2017|page=13|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
* French inventor [[René Lorin]] patents the [[ramjet]], but attempts to build a prototype fail due to inadequate materials.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zucker|first1=Robert D.|first2=Oscar|last2=Biblarz|title=Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics|publisher=Wiley|year=2002|isbn=0-471-05967-6}}</ref>

==Publications==
* ''Die [[Naturwissenschaften]]'' first published by [[Kaiser Wilhelm Society|Die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.]]
* ''[[Journal of Ecology]]'' first published.

==Awards==
* [[Nobel Prize]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Alfred Werner]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Charles Richet]]

==Births==
* January 31 – [[Murray Bowen]] (died [[1990 in science|1990]]), American [[psychiatrist]] and pioneer of [[family therapy]].
* February 28 – [[David Hawkins (philosopher)|David Hawkins]] (died [[2002 in science|2002]]), American philosopher of science and mathematics and science educator.
* March 2 – [[Georgy Flyorov]] (died [[1990 in science|1990]]), Russian physicist who is known for his discovery of the spontaneous fission.
* March 26 – [[Paul Erdős]] (died [[1996 in science|1996]]), [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] [[mathematician]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Paul Erdős – Hungarian mathematician|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Erdos|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>
* April 20 – [[Willi Hennig]] (died [[1976 in science|1976]]), German [[entomologist]] and pioneer of [[cladistics]].
* April 30 – [[Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein]] (died [[2006 in science|2006]]), American mathematician and [[Cryptanalysis|cryptanalyst]].
* May 13 – [[Erich Lackner]] (died [[1992 in science|1992]]), Austrian-born German civil engineer.
* June 10 – [[Edward Abraham]] (died [[1999 in science|1999]]), English [[biochemist]].
* August 20 – [[Roger Wolcott Sperry]] (died [[1994 in science|1994]]), American [[Neuropsychology|neuropsychologist]], [[neurobiology|neurobiologist]] and [[Nobel laureate]].
* August 22 – [[Bruno Pontecorvo]] (died [[1993 in science|1993]]), Italian-born [[physicist]].
* October 10 – [[Remy Chauvin]] (died [[2009 in science|2009]]), French [[biologist]] and [[entomologist]].
* November 12 – [[Joel Elkes]] (died [[2015 in science|2015]]), [[Königsberg]]-born [[pharmacologist]].

==Deaths==
* January 2 – [[Léon Teisserenc de Bort]] (born [[1855 in science|1855]]), French meteorologist.
* January 18 – [[George Alexander Gibson]] (born [[1854 in science|1854]]), Scottish [[physician]] and geologist.
* February 20 – [[Robert von Lieben]] (born [[1878 in science|1878]]), Austrian [[physicist]].
* April 14 – [[Carl Hagenbeck]] (born [[1844 in science|1844]]), German zoologist.
* April 26 – [[Sigismond Jaccoud]] (born [[1830 in science|1830]]), Swiss-born French physician.
* May 28 – [[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|John Lubbock]] (born [[1834 in science|1834]]), English naturalist and archaeologist.
* August 3 – [[Josephine Cochrane]] (born [[1839 in science|1839]]), American inventor of the first commercially successful dishwasher.
* September 29 – [[Rudolf Diesel]] (born [[1858 in science|1858]]), German mechanical engineer (lost overboard this night).
* November 7 – [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] (born [[1823 in science|1823]]), British biologist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1913 in science| ]]
[[Category:20th century in science]]
[[Category:1910s in science]]